空间延迟/中断容忍网络路由算法性能评估

文章主要针对空间延迟/中断容忍网络（Delay/disruptionTolerantNetworks,DTNF）路由算法的性能进行分析评估,为未来空间DTN路由技术的设计提供参考和建议。首先,从利用网络知识多少的角度,对目前提出的适用于空间DTN的路由算法进行了分析和比较;然后,在一个典型空间DTN场景下,通过设定不同的接触计划,从微观和宏观两个方面,对最早投递(EarliestDelivery,ED)、基于本地队列的最早投递(EarliestDeliverywithLocalQueue,EDLQ)、接触图路由(ContactGraphRouting,CGR)、和基于最早传输机会的接触图路由(ContactGraphRoutingEarliestTransmissionOpportunity,CGR ETO)几种典型空间DTN路由算法的性能进行了仿真评估;最后,对仿真评估结果进行了分析和总结,并对未来空间DTN路由算法的研究提出了建议。仿真结果表明,对于端到端延时和束投递完成率两项性能指标,ED性能最差,CGR次之,EDLQ和CGR ETO的性能相当。     

弯管式卫星网络与区域路由

卫星网络(SN)主要包括两种体系结构:星上处理(OBP)和弯管(BP).OBP由于性能高而得到广泛关注,而BP由于成本低仍然被一些系统所采用.BP系统没有星间链路(ISL),但需要地面信关站的支持.不同的BP系统有不同的信关站布局,系统不兼容将造成重复和浪费.区域路由(AR)方法是一种通用性较强的路由方法,既可以应用在OBP系统中,也可以应用在BP系统中.使用该方法可以让多种BP系统共享卫星和信关站资源.文中介绍了AR原理及其计算机模拟结果;引入了"连通分析",综合考虑了系统的连通性和覆盖率,深化BP系统的分析.      

一种适于LEO卫星网络的动态源路由算法

针对低轨(LEO)卫星网络拓扑变化有规律、可预知的特点,提出了一种适于LEO卫星网络的动态源路由算法,即自适应路由选择(ARS)算法.它引入逻辑位置的思想屏蔽了卫星移动性对路由选择的影响,使得源卫星只需自身和目的卫星的逻辑位置信息便可以进行路由计算获得最小传播时延路径,避免了收集路由信息所带来的交换开销;同时,根据最小传播时延路径的分布特点提出了一种高效的路径表示方法,用于在IP数据报头中存储所获得的最小传播时延路径,中转卫星可以根据该路径信息转发数据报直至目的卫星,和其他各类源路由算法相比大大降低了路由开销;另外,该算法还针对可能发生的链路拥塞和卫星失效情况提供了保证数据报正常传输的处理方法.最后,将所提出的算法与最小传播时延数据报路由算法(DRA)和Bellman最短路径(SP)算法进行了仿真比较.仿真结果表明,ARS算法在降低路由计算开销和交换开销的同时,保证了数据报的端到端传输时延要求.      

北斗全球卫星导航系统境外星数据快速回传的路由优化方法

针对北斗全球卫星导航系统存在的全球布站不足问题,提出一种利用星间链路将境外星数据快速回传至境内的路由优化方法。首先描述地面站受限情况下的数据快速回传问题,明确传输路由的优化目标、生成规则、约束条件。然后提出基于遗传算法的时延最小数据传输路由优化策略。最后,对算法进行了验证。结果表明,在2个境内站条件下,北斗系统全星座最多2跳（6s内）完成数据传输,可满足境外数据快速回传的要求。     

基于ICT分布的容迟网络接触模型

在容迟网络中,掌握节点之间的接触间隔时间(ICT)的特性,能够为网络性能分析、路由协议设计以及算法优化等研究提供理论指导和帮助,但目前的ICT模型往往缺乏普适性.通过对节点运动做出一般性假设,基于可靠性数学方法,给出了一个基于ICT分布的接触模型——IDCM.该模型证明了两个移动节点之间的ICT服从指数分布,且指数分布的参数仅与两个节点的历史接触次数和累积ICT有关.在随机方向(RD)移动模型、随机路点(RWP)移动模型、北京市出租车网络、口袋交换网4个数据集上进行了仿真验证,并与基于统计拟合参数的指数分布模型进行对比.仿真实验结果表明,IDCM能够准确反映节点对之间的接触间隔时间分布,且模型准确性优于基于统计拟合参数的指数分布模型.      

兼顾控制流量的软件定义卫星网络路由策略

软件定义卫星网络（SDSN）通过解耦数据与控制平面,实现网络态势与控制的逻辑集中,为管理卫星网络提供了一种新的思路。在SDSN中,控制报文和数据报文同时在网络中传输,海量、动态、高优先级的控制流量将对数据报文传输产生极大的干扰。因此,提出了一种数据流退让路由（DFRR）策略。在计算数据报文路由时,DFRR将链路上控制流量大小作为影响链路代价的一个因素,以减少选择控制流量较大的链路;在网络操作控制中心（NOCC）连接的过顶卫星切换导致控制流量分布发生较大变化之前,DFRR预测可能发生拥塞的链路,并选出链路上部分数据流进行重路由,从而避免拥塞。在开发的SDSN研究平台OpenSatNet上对DFRR的性能进行了评估。实验结果表明,DFRR能够有效减少网络中的链路拥塞,以及控制报文和数据报文的分组丢失。      

基于动静结合方法的卫星网络路由方法研究

路由方法是保障卫星网络信息传输能力的基础性技术,是地面路由技术与航天应用的有机结合.当前卫星网络使用的主流路由方法主要为预先设置好路由表、转发表的静态方法,地面商用路由方法则主要使用以OSPF为代表的动态方法.动态方法的性能、鲁棒性和可靠性均明显优于静态方法,但是在卫星网络中直接应用动态方法带来的相应需求如计算资源、存储资源和信道资源等,卫星网路往往不能满足.针对此问题,提出了基于动静结合的卫星网络路由方法.该方法将OSPF方法进行针对卫星网络的适当裁剪,结合传统的拓扑快照静态路由方法,在卫星网络可以负担的资源限制条件下,提高整个卫星网络系统的性能、鲁棒性和可靠性.     

LEO/MEO双层卫星网的分层动态路由算法

由低轨LEO(Low Earth Orbit)和中轨MEO(Medium Earth Orbit)卫星构成的双层卫星网络具有较好的组网通信性能.利用MEO和LEO卫星在长、短距通信中的优势,提出一种分层、分布式的双层卫星网动态路由算法.通过控制链路状态信息的洪泛,LEO卫星只需掌握局部拓扑即可完成短距业务通信,长距通信业务则由MEO卫星承载.将星间链路的剩余生存时间因素引入路径权重中,路由计算的路径是综合考虑了时延与持续时间双重因素的最优路径.仿真结果表明该算法在时延、路由开销、网络业务流分布等方面都具有较好的性能,并且易于系统实现.      

LEO enhanced Global Navigation Satellite System (LeGNSS) for real-time precise positioning services

Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) has been widely used in many geosciences areas with its Positioning, Navigation and Timing (PNT) service. However, GNSS still has its own bottleneck, such as the long initialization period of Precise Point Positioning (PPP) without dense reference network. Recently, the concept of PNTRC (Positioning, Navigation, Timing, Remote sensing and Communication) has been put forward, where Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite constellations are recruited to fulfill diverse missions. In navigation aspect, a number of selected LEO satellites can be equipped with a transmitter to transmit similar navigation signals to ground users, so that they can serve as GNSS satellites but with much faster geometric change to enhance GNSS capability, which is named as LEO constellation enhanced GNSS (LeGNSS). As a result, the initialization time of PPP is expected to be shortened to the level of a few minutes or even seconds depending on the number of the LEO satellites involved. In this article, we simulate all the relevant data from June 8th to 14th, 2014 and investigate the feasibility of LeGNSS with the concentration on the key issues in the whole data processing for providing real-time PPP service based on a system configuration with fourteen satellites of BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), twenty-four satellites of the Global Positioning System (GPS), and sixty-six satellites of the Iridium satellite constellations. At the server-end, Precise Orbit Determination (POD) and Precise Clock Estimation (PCE) with various operational modes are investigated using simulated observations. It is found out that GNSS POD with partial LEO satellites is the most practical mode of LeGNSS operation. At the user-end, the Geometry Dilution Of Precision (GDOP) and Signal-In-Space Ranging Error (SISRE) are calculated and assessed for different positioning schemes in order to demonstrate the performance of LeGNSS. Centimeter level SISRE can be achieved for LeGNSS.     

Time synchronization of new-generation BDS satellites using inter-satellite link measurements

Autonomous satellite navigation is based on the ability of a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), such as Beidou, to estimate orbits and clock parameters onboard satellites using Inter-Satellite Link (ISL) measurements instead of tracking data from a ground monitoring network. This paper focuses on the time synchronization of new-generation Beidou Navigation Satellite System (BDS) satellites equipped with an ISL payload. Two modes of Ka-band ISL measurements, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) mode and the continuous link mode, were used onboard these BDS satellites. Using a mathematical formulation for each measurement mode along with a derivation of the satellite clock offsets, geometric ranges from the dual one-way measurements were introduced. Then, pseudoranges and clock offsets were evaluated for the new-generation BDS satellites. The evaluation shows that the ranging accuracies of TDMA ISL and the continuous link are approximately 4?cm and 1?cm (root mean square, RMS), respectively. Both lead to ISL clock offset residuals of less than 0.3?ns (RMS). For further validation, time synchronization between these satellites to a ground control station keeping the systematic time in BDT was conducted using L-band Two-way Satellite Time Frequency Transfer (TWSTFT). System errors in the ISL measurements were calibrated by comparing the derived clock offsets with the TWSTFT. The standard deviations of the estimated ISL system errors are less than 0.3?ns, and the calibrated ISL clock parameters are consistent with that of the L-band TWSTFT. For the regional BDS network, the addition of ISL measurements for medium orbit (MEO) BDS satellites increased the clock tracking coverage by more than 40% for each orbital revolution. As a result, the clock predicting error for the satellite M1S was improved from 3.59 to 0.86?ns (RMS), and the predicting error of the satellite M2S was improved from 1.94 to 0.57?ns (RMS), which is a significant improvement by a factor of 3–4.     

THE APPLICATION OF SATELLITE POSITIONING TECHNOLOGY AND ITS INDUSTRIALIZATION IN CHINA

Satellite positioning technology has been widely used in all kinds of military and civil land, marine, space and aeronautical target positioning tasks, naviga tion activities and accurate surveying measurements since 90 s in the last cen tury due to its advantage in providing all-weather, real-time, three dimensional and high precision positioning information, as well as speed and accurate timing information. By now, it has already formed a new hi-tech industry basically.This paper briefly reviews the development of the global satellite positioning and navigation technologies including the basic information of China's "Plough navigation system", introduces the history of satellite positioning technology and its major application fields as well as the status quo of this being industri alized trade in China, gives an account of the writers' vision for the application and prospect of the satellite positioning technologies in China, and approaches the tactics and stresses of the satellite positioning technology's application and its industrialization future in China.     

Evaluation of a regional real-time precise positioning system based on GPS/BeiDou observations in Australia

The performance of real-time (RT) precise positioning can be improved by utilizing observations from multiple Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) instead of one particular system. Since the end of 2012, BeiDou, independently established by China, began to provide operational services for users in the Asia-Pacific regions. In this study, a regional RT precise positioning system is developed to evaluate the performance of GPS/BeiDou observations in Australia in providing high precision positioning services for users. Fixing three hourly updated satellite orbits, RT correction messages are generated and broadcasted by processing RT observation/navigation data streams from the national network of GNSS Continuously Operating Reference Stations in Australia (AUSCORS) at the server side. At the user side, RT PPP is realized by processing RT data streams and the RT correction messages received. RT clock offsets, for which the accuracy reached 0.07 and 0.28?ns for GPS and BeiDou, respectively, can be determined. Based on these corrections, an accuracy of 12.2, 30.0 and 45.6?cm in the North, East and Up directions was achieved for the BeiDou-only solution after 30 min while the GPS-only solution reached 5.1, 15.3 and 15.5?cm for the same components at the same time. A further improvement of 43.7, 36.9 and 45.0 percent in the three directions, respectively, was achieved for the combined GPS/BeiDou solution. After the initialization process, the North, East and Up positioning accuracies were 5.2, 8.1 and 17.8?cm, respectively, for the BeiDou-only solution, while 1.5, 3.0, and 4.7?cm for the GPS-only solution. However, we only noticed a 20.9% improvement in the East direction was obtained for the GPS/BeiDou solution, while no improvements in the other directions were detected. It is expected that such improvements may become bigger with the increasing accuracy of the BeiDou-only solution.     

Estimation of QZSS differential code biases using QZSS/GPS combined observations from MGEX

As an important error source in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning and ionospheric modeling, the differential code biases (DCB) need to be estimated accurately, e.g., the regional Quasi-Zenith satellite system (QZSS). In this paper, the DCB of QZSS is estimated by adopting the global ionospheric modeling method based on QZSS/GPS combined observations from Multi-GNSS experiment (MGEX). The performance of QZSS satellite and receiver DCB is analyzed with observations from day of year (DOY) 275–364, 2018. Good agreement between our estimated QZSS satellite DCB and the products from DLR and CAS is obtained. The bias and root mean square (RMS) of DCB are mostly within ±0.3 ns. The day-to-day fluctuation of the DCB time series is less than 0.5 ns with about 96% of the cases for all satellites. However, the receiver DCB is a little less stable than satellite DCB, and their standard deviations (STDs) are within 1.9 ns. The result shows that the stability of the receiver DCBs is not significantly related to the types of receiver or antenna.     

Groebner基方法在LEO卫星网络路由优化中的应用

卫星网络中的服务质量(QoS,Quality of Service)多目标约束路由问题已被证明是一个非确定性多项式完全(NPC,Non-deterministic Polynomial Complete)问题.根据低轨(LEO,Low Earth Orbit)卫星网络拓扑变化有规律、可预知的特点,将Groebner基方法引入满足QoS多目标约束的路由算法中,应用算法前将QoS多目标约束问题转化为单目标约束问题,使它能够被多项式的最短路径优先(SPF,Shortest Path First)路由算法求解,从而通过Groebner基方法解决QoS多目标约束路由问题,保证了QoS参数的有效性.最后,将所提出的算法与启发式算法和最短路径优先算法进行了仿真比较.仿真实验结果表明,Groebner基方法有效降低了星上计算的难度,比传统方法能提供更好的QoS保证.     

Comparative analysis of global optical observability of satellites in LEO

With a growing number of resident space objects (RSOs), the facilities for near-Earth space surveillance have to cope with increasing workload. It also applies to low-cost small optical surveillance facilities which may present regional, national and global networks. Improved methods of planning and scheduling optical telescopes are required to use these instruments efficiently. Today, optical observations are only feasible if the following quite stringent requirements are met: the object should be illuminated by sunlight, and it should be above while the Sun is below the observer’s horizon. For different orbits, these preconditions result in varying degrees of the space object observability at various ground-based sites. Certainly, satellites in low Earth orbit (LEO) are particularly difficult to observe. This study aims at developing a new technique for assessing observability of a satellite in different types of orbits – namely, low, medium and high Earth orbits, imaging of the opportunity for its visibility in respective diagrams and their analysing for the existing near-Earth population of RSOs. Unlike other researches, wherein one or several observational stations have been chosen as target sites for in-depth analyses of visibility of all the satellites or just the selected ones, the present study focuses on examining the probability of optical surveillance of satellites in a certain orbit from any locations worldwide. It offers considerable scope for automation of surveillance planning and scheduling optical surveillance networks.     

Quantum Science Satellite

Quantum Science Satellite is one of the first five space science missions, slated for launch in the framework of Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Strategic Priority Research Program on space science. The project aims to establish a space platform with long-distance satellite and ground quantum channel, and carry out a series of tests about fundamental quantum principles and protocols in space-based large scale. The satellite will be launched at Jiuquan and on orbit for 2 years. The orbit will be circular and Sun-synchronous with an altitude of 600km. It crosses the descending node at 00:00LT. The satellite is under early prototype development currently.      

Tomographic reconstruction of the ionospheric electron density as a function of space and time

Electron density distribution is the major determining parameter of the ionosphere. Computerized Ionospheric Tomography (CIT) is a method to reconstruct ionospheric electron density image by computing Total Electron Content (TEC) values from the recorded Global Positioning Satellite System (GPS) signals. Due to the multi-scale variability of the ionosphere and inherent biases and errors in the computation of TEC, CIT constitutes an underdetermined ill-posed inverse problem. In this study, a novel Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) based CIT reconstruction technique is proposed for the imaging of electron density in both space (latitude, longitude, altitude) and time. The underlying model is obtained from International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) and the necessary measurements are obtained from earth based and satellite based GPS recordings. Based on the IRI-2007 model, a basis is formed by SVD for the required location and the time of interest. Selecting the first few basis vectors corresponding to the most significant singular values, the 3-D CIT is formulated as a weighted least squares estimation problem of the basis coefficients. By providing significant regularization to the tomographic inversion problem with limited projections, the proposed technique provides robust and reliable 3-D reconstructions of ionospheric electron density.     

Ad hoc网络局部路由发现算法

针对自组(ad hoc)网络按需路由协议采用全网络广播方式来进行路由发现带来的网络路由开销较大问题,提出一种减少网络路由开销的局部路由发现算法.路由附近节点根据当前路由上发送的数据报文计算到达目的节点的最小跳数;当路由发生中断时,路由发现请求报文将在中断路由附近节点间按照最小跳数减小的方式传递,从而合理限制路由发现范围;通过增大中断链路附近节点转发路由发现报文跳数的方式,扩大局部搜索范围,提高路由发现成功率.仿真实验结果表明,本算法最多可以减少约60%的网络路由开销,降低约70%的平均网络延迟,提升约10%的数据报文发送成功率.此外,任何基于广播方式进行路由发现的路由协议都可以使用这种算法优化性能.      

Observing the earth radiation budget from satellites: Past,present, and a look to the future

Satellite measurements of the radiative exchange between the planet Earth and space have been the objective of many experiments since the beginning of the space age in the late 1950's. The on-going mission of the Earth Radiation Budget (ERB) experiments has been and will be to consider flight hardware, data handling and scientific analysis methods in a single design strategy. Research and development on observational data has produced an analysis model of errors associated with ERB measurement systems on polar satellites. Results show that the variability of reflected solar radiation from changing meteorology dominates measurement uncertainties. As an application, model calculations demonstrate that measurement requirements for the verification of climate models may be satisfied with observations from one polar satellite, provided we have information on diurnal variations of the radiation budget from the ERBE mission.     

Regional 4-D modeling of the ionospheric electron density from satellite data and IRI

Accurate knowledge of the electron density is the key point in correcting ionospheric delays of electromagnetic measurements and in studying ionosphere physics. During the last decade Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have become a promising tool for monitoring ionospheric parameters such as the total electron content (TEC). In this contribution we present a four-dimensional (4-D) model of the electron density consisting of a given reference part, i.e., the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI), and an unknown correction term expanded in terms of multi-dimensional base functions. The corresponding series coefficients are calculable from the satellite measurements by applying parameter estimation procedures. Since satellite data are usually sampled between GPS satellites and ground stations, finer structures of the electron density are modelable just in regions with a sufficient number of ground stations. The proposed method is applied to simulated geometry-free GPS phase measurements. The procedure can be used, for example, to study the equatorial anomaly.