美军作战仿真系统综述

电子信息装备是武器装备体系的中枢,作战仿真技术是评估装备作战效能、提升部队作战训练效果的重要手段。以处于世界领先地位的美军作战仿真系统为研究对象,从介绍美军仿真的分类图谱、分析其技术体系发展过程入手,重点阐述了美军典型联合作战仿真系统的功能定位、组成及应用情况,介绍了美军作战仿真系统的成功经验及其技术局限性。     

雷达对抗训练模拟系统及其仿真建模技术

对现代武器装备及其作战使用进行仿真模拟是提高现代电子战作战能力的重要手段和途径。雷达对抗训练模拟系统是一种基于计算机仿真的训练模拟系统。本文介绍了该系统的组成、设计原理,并就系统仿真建模、电磁环境仿真及训练效果评估等问题作了分析和研究。     

基于作战环和联合信息熵的体系作战效能评估方法

针对信息化条件下体系作战效能评估难的问题,首先借鉴作战环的建模思想将各作战要素抽象为节点,要素之间的关系抽象为信息链路边和对抗行动边,构建作战网络模型;然后基于信息熵量化节点和信息链路边的不确定性,基于联合熵量化对抗行动边的不确定性,在此基础上给出了体系作战效能评估的具体流程;最后以战斗机突防作战体系为例进行分析,验证了提出方法的可行性和合理性。     

装备效能评估与建模仿真技术

装备系统效能评估是检验装备作战能力的重要手段,是武器装备体系发展战略规划的基础,对比分析国内外装备效能评估与检验的过程和方法,其中主要的一种手段就是作战仿真分析。在梳理分析典型军事仿真分析评估系统的基础上,提出了仿真系统的功能需求、分类和总体架构,围绕系统实现中建模与仿真面临的挑战,总结提出了跨层次(平台)仿真建模技术和多分辨率(模型)仿真建模技术。     

基于SysML的远程专家保障装备体系建模及结构评估

未来联合作战呈现出体系对抗体系的特点,为满足作战需求对武器装备体系设计提出了更高的要求,实现动态作战环境下武器装备体系结构建模和评估是体系设计中的重要内容。基于联合作战背景下的远程专家保障装备体系想定,从体系作战需求角度出发通过SysML(系统建模语言)建立体系结构模型,设计远程专家保障装备体系结构视图产品,结合ExtendSim建立了可执行模型,并进行仿真分析和结构评估,为提升体系能力提出有效可行的建议。     

空间武器系统效能评估模型研究

在空间军事化愈演愈烈的今天,研究空间武器系统作战效能评估问题有着非常重要的意义。在分析空间武器系统的组成及特点并总结目前效能评估方法之后,以ADC方法为基础建立了空间武器系统的效能评估模型。最后,在某一特定作战想定条件下进行了空间武器系统的效能仿真分析,仿真结果说明所建立的效能评估模型是合理的。     

信息对抗条件下卫星系统效能损伤评估方法

信息对抗是卫星信息系统面临的严重威胁,在对抗条件下其工作效能必然会有一定程度的下降.以卫星侦察系统为例研究了卫星系统效能损伤评估方法.在对卫星侦察过程进行分析的基础上建立了卫星侦察系统效能故障树,并引入故障等级和逻辑算子的概念,提出了一种基于多态故障树分析的评估方法,采用仿真方法进行顶事件概率计算.最后将其应用于某卫星侦察系统在信息对抗条件下的效能损伤评估,并给出了结论.     

基于PFT的航天电子侦察系统作战效能指标体系构建

航天电子侦察系统是战略预警体系的重要组成部分,科学评估其作战效能对于提升天基侦察监视能力具有重要意义。提出了PFT的分析方法与基于信息能力的系统作战效能评估准则。通过分析系统作战流程,建立了侦察流程剖面图,构建了高完整度、低冗余度的航天电子侦察系统作战效能评估指标体系,并对指标进行分析。     

电子装备作战效能评估

论述了开展电子装备作战效能评估的意义、作战效能评估的基本概念和评估方法,提出了电子装备作战效能评估系统的主要构成有典型作战试验环境、评估指标体系、评估准则体系和试验系统,并对如何开展作战效能评估提出了一个基本思路。     

空间信息对抗仿真实验体系分析方法

采用仿真实验技术是研究空间信息对抗的重要手段。在进行仿真实验前,必须对空间信息对抗体系进行充分分析,以便于仿真实验的顺利进行。通过对空间信息对抗体系的基本概念和特点进行分析,提出了空间信息对抗体系结构描述方法、作战过程描述方法和评估指标体系描述方法,并结合实例给出其具体运用。     

Summary of medical investigations in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions.

The results of biomedical investigations carried out in the U.S.S.R. manned space missions are discussed. Their basic result is well-documented evidence that man can perform space flights of long duration. The investigations have demonstrated no direct correlation between inflight or postflight physiological reactions of crewmembers and flight duration. In all likelihood, this can be attributed to the fact that special exercises done inflight efficiently prevented adverse effects of weightlessness. However, human reactions to weightlessness need further study. They include negative calcium balance and anemia as well as vestibulo-autonomic disorders shown by crewmembers at early stages of weightlessness. Attention should be given to psychological, social-psychological and ethical problems that may also limit further increase in flight duration.     

美国未来国家空域系统规划

美国的空域范围与我国空域范围大致相同，但美国空域内飞行量却是我国的几十倍，因此，认真分析和研究美国空域系统的规划、建设与发展，将对提高我国空域使用率，系统建设与空中飞行相配套的设施设备，促进军民航空中飞行安全快速发展起到积极的推动作用。本文就美国未来国家空域系统规划（1998—2015）的主要内容提要奉献给读者，希望大家能得到启示。     

前苏联洲际弹道导弹P-7控制系统研制历程

本文叙述了前苏联第一种洲际弹道导弹P - 7弹上控制系统的前期研制和试验历史 ,介绍了燃料消耗控制、视速度调节、法向和横向控制这些子系统的构成原理     

Cardiac arrhythmias in space. Role of vagotonia.

Rhythm disorders observed in space have always been minor but they are not unfrequent. They include: ventricular or supra-ventricular extrasystoles, nodal arrhythmias, auriculo-ventricular conduction disorders. There are several etiopathogenetic hypotheses: a strict selection must permit its elimination of an underlying heart disease; the potassium deficiency is often advanced but its role is not certain; the role of catecholamines is also discussed; the role of hypervagotony is extensively analysed as great clinical and electro-cardiographic evidence speaks for it. It can induce disorders which are more serious than those observed so far, particularly fibrillation or intermittent atrial flutter; weightlessness itself could partly condition the vagotonic state; and the effects of fluid shifts are also discussed from this point of view. The possible therapies for various atrial, nodal, ventricular disorders are reviewed, with greater detail for vagal atrial arrhythmias.     

美国空管现代化进程浅析

一、背景二十世纪末期,美国国家空域系统由于存在容量不足的缺陷,航班延误和旅客投诉处在高发期。据美国官方统计,2000年前几个月对航空运输的不满意率比1999年同期上涨了16个百分点。     

Spectral signatures of photosynthesis. I. Review of Earth organisms

Why do plants reflect in the green and have a "red edge" in the red, and should extrasolar photosynthesis be the same? We provide (1) a brief review of how photosynthesis works, (2) an overview of the diversity of photosynthetic organisms, their light harvesting systems, and environmental ranges, (3) a synthesis of photosynthetic surface spectral signatures, and (4) evolutionary rationales for photosynthetic surface reflectance spectra with regard to utilization of photon energy and the planetary light environment. We found the "near-infrared (NIR) end" of the red edge to trend from blue-shifted to reddest for (in order) snow algae, temperate algae, lichens, mosses, aquatic plants, and finally terrestrial vascular plants. The red edge is weak or sloping in lichens. Purple bacteria exhibit possibly a sloping edge in the NIR. More studies are needed on pigment-protein complexes, membrane composition, and measurements of bacteria before firm conclusions can be drawn about the role of the NIR reflectance. Pigment absorbance features are strongly correlated with features of atmospheric spectral transmittance: P680 in Photosystem II with the peak surface incident photon flux density at approximately 685 nm, just before an oxygen band at 687.5 nm; the NIR end of the red edge with water absorbance bands and the oxygen A-band at 761 nm; and bacteriochlorophyll reaction center wavelengths with local maxima in atmospheric and water transmittance spectra. Given the surface incident photon flux density spectrum and resonance transfer in light harvesting, we propose some rules with regard to where photosynthetic pigments will peak in absorbance: (1) the wavelength of peak incident photon flux; (2) the longest available wavelength for core antenna or reaction center pigments; and (3) the shortest wavelengths within an atmospheric window for accessory pigments. That plants absorb less green light may not be an inefficient legacy of evolutionary history, but may actually satisfy the above criteria.     

ADS-B在美国

美国是“广播式自动相关监视”(ADS-B)技术研究和应用的先行者之一。继1991年,瑞典首次成功利用飞行座舱显示器(CDTI)演示ADS-B功能之后,美国从1992年就开始在芝加哥的O’Hare机场开展ADS-B技术的早期应用研究。进入21世纪,美国首先在阿拉斯加地区通用航空飞机上推广应用ADS-B技术。2002年,美国联邦航空局FAA终于出台了ADS-B数据链发展政策以及支持ADS-B技术发展的规划蓝图。一、美国的AD S-B技术发展规划(一)近期规划:(2002年—2006年)(1)定义ADS-B最初发展阶段的国内技术系统底层结构;(2)允许“袖珍型”(不具备上行广播…     

Aquatic modules for bioregenerative life support systems based on the C.E.B.A.S. biotechnology [correction of biotechnilogy

Most concepts for bioregenerative life support systems are based on edible higher land plants which create some problems with growth and seed generation under space conditions. Animal protein production is mostly neglected because of the tremendous waste management problems with tetrapods under reduced weightlessness. Therefore, the "Closed Equilibrated Biological Aquatic System" (C.E.B.A.S.) was developed which represents an artificial aquatic ecosystem containing aquatic organisms which are adapted at all to "near weightlessness conditions" (fishes Xiphophorus helleri, water snails Biomphalaria glabrata, ammonia oxidizing bacteria and the rootless non-gravitropic edible water plant Ceratophyllum demersum). Basically the C.E.B.A.S. consists of 4 subsystems: a ZOOLOGICAL (correction of ZOOLOGICASL) COMPONENT (animal aquarium), a BOTANICAL COMPONENT (aquatic plant bioreactor), a MICROBIAL COMPONENT (bacteria filter) and an ELECTRONICAL COMPONENT (data acquisition and control unit). Superficially, the function principle appears simple: the plants convert light energy into chemical energy via photosynthesis thus producing biomass and oxygen. The animals and microorganisms use the oxygen for respiration and produce the carbon dioxide which is essential for plant photosynthesis. The ammonia ions excreted by the animals are converted by the bacteria to nitrite and then to nitrate ions which serve as a nitrogen source for the plants. Other essential ions derive from biological degradation of animal waste products and dead organic matter. The C.E.B.A.S. exists in 2 basic versions: the original C.E.B.A.S. with a volume of 150 liters and a self-sustaining standing time of more than 13 month and the so-called C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE with a volume of about 8.5 liters. In the latter there is no closed food loop by reasons of available space so that animal food has to be provided via an automated feeder. This device was flown already successfully on the STS-89 and STS-90 spaceshuttle missions and the working hypothesis was verified that aquatic organisms are nearly not affected at all by space conditions, i.e. that the plants exhibited biomass production rates identical to the sound controls and that as well the reproductive, and the immune system as the embryonic and ontogenic development of the animals remained undisturbed. Currently the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODLULE is prepared for a third spaceshuttle flight (STS-107) in spring 2001. Based on the results of the space experiments a series of prototypes of aquatic food production modules for the implementation into BLSS were developed. This paper describes the scientific disposition of the STS-107 experiment and of open and closed aquaculture systems based on another aquatic plant species, the Lemnacean Wolffia arrhiza which is cultured as a vegetable in Southeastern Asia. This plant can be grown in suspension culture and several special bioreactors were developed for this purpose. W. arrhiza reproduces mainly vegetatively by buds but also sexually from time to time and is therefore especially suitable for genetic engineering, too. Therefore it was used, in addition, to optimize the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE to allow experiments with a duration of 4 month in the International Space Station the basic principle of which will be explained. In the context of aquaculture systems for BLSS the continuous replacement of removed fish biomass is an essential demand. Although fish reproduction seems not to be affected in the shortterm space experiments with the C.E.B.A.S. MINI MODULE a functional and reliable hatchery for the production of siblings under reduced weightlessness is connected with some serious problems. Therefore an automated "reproduction module" for the herbivorous fish Tilapia rendalli was developed as a laboratory prototype. It is concluded that aquatic modules of different degrees of complexity can optimize the productivity of BLSS based on higher land plants and that they offer an unique opportunity for the production of animal protein in lunar or planetary bases.