小推力深空探测轨道全局优化设计

 针对小推力深空探测四维轨道优化设计,给出了一种组合优化算法,采用该算法基于二体模型进行了深空探测四维轨道全局优化。该组合优化算法由动态规划算法、静态参数优化算法与共轭梯度算法组成。动态规划算法和静态参数优化算法用以选择最优的发射窗口、返回窗口及相应的近似飞行轨道;基于该近似轨道方案,采用共轭梯度算法（解决两点边值问题）求解精确的最优轨道。通过大量的数值仿真计算,得到了航天器的全局最优飞行轨道,及相应的最优发射窗口与返回窗口。数值仿真结果表明,该组合优化算法对深空探测轨道优化具有良好的通用性和工程运用价值。     

负升力返回时航天器的再入走廊与轨迹研究

研究了较大升阻比航天器采用负升力返回时的再入走廊与最优轨迹，通过数字仿真并与正升力再入时的结果比较，得到结论：采用负升力再入时的返回走廊前１／３段比采用正升力的相应部分宽度有较大增加；离轨点所耗燃料质量与热防护系统质量之和较正升力再入时的情况有一定减少。由此可见，负升力再入概念在提高有效载荷上明显优越于正升力再入概念。     

OSIRIS-REx Flight Dynamics and Navigation Design

OSIRIS-REx is the first NASA mission to return a sample of an asteroid to Earth. Navigation and flight dynamics for the mission to acquire and return a sample of asteroid 101955 Bennu establish many firsts for space exploration. These include relatively small orbital maneuvers that are precise to ～1 mm/s, close-up operations in a captured orbit about an asteroid that is small in size and mass, and planning and orbit phasing to revisit the same spot on Bennu in similar lighting conditions. After preliminary surveys and close approach flyovers of Bennu, the sample site will be scientifically characterized and selected. A robotic shock-absorbing arm with an attached sample collection head mounted on the main spacecraft bus acquires the sample, requiring navigation to Bennu’s surface. A touch-and-go sample acquisition maneuver will result in the retrieval of at least 60 grams of regolith, and up to several kilograms. The flight activity concludes with a return cruise to Earth and delivery of the sample return capsule (SRC) for landing and sample recovery at the Utah Test and Training Range (UTTR).     

The Genesis Discovery Mission: Return of Solar Matter to Earth

The Genesis Discovery mission will return samples of solar matter for analysis of isotopic and elemental compositions in terrestrial laboratories. This is accomplished by exposing ultra-pure materials to the solar wind at the L1 Lagrangian point and returning the materials to Earth. Solar wind collection will continue until April 2004 with Earth return in Sept. 2004. The general science objectives of Genesis are to (1) to obtain solar isotopic abundances to the level of precision required for the interpretation of planetary science data, (2) to significantly improve knowledge of solar elemental abundances, (3) to measure the composition of the different solar wind regimes, and (4) to provide a reservoir of solar matter to serve the needs of planetary science in the 21st century. The Genesis flight system is a sun-pointed spinner, consisting of a spacecraft deck and a sample return capsule (SRC). The SRC houses a canister which contains the collector materials. The lid of the SRC and a cover to the canister were opened to begin solar wind collection on November 30, 2001. To obtain samples of O and N ions of higher fluence relative to background levels in the target materials, an electrostatic mirror (‘concentrator’) is used which focuses the incoming ions over a diameter of about 20 cm onto a 6 cm diameter set of target materials. Solar wind electron and ion monitors (electrostatic analyzers) determine the solar wind regime present at the spacecraft and control the deployment of separate arrays of collector materials to provide the independent regime samples. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Scheme design of the CHANG’E-5T1 extended mission

Flight schemes for the CHANG’E-5T1 extended mission are investigated in this paper. In the flight scheme and trajectory design, the remaining propellant of the CHANG’E-5T1 mission is utilized. The CHANG’E-5T1 mission is firstly introduced with feasible flight goals derived based on the terminal trajectory and satellite status. The flight schemes are designed to include a lunar return and the libration points in the Sun-Earth/Moon and Earth-Moon systems, with an emphasis on the Earth-Moon triangle libration point thus far unexplored. Secondly, three schemes are proposed for the CHANG’E-5T1 extended mission with different flight goals. The direct libration point orbit transfer and injection method is adopted to solve the issue in the transfer trajectory design. Furthermore, an innovative concept is proposed to transfer from the Earth-Moon collinear libration point to the triangle point using the Sun-Earth/Moon libration point. Finally, the merits and drawbacks of the three schemes are discussed in terms of flight time, control energy and frequency, flight distance, and goal value. As a result, the scheme including a lunar return and the Earth-Moon L2 libration point is selected for the CHANG’E-5T1 extended mission. A flight to the Earth-Moon libration point is achieved, replicating the achievement of the ARTEMIS mission.     

Impact of mission requirements and constraints on conceptual launch vehicle design

The objective of this paper is to analyse the impact of mission requirements and constraints on both the optimum vehicle design and the effects on flight path selection for two types of reusable two-stage-to-orbit launch vehicles. The first vehicle type considered provides horizontal take-off and landing capabilities and is intended to be propelled by an airbreathing propulsion system during stage 1 flight. The second vehicle type assumes a vertical launch and is accelerated by a rocket propulsion system during the booster stage ascent flight. The analysis employs a design tool for simultaneous system and mission optimization. It consists of a CAD-based preliminary vehicle design tool, aerodynamic and aerothermodynamic calculation software, flight simulation programs, and a two-level decomposition optimization algorithm enabling simultaneous system and flight optimization. The results to be presented show that the cruise flight requirement for an European launched mission of the airbreathing vehicle results in a loss of 60 % payload mass as compared to a mere accelerated ascent for a near equatorial mission into the same target orbit assuming constant take-off mass. The strong dependencies of mission requirements on both the optimal vehicle design and the ascent performance are determined for the rocket-powered vehicle type by varying the inclination and altitude of the target orbit.     

飞行器体系优化设计问题

针对传统的飞行器设计与体系（SOS）设计相互独立造成的飞行器实际作战效能不足的问题,对同时考虑飞行器与体系耦合设计的飞行器体系优化设计问题展开研究。首先,根据体系工程（SOSE）原理给出了耦合飞行器设计与体系结构设计的飞行器体系优化设计问题的基本概念与通用数学定义;其次,基于多层体系架构,构建了飞行器体系设计优化模型,提出了包含问题定义、体系架构建模、学科建模、优化求解4个步骤的通用建模求解流程;最后,以巡飞/精确打击武器协同作战为例,构建了面向任务成本最低、时间最短的协同作战体系最优化问题并对其进行优化求解。与先设计飞行器后设计体系结构的解耦设计结果对比表明,解耦优化设计忽略了体系结构与飞行器的强耦合特征,无法最优化体系效能;耦合优化设计能够获得体系效能最大化的飞行器设计方案。     

电动力绳系离轨系统电流与拉力混合展开控制

电动力绳系离轨系统是一种典型的空间碎片主动消除技术,本文针对电动力绳离轨系统在初始阶段展开的控制问题,仅通过调节有限的系绳张力与电流,不依赖其他推进器,将导电系绳释放至期望长度并抑制系绳的摆动。首先,采用倾斜偶极子地磁场模型,建立考虑系绳质量的近地轨道二体电动力绳系卫星系统动力学模型;其次,在系绳张力与电流存在约束的条件下,采用反步法结合抗饱和辅助函数解决控制输入受限问题,并引入动态尺度广义逆实现了欠驱动电动力绳系统展开稳定控制问题;然后,应用Lyapunov稳定性定理证明了其闭环系统的稳定性;最后,在MATLAB/SIMULINK平台上进行了仿真验证。结果表明：通过调节系绳张力与电流,可以将系绳释放到指定位置,同时控制输入满足约束条件。     

燃料电池无人机能源管理与飞行状态耦合

开展了燃料电池/锂电池（简称燃锂）混合动力无人机的能源管理与飞行状态耦合研究。综合顶层飞行任务规划与底层能源系统管理,以动力系统模型为耦合点联立能源系统与无人机运动方程,建立能源状态与运动状态耦合模型。针对燃锂混合最紧密的爬升过程,以迎角、转速和燃料电池的放电功率作为控制变量,建立了燃料消耗最小的能源管理与航迹规划耦合最优控制问题,研究不同爬升高度对最优控制过程的影响,并与模糊控制能源管理策略进行对比分析。针对大功率短时爬升和小功率长时巡航的典型任务特点,建立了燃锂最优混合问题。研究了最优的锂电池容量和燃料电池功率水平的混合量,以及爬升和巡航两阶段最优功率分配和飞行状态,分析了不同巡航目标高度对最优混合量和飞行状态的影响。结果表明：采用能源与航迹耦合的最优控制策略在给出最优功率流分配的同时,能够很好地兼顾飞行状态控制;对燃锂混合和飞行状态的综合优化可以有效地处理爬升和巡航阶段的能源需求矛盾,在给出最优燃锂混合量和飞行状态的同时,降低整个任务过程的燃料消耗。     

Flight trajectory optimization of sun-tracking solar aircraft under the constraint of mission region

The optimal yawing angle of sun-tracking solar aircraft is tightly related to the solar azimuth angle, which results in a large arc flight path to dynamically track the sun position. However, the limited detection range of payload usually requires solar aircraft to loiter over areas of interest for persistent surveillance missions. The large arc sun-tracking flight may cause the target area on the ground to be outside the maximum coverage area of payload. The present study therefore develops an optimal flight control approach for planning the flight path of sun-tracking solar aircraft within a mission region. The proposed method enables sun-tracking solar aircraft to maintain the optimal yawing angle most of the time during daylight flight, except when the aircraft reverses its direction by turning flight. For a circular region with a mission radius of 50 km, the optimal flight trajectory and controls of an example Λ-shaped sun-tracking solar aircraft are investigated theoretically. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach to optimize the flight path of the sun-tracking aircraft under the given circular region while maximizing the battery input power. Furthermore, the effects of varying the mission radius on energy performance are explored numerically. It has been proved that both net energy and energy balance remain nearly constant as the radius constraint varies, which enables the solar aircraft to achieve perpetual flight at almost the same latitude as the large arc flight. The method and results presented in this paper can provide reference for the persistent operation of sun-tracking solar aircraft within specific mission areas.     

选择发动机最佳循环参数的一体化方法研究

 航空发动机是飞机的动力装置,它的性能、重量、尺寸都对飞机性能有显著影响。本文从系统工程的观点出发,综合考虑飞机、发动机性能的相互影响和匹配,提出了以最好地满足飞机飞行任务为目标,选择发动机最佳循环参数和调节计划的一体化方法。 本文的应用实例是歼击机动力改型时优选加力发动机的最佳设计方案。计算结果表明:飞机飞行任务不同、改型要求不同、约束条件不同,发动机最佳方案的类型、循环参数和调节计划也完全不同。因此,一体化选择方法具有重要实际意义。     

Aerodynamics of ducted re-entry vehicles

Ballistic parameter plays a major role in determining the re-entry trajectory. Lower ballistic coefficient offers an optimal re-entry, wherein the vehicle decelerates higher up in the atmosphere thereby decreasing the imposed aerothermal loads. The current computational study proposes an add-on, to the existing Orion-based re-entry vehicle: a duct circumventing the capsule from the shoulder to the base, to improve the aerocapture ability of the re-entry vehicle. The design cases are categorised based on a non-dimensional parameter termed the Annular Area Ratio (AAR). Dragand ballistic coefficient of the Ducted Re-entry Vehicles (DRVs) at various Mach numbers are evaluated and compared with those of the baseline model. The results show that the proposed design increases the drag for all the AARs considered in the subsonic regime. In the supersonic regime, ducted models of higher AAR are more promising with the increase in Mach number. DRVs also exhibit lower ballistic coefficients than their baseline counterparts.     

Nonlinear dynamic modeling and simulation of an atmospheric re-entry spacecraft

This paper discusses the dynamic modeling and simulation techniques for the X-38 re-entry spacecraft, a prototype crew return vehicle (CRV) for the international space station (ISS). A general simulator for atmospheric re-entry dynamics (GESARED) was developed in the Matlab/Simulink environment. The 6 degree-of-freedom re-entry flight dynamics were modeled to achieve minimum restrictions and singularities. Quaternion representation of vehicle attitude was used to avoid computational singularities in angular kinematic model equations. The Earth's atmosphere, Earth's shape and gravitational potential were modeled appropriately. The vehicle's aerodynamic characteristics, navigation sensors, and the actuator dynamics were also modeled and implemented. Several numerical simulation tests and analyses were conducted to evaluate the performance of the model equations and the simulator.     

航天任务计划工作模式研究

地面采用何种方式来调度运行任务系统并对航天器实施控制,是飞行控制中心面临的一个重大问题。本文针对航天任务的特点,提出了采用计划工作模式的思想与方法。首先论述了采用计划工作模式的理论依据,然后探讨了计划工作模式的基本概念、特点和要求,阐述了航天任务计划工作模式的基本内容,最后讨论了计划工作模式的关键技术以及采用计划工作模式实现飞行控制自动化的可能性。     

大型航空运输企业航班恢复系统(RM)应用研究

随着航空公司机队规模和运营航线的不断扩大,在发生大面积航班延误时,航空公司需要快速计算出最优的航班恢复方案。为了提高运行控制效率,探索一种优化控制的方法,根据经济效益、航班正常等不同的目标要求,计算出最优的运行方案,最终达到快速、高效地调配航班。分析了大型航空运输企业不正常航班恢复的主要场景,在此基础上筛选了制约航班恢复的关键约束条件,设计了航班恢复和校验的基本逻辑,通过应对台风处置的实际案例,验证了某大型航司和美国世博公司的航班恢复系统(RM)在实际案例应用中的效果,总结了该航班恢复系统的优点和存在的风险及短板。实践表明,该系统可缩短2 h航班运行恢复时间,平均每个受影响航班减少延误30 min,减少相应的成本2万元,提升整体航班正常率3%~5%。     

临近空间高超声速飞行器天文导航系统综述

临近空间是航天与航空业务领域的结合部，具有重要的战略价值。高超声速飞行器是临近空间力量部署的重要载体，已逐渐进入应用部署阶段。临近空间高超声速飞行器的飞行环境和任务条件对导航系统提出了新的更高要求。在总结临近空间高超声速飞行器的导航技术研究进展的基础上，对天文导航技术的应用环境和条件进行了系统的分析和探讨，提出了5个重点研究方向，包括：星图采集效能、光学误差模型、视场观测机理、姿态更新速率、小型化模块化工程化等。研究结果可为临近空间高超声速飞行器天文导航系统的设计提供参考。     

Comprehensive analysis of transport aircraft flight performance

This paper reviews the state-of-the art in comprehensive performance codes for fixed-wing aircraft. The importance of system analysis in flight performance is discussed. The paper highlights the role of aerodynamics, propulsion, flight mechanics, aeroacoustics, flight operation, numerical optimisation, stochastic methods and numerical analysis. The latter discipline is used to investigate the sensitivities of the sub-systems to uncertainties in critical state parameters or functional parameters. The paper discusses critically the data used for performance analysis, and the areas where progress is required.

Comprehensive analysis codes can be used for mission fuel planning, envelope exploration, competition analysis, a wide variety of environmental studies, marketing analysis, aircraft certification and conceptual aircraft design.

A comprehensive program that uses the multi-disciplinary approach for transport aircraft is presented. The model includes a geometry deck, a separate engine input deck with the main parameters, a database of engine performance from an independent simulation, and an operational deck. The comprehensive code has modules for deriving the geometry from bitmap files, an aerodynamics model for all flight conditions, a flight mechanics model for flight envelopes and mission analysis, an aircraft noise model and engine emissions. The model is validated at different levels. Validation of the aerodynamic model is done against the scale models DLR-F4 and F6. A general model analysis and flight envelope exploration are shown for the Boeing B-777-300 with GE-90 turbofan engines with intermediate passenger capacity (394 passengers in 2 classes). Validation of the flight model is done by sensitivity analysis on the wetted area (or profile drag), on the specific air range, the brake-release gross weight and the aircraft noise. A variety of results is shown, including specific air range charts, take-off weight–altitude charts, payload-range performance, atmospheric effects, economic Mach number and noise trajectories at F.A.R. landing points.     

Real time estimator for control of an orbiting single tether system

A real-time estimator is developed for the control of the Tether Dynamics Explorer (TDE) system. TDE is being used in a series of tethered satellite flight experiments whose purpose is to validate existing system models and test proposed control laws. Each experiment consists of an orbiting Delta II second stage which deploys toward the Earth a small box-shaped passive endbody at the end of a flexible tether. A discrete extended Kalman filter (DEKF) is presented which can operate in real time and in conjunction with control laws. This filter estimates the in-plane and out-of-plane tether libration angles and their rates from a proposed three-axis tether tension measurement device in the Delta second stage. The simulation results indicate that the DEKF can estimate the libration angle and their rates from a three-axis tension and length measurement with an acceptable error. The relatively simple computations required make this algorithm particularly well suited for real-time operation.<>     

航天器返回地球的气动特性综述

航天器返回地球的飞行过程中,气动特性是实现将宇宙飞行速度减到落地前速度、保证再入飞行得到有效控制以及再入防热安全可靠的关键因素。针对简单旋成体气动外形、半弹道式再入控制、烧蚀防热类返回航天器,综述了返回地球过程中变化的空气流域特性、航天器周围的气体绕流环境、空气与航天器作用产生的动力学与热效应等。系统地给出了该类航天器的再入气动特性参数与飞行性能的共性规律,包括:气动阻力与再入减速、气动升力与再入轨迹控制、配平攻角与飞行稳定性、气动加热与防热,以及再入过程中不同气动特性航天器、气象条件变化等对再入飞行性能的影响规律。为航天器开展返回飞行过程的跨流域气动性能工程研制提供设计参考。     

A simplified trajectory analysis model for small satellite payload recovery from low Earth orbit

The reentry trajectories of a small mass at low Earth orbit were analyzed with a modified three degree-of-freedom trajectory simulation. An estimate of the stagnation point heating was also made. The mass deployed an inflatable, three-element drag disk decelerator that was modeled as a single circular disk, trailing the payload, normal to the direction of flight. The downrange distance decreased and the time of flight increased with increased decelerator area. The stagnation-point heat transfer rates with a decelerator of sufficiently low ballistic coefficient of 24 Pa was 5–10 percent that of a typical ballistic reentry vehicle with a ballistic coefficient of 4.8 kPa. The study did not find that staged deployment of the decelerator disks provided any aerodynamic advantages, particularly in view of the anticipated complexities involved in deploying such a system. Finally, skip trajectories yielded slightly lower stagnation-point heat transfer than the non-lifting case. However, they may not be advantageous since the increased flight time would expose the decelerator to a longer period of heating, thereby possibly requiring more extensive thermal protection and a potential to damage on-board sensors and instruments.