Particle Acceleration in Relativistic Outflows

In this review we confront the current theoretical understanding of particle acceleration at relativistic outflows with recent observational results on various source classes thought to involve such outflows, e.g. gamma-ray bursts, active galactic nuclei, and pulsar wind nebulae. We highlight the possible contributions of these sources to ultra-high-energy cosmic rays.     

The Ultraviolet-X-Ray Connection in AGN Outflows

In this paper I review the recent progress in understanding the physics of the gas outflowing from active galactic nuclei and its impact on the surrounding environment, using the combined information provided by multiwavelength Ultraviolet-X-ray campaigns.     

Coronal Hole Properties Observed with Sumer

We analyze SUMER spectra of 14 lines belonging to 12 ions, obtained on both sides of the boundary of polar coronal holes as well as at other locations along the limb. We compare line intensities, shifts and widths in coronal holes with values obtained in the quiet Sun. We find that with increasing formation temperature, spectral lines show an increasingly stronger blueshift in coronal holes relative to the quiet Sun at an equal heliospheric angle. The width of the lines is generally larger (by a few km/s) inside the coronal hole. Intensity measurements show the presence of the coronal hole in Ne VIII lines as well as in Fe XII, with evidence for a slightly enhanced emission in polar coronal holes for lines formed below 10⁵ K. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

应用不等栅距光栅的光刻对准系统

介绍一种在分步投影光刻机中,采用不等栅距光栅进行对准的系统。详细介绍了该系统的光学原理、所采用对准目标的刻线形式、空间滤波的方法、信号处理的方法和对系统有影响的误差源以及改进措施。     

An Overview of Jets and Outflows in Stellar Mass Black Holes

In this article, we will briefly review the current empirical understanding of the relation between accretion state and outflows in accreting stellar mass black holes. The focus will be on the empirical connections between X-ray states and relativistic (‘radio’) jets, although we are now also able to draw accretion disc winds into the picture in a systematic way. We will furthermore consider the latest attempts to measure/order jet power, and to compare it to other (potentially) measurable quantities, most importantly black hole spin.     

Origins of Anisotropic 40–300 keV Electron Events Observed at Low and High Latitudes

Using a survey of anisotropic electron events in the energy range of ～40–300 keV observed by HI-SCALE on Ulysses, we have selected several time intervals during 1999 when Ulysses traveled from about 20° S at 5.2 AU (January 1999) to 42° S at 4.2 AU (January 2000). We compare these events with observations at ～1 AU using the nearly identical instrument, EPAM on ACE. In order to study the solar origins of these electrons using the imaging Nançay Radioheliograph, we further restricted the list of events to those in which interplanetary magnetic field lines with origins on the visible solar disk, intersected Ulysses. We find that not all the anisotropic electron events are observed by both spacecraft and there exists a strong dependence on the spacecraft's magnetic connection back to the Sun. We have identified the solar origin for five electron events using radio observations, and correlate these with interplanetary type-III radio emissions using the WIND/WAVES experiment.     

高速电弧喷涂FeNiCrAl涂层制备工艺对涂层性能影响

FeNiCrAl涂层是一种用作轴类零部件的表面耐磨防护材料,为深入研究高速电弧喷涂工艺对FeNiCrAl涂层性能的影响机理,对不同喷涂参数下制备的涂层的组织结构、结合强度、物相组成和显微硬度等性能进行分析表征,探究“喷涂电流-涂层组织结构-结合强度”之间的关系。结果表明：喷涂电流对涂层的组织致密性及结合强度影响较大;喷涂电流200 A、电压34 V、喷涂距离160 mm的工艺参数下制备的FeNiCrAl涂层组织致密,孔隙率约8.76%,结合强度52.3 MPa,涂层硬度约626 HV0.1,约为基体硬度的1.6倍;影响机理与Fe-Al金属间化合物和Cr0.19 Fe0.1 Ni0.11固溶体在涂层内部均匀弥散分布有关。     

Energetic Ions Observed at Low to High Latitudes in the Southern Heliosphere During Declining and Rising Solar Activity

We present and compare observations of energetic protons during the two first transits of the Ulysses spacecraft from low to high latitudes in the southern heliosphere. Protons in the energy range 1.8–3.8 MeV from the COSPIN experiment are studied for global trends and in relation to some ambient structures in the solar wind (corotating interaction region, forward/reverse shock). The global trends show the large dependence on the heliospheric condition and solar activity, including indications of a larger ambient particle population during the rising phase of solar activity and more efficient solar wind particle accelerators during the declining phase. More enhancements in the proton flux intensity are time associated with forward shocks than reverse contrary to first pass. Recurrent structures are found even during the second transit. Some latitude dependent periodicities are observed that could relate to the differential solar rotation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Observed Aspects of Reconnection in Solar Eruptions

The observed magnetic field configuration and signatures of reconnection in the large solar magnetic eruptions that make major flares and coronal mass ejections and in the much smaller magnetic eruptions that make X-ray jets are illustrated with cartoons and representative observed eruptions. The main reconnection signatures considered are the imaged bright emission from the heated plasma on reconnected field lines. In any of these eruptions, large or small, the magnetic field that drives the eruption and/or that drives the buildup to the eruption is initially a closed bipolar arcade. From the form and configuration of the magnetic field in and around the driving arcade and from the development of the reconnection signatures in coordination with the eruption, we infer that (1) at the onset of reconnection the reconnection current sheet is small compared to the driving arcade, and (2) the current sheet can grow to the size of the driving arcade only after reconnection starts and the unleashed erupting field dynamically forces the current sheet to grow much larger, building it up faster than the reconnection can tear it down. We conjecture that the fundamental reason the quasi-static pre-eruption field is prohibited from having a large current sheet is that the magnetic pressure is much greater than the plasma pressure in the chromosphere and low corona in eruptive solar magnetic fields.     

FeAlCrBSiNb非晶涂层形成机理和摩擦磨损行为

研发了一种FeAlCrBSiNb粉芯丝材,采用高速电弧喷涂技术在45钢基体上制备相应涂层.通过SEM,TEM和XRD表征涂层微观组织和相成分,阐述FeAlCrBSiNb非晶涂层的形成机理,利用显微硬度计,万能拉伸试验机和环-块式摩擦磨损试验机,分析涂层力学性能和摩擦磨损行为.结果表明:涂层主要由非晶相和弥散分布其中的α-(Fe),(Fe,Cr),CrB和Fe3Al微晶纳米晶相组成,非晶相体积含量大于91.3％;涂层呈层状结构,结构致密,总体孔隙率约为2％;平均显微硬度值为850 HV0.1,是基体45钢的4倍;优良的磨损抗力使其相对耐磨性是45钢的5倍,其磨损机制主要为剥落引起的剥落磨损.     

Stability of Gyro in a Vehicle Spinning with Uncertain Angular Velocity

The analysis of a single-axis rate gyroscope mounted in a vehicle which is spinning with uncertain angular velocity about the spin axis of the gyro is presented. The nonlinearity in the equation of motion of the gimbal is retained. Using circle criterion, it is shown that the gimbal motion is globally asymptotically stable if Nyquist plot of the linear transfer function of the gyro lies in the interior of a certain disk. A simple analytical relation for the selection of gyro parameters for stability is derived.     

Ion Temperatures as Observed in a Solar Coronal Hole

From the widths of the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lines measured by the SUMER instrument on SOHO, it was found previously (Tu et al. 1998) that the average temperature of Ne⁺⁷, at heights (relative to h₀) above the southern solar limb from 17″ to 64″, ranges between 1.3 and 5 × 10⁶ K and of Ne⁺⁶ between 1 and 4 × 10⁶ K. For mass-per-charge numbers greater than 4 the temperatures of the ions increase slightly with increasing mass-per-charge, while the thermal speed reveals no clear trend. We present a new data set with exposure times much longer than the ones in the previous study. The results obtained from line width analysis of Fe XII (1242 Å), Mg X (1249 Å), Mg VIII (772 Å) Ne VIII (770 Å), and Si VIII (1445 Å) support our previous study. In this case, the trend of increasing temperature begins at a mass-per-charge number of 3. A qualitative explanation based on ion-cyclotron-resonance heating within linear kinetic theory is suggested.     

Thin Current Sheets in the Magnetotail Observed by Cluster

The dynamics of the current sheet is one of the most essential elements in magnetotail physics. Particularly, thin current sheets, which we define here as those with a thickness of less than several ion inertia lengths, are known to play an important role in the energy conversion process in the magnetotail. With its capability of multi-point observation, Cluster succeeded to obtain the current density continuously and therefore identify structures of thin current sheets. We discuss characteristics of the thin current sheets by showing their temporal evolution and the spatial structures based on several Cluster observations.     

燃烧室中平均流速对速度耦合与压力耦合的影响

对热力发动机中存在的线性振荡燃烧的研究，通常假设速度耦合与压力耦合的作用独立无关且作用结果可以线性相加。本文通过对压耦合与速度耦合现象的分析，说明了使这一假设不合理的平均流速界限，并给予了实验证明。     

Three-Dimensional Simulations of Magnetic Reconnection with or Without Velocity Shears

The properties of spontaneous reconnection of a current sheet analyzed via direct three-dimensional simulations are presented. In particular the non-linear dynamics of resistive instabilities has been studied in absence or in presence of velocity shears. It is shown that full three-dimensional simulations allow the inclusion of a rich variety of (ideal) secondary instabilities which, depending on the initial equilibrium magnetic field configuration, determine the final fate of the system in the fully non linear regime. In particular in presence of a guide-field the dynamic is similar to what observed in two-dimensional simulations with energy driven toward both smaller and larger scales and energy spectra anisotropy. For different magnetic field configurations, the final state is characterized by the disruption of the coalesced structure created during the resistive phase and the system is characterized by a more chaotic state. A?discussion on the importance of high-order numerical techniques in numerical simulations of magnetic reconnection is also present.     

布拉格光栅植入角度对在复合材料中传感检测特性影响

植入到复合材料内部的布拉格光栅可用于监测复合材料内部应力应变及温度变化,但是现有研究里对于光栅植入过程中对光栅传感检测特性造成的影响却未见报道。在植入过程中,植入光栅与碳纤维存在的夹角将会产生内应力,这会对光栅传感检测效果产生影响。为了研究其影响规律,通过将光栅植入到准各向同性复合材料的不同层中,研究光纤与相邻预浸带中碳纤维之间的夹角对温度与应力检测特性影响。研究结果表明:光栅植入角度会对其温度和应变传感检测特性造成较大影响,当光栅与相邻预浸带碳纤维存在夹角时,光栅拉伸应变测量值与应变片测量值出现偏差,发生啁啾现象;同时光栅与相邻预浸带碳纤维的夹角越大,光栅温度检测曲线线性拟合度越差。     

高速电弧喷涂FeCAl涂层组织结构及抗高温氧化性能研究

用高速电弧喷涂技术(HVAS)制备FeCrAl涂层,测试涂层在800℃的氧化性能,研究涂层在喷涂态和氧化后的组织结构.结果表明,由于冷却速率极快,FeCrAl涂层中形成比较多的Fe-Cr非晶态相,还有少量的Cr1.3Fe0.7O3和体心立方晶格的Fe-Cr固溶体,喷涂过程中Al的氧化比较严重.FeCrAl涂层的抗高温氧化性明显高于12Cr1MoV钢,接近于T91钢,涂层具有优异的抗氧化性一方面是由于层片间形成保护性的Cr氧化膜,阻止进一步氧化,也与含有较多抗氧化性好的非晶态相有关.高温氧化后,涂层中部分非晶态相晶化,转变为Fe-Cr晶体相.     

Closed-Form Solution of a Recursive Tracking Filter with a Priori Velocity Initialization

A closed-form solution is presented for the transient gains and covariances of a two-state tracking filter which is initialized with a finite a priori velocity error variance. The formulas are applied to long-range tracking and fire control problems, and are shown to agree (in the limit) with classical formulas for a least-squares line estimator and a bias-in-noise estimator.     

高同轴度精密车床

高同轴度精密车床是在精化过的精密车床的基础上,用空心液体静压主轴装夹零件,用分度精度<0.5″的端齿盘实现工件的掉头加工。通过对LY12和16Mn材料的零件加工,同轴度达1μm/100mm以内,是陀螺框架等高同轴度零件的理想加工设备。本文还介绍了机床的性能、结构、装配工艺及精度分析。     

Velocity Distribution of Interstellar H Atoms in the Heliospheric Interface

In this paper we present first results of a numerical computation of the velocity distribution function of interstellar H atoms in the heliospheric interface, the region of the solar and interstellar wind interaction. The velocity distribution is a key tool to evaluate uncertainties introduced by various simplified models of the interface. We numerically solve the kinetic equation for gas of H-atoms self-consistently with the hydrodynamic equations for plasma. Neutral and plasma components are efficiently coupled by charge exchange. The interaction disturbs the atom velocity distribution, which is assumed to be Maxwellian in the circumsolar local interstellar medium. It is shown that besides ‘original’ interstellar atoms, there are three other important atom populations originating in the heliospheric interface. Velocity distribution functions of these populations at the heliopause are presented and discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.