FGDC空间数据标准概况

概述美国联邦地理数据委员会(FGDC)的工作目标、活动宗旨、组织结构及其职责,介绍FGDC在发展空间数据标准方面的基本情况、FGDC标准参考模型的结构和FGDC现有标准的发布状况.     

International space launch notification and data exchange

As missile and space launch technology continue to proliferate around the world, nations will benefit from increased transparency to mitigate the potentially strategic consequences of early warning false alarms or misinterpretations. Previous false alarms and risk mitigation steps taken by the United States and the former Soviet Union and Russia are examined. Two pre-launch notification initiatives, the bilateral US/Russia Joint Data Exchange Center and the multilateral Hague Code of Conduct, offer means to further build confidence among spacefaring nations and enhance strategic stability. Pragmatic recommendations are offered to strengthen the emerging pre-launch notification regime.     

美军天基通用数据链及发展

现代战争的作战样式已经发展到由指挥控制系统、侦察监视系统、联合火力打击系统等各种系统构成的作战体系的对抗.而这种体系对抗的胜负是取决于所有参战武器装备所构成的体系的整体作战效能.这就在客观上要求不同的武器系统之间实现互联、互通和互操作,各种资源被充分共享.通过数据链,可以将众多复杂的武器平台以及指挥控制平台有机地连为一体,实现战场态势共享,缩短决策时间,提高指挥控制速度及协同作战能力,发挥体系的整体作战效能.天基通用数据链(Space CDL)作为美军“作战响应空间”(ORS)计划下重点发展的关键技术之一,成功验证了成像侦察卫星的战术应用能力,并将成为美军构建多源战场情报体系的重要手段.     

CCSDS空间链路层协议识别技术研究

针对空间链路层通信协议在合作目标和非合作目标两种背景下的应用情况,提出一种适合于CCSDS协议识别的方法。详细分析了协议识别技术的实际研究现状,介绍了CCSDS协议特征提取方法和特征模型建立算法,并利用多类型仿真数据和实际航天任务数据为样本检验了算法可行性,得出了误码率对识别效果的影响关系。研究成果对空间信息对抗中的协议识别技术研究具有借鉴意义。     

The space exploration initiative Perspective from the US space science community

As NASA struggles to fund and execute its ambitious Space Station Freedom and Mission to Planet Earth programmes, President Bush has pledge the nation to a programme to return humans to the Moon to stay and to explore Mars. While not predicted on scientific grounds, this Space Exploration Initiative welcomes the support and participation of the scientific community. Success in establishing this relationship will depend on how the initiative is structured, sold and managed within the context of scientists' past experience with large, manned flight programmes.     

Mutagenesis in bacterial spores exposed to space and simulated martian conditions: data from the EXPOSE-E spaceflight experiment PROTECT

As part of the PROTECT experiment of the EXPOSE-E mission on board the International Space Station (ISS), the mutagenic efficiency of space was studied in spores of Bacillus subtilis 168. After 1.5 years' exposure to selected parameters of outer space or simulated martian conditions, the rates of induced mutations to rifampicin resistance (Rif(R)) and sporulation deficiency (Spo(-)) were quantified. In all flight samples, both mutations, Rif(R) and Spo(-), were induced and their rates increased by several orders of magnitude. Extraterrestrial solar UV radiation (>110?nm) as well as simulated martian UV radiation (>200?nm) led to the most pronounced increase (up to nearly 4 orders of magnitude); however, mutations were also induced in flight samples shielded from insolation, which were exposed to the same conditions except solar irradiation. Nucleotide sequencing located the Rif(R) mutations in the rpoB gene encoding the β-subunit of RNA polymerase. Mutations isolated from flight and parallel mission ground reference (MGR) samples were exclusively localized to Cluster I. The 21 Rif(R) mutations isolated from the flight experiment showed all a C to T transition and were all localized to one hotspot: H482Y. In mutants isolated from the MGR, the spectrum was wider with predicted amino acid changes at residues Q469K/L/R, H482D/P/R/Y, and S487L. The data show the unique mutagenic power of space and martian surface conditions as a consequence of DNA injuries induced by solar UV radiation and space vacuum or the low pressure of Mars.     

Can power from space compete?

This report summarizes the findings of a report entitled Can Power from Space Compete? produced for NASA by Resources for the Future (RFF). In considering how well satellite solar power (SSP) is likely to compete in the market for electricity from the present to 2020, it finds that neither perceived shortages of fossil fuel nor climate change factors are likely to be major issues in this time frame. Moreover, the high costs of SSP and possible concerns over public health and national security will continue to constrain its development. This does not mean, however, that R&D into the subject should cease; it may well have a future in the short term when applied to non-terrestrial systems. The full report is available at http://www.rff.org.     

Protecting safe access to space: Lessons from the first 50 years of space security

Despite predictions to the contrary at various times from 1957 to 2007, the first 50 years of space security have ended without an arms race or military combat. Arguably, the three riskiest years were 1962, 1983, and 2001. Looking for lessons from these cases, we can identify four primary trends that helped states avoid arms races and direct conflicts in orbit: (1) risks of collective “bads”; (2) fear of action–reaction dynamics; (3) the high cost of space weapons; and (4) the asset of transparency. As we look ahead, trends toward a continued focus on these factors in space security seem strong. But successful prevention of future space warfare will require strengthened forms of individual and collective restraint by all actors in space.     

Ukrainian national space law from an international perspective

As one of the three former Soviet republics engaged in space activities, the Ukraine has had to formulate new national space legislation as a means of demonstrating a responsible attitude to the international security system, of harmonising its legislation with that of its international political and economic partners and of creating clear guidelines for investors. This article presents the background to the formation of Ukrainian space law, describes some of the new laws enacted and discusses these within the context of international space law. Particular attention is paid to the legal regulation of commercial activities, to dual-use issues and to the effect of international cooperation on Ukrainian space law development.     

A packetised remote visual access data system for space station interactive payload operations.

Potential users of the pressurised Columbus elements, (the Attached Pressurised Module and the Man-Tended Free Flyer), were consulted in order to establish the requirements necessary to achieve effective and efficient remote interactive payload operations. These are briefly described and clearly indicate that the key to such operations is a versatile remote visual access (video) system which is well-tuned to the requirements of the users in both the on-board and ground segments. A packetised remote visual access data system is proposed which accommodates these requirements and offers a very flexible operational environment. It incorporates a scheme for optimising users' remote visual access to their experiments. Methods of implementing the necessary multiplexing and compression aspects of the system are discussed. A scheme for centralized on-board monitoring, which is complicated by the wide range of video sources required by the users, is outlined and aspects of the ground segment, in particular the problem is link delays, are considered.     

Risks of radiation cataracts from interplanetary space missions

Recognition of the human risks from radiation exposure during manned missions in deep space has been fostered by international co-operation; interagency collaboration is facilitating their evaluation. Further co-operation can lead, perhaps by the end of this decade, to an evaluation of one of the three major risks, namely radiation cataractogenesis, sufficient for use in the planning of the manned mission to Mars.     

Information extraction from thematic mapper data

The Landsat-4 spacecraft, launched on July 9, 1982, is equipped with a new electro-optical sensor expected to advance the remote sensing capabilities of Earth resources satellites. An experimental instrument, the thematic mapper (TM), provides data in seven discrete energy bands with greatly improved spectral, spatial and radiometric resolution, relative to previous Landsat satellite systems. Scientists at NASA, National Space Technology Laboratories (NSTL), Earth Resources Laboratory (ERL) conducted an evaluation of Landsat-4 TM data, soon after its launch, to examine the potential of this new electro-optical sensor for providing improved information for renewable resources and land cover studies. Investigations of TM data included forested wetland, urban and agricultural land covers using a scene of data collected over Arkansas and Tennessee on August 22, 1982. Standard digital information extraction techniques were employed, and the classification accuracies achieved with a single date TM data set exceeded a 90% correct confidence level. While only spectral analysis techniques were utilized for this initial evaluation, the results clearly indicate the improved performance provided by the experimental TM sensor over previous Earth observing capabilities.     

Comparison of remote sensing experiments from airborne and space platforms

Recent technological advances in the development of instruments and platforms like aircraft, balloons, satellites, the space station and, very recently, Zeppelin dirigibles, have opened up many new applications for remote sensing. This paper is an attempt to summarise and compare advantages and disadvantages as well as limitations, restrictions and perspectives of passive remote sensing instruments used on the different platforms and it should help to select the best platform for a special application for Earth observation.     

从“四域”角度探讨网络电磁空间的组织结构

网络电磁空间是网络信息时代催生的新领域。根据网络电磁空间融合于物理域、信息域、认知域和社会域的特性,从四域的角度分析了网络电磁空间的组织结构,为深化网络电磁空间认识提供参考。     

Determination of camera orientation using observations of horizon from space

The parameters of angular position of a camera relative to the navigation unit of an orbiting spacecraft are estimated with the purpose of more precise determination of camera orientation in the process of a subsequent survey of the Earth from space. The results of observations of the horizon by the camera itself serve as information for the estimation.     

供应链的逆向物流推进策略探讨

论文阐述了逆向物流的内涵及其驱动因素,并分析了企业在实施逆向物流过程中所存在的难点障碍,最终从供应链整体角度对企业逆向物流的推进作了一定的探讨。     

Human interactions in space: results from Shuttle/Mir.

Background: Anecdotal reports from space and results from simulation studies on Earth have suggested that space crewmembers may experience decrements in their interpersonal environment over time and may displace tension and dysphoria to mission control personnel. Methods: To evaluate these issues, we studied 5 American astronauts, 8 Russian cosmonauts, and 42 American and 16 Russian mission control personnel who participated in the Shuttle/Mir space program. Subjects completed questions from subscales of the Profile of Mood States, the Group Environment Scale, and the Work Environment Scale on a weekly basis before, during, and after the missions. Results: Among the crewmembers, there was little evidence for significant time effects based on triphasic (U-shaped) or linear models for the 21 subscales tested, although the presence of an initial novelty effect that declined over time was found in three subscales for the astronauts. Compared with work groups on Earth, the crewmembers reported less dysphoria and perceived their crew environment as more constraining, cohesive, and guided by leadership. There was no change in ratings of mood and interpersonal environment before, during, and after the missions. Conclusions: There was little support for the presence of a moderate to strong time effect that influenced the space crews. Crewmembers perceived their work environment differently from people on Earth, and they demonstrated equanimity in mood and group perceptions, both in space and on the ground. Grant numbers: NAS9-19411.     

Lichens survive in space: results from the 2005 LICHENS experiment

This experiment was aimed at establishing, for the first time, the survival capability of lichens exposed to space conditions. In particular, the damaging effect of various wavelengths of extraterrestrial solar UV radiation was studied. The lichens used were the bipolar species Rhizocarpon geographicum and Xanthoria elegans, which were collected above 2000 m in the mountains of central Spain and as endolithic communities inhabiting granites in the Antarctic Dry Valleys. Lichens were exposed to space in the BIOPAN-5 facility of the European Space Agency; BIOPAN-5 is located on the outer shell of the Earth-orbiting FOTON-M2 Russian satellite. The lichen samples were launched from Baikonur by a Soyuz rocket on May 31, 2005, and were returned to Earth after 16 days in space, at which time they were tested for survival. Chlorophyll fluorescence was used for the measurement of photosynthetic parameters. Scanning electron microscopy in back-scattered mode, low temperature scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used to study the organization and composition of both symbionts. Confocal laser scanning microscopy, in combination with the use of specific fluorescent probes, allowed for the assessment of the physiological state of the cells. All exposed lichens, regardless of the optical filters used, showed nearly the same photosynthetic activity after the flight as measured before the flight. Likewise, the multimicroscopy approach revealed no detectable ultrastructural changes in most of the algal and fungal cells of the lichen thalli, though a greater proportion of cells in the flight samples had compromised membranes, as revealed by the LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit. These findings indicate that most lichenized fungal and algal cells can survive in space after full exposure to massive UV and cosmic radiation, conditions proven to be lethal to bacteria and other microorganisms. The lichen upper cortex seems to provide adequate protection against solar radiation. Moreover, after extreme dehydration induced by high vacuum, the lichens proved to be able to recover, in full, their metabolic activity within 24 hours.