电子照射对硅漂移探测器性能的影响

由于高能电子辐射的长期照射,新一代太阳X射线探测器硅漂移传感器的探测性能可能发生变化.通过用电子放射源模拟空间电子对硅漂移探测器进行辐射照射试验,以测试电子照射对传感器能量分辨率、效率、信号幅度等性能的影响.试验结果表明,长期的电子照射造成硅漂移探测器面损伤和体损伤,使其漏电流增大,信号幅度减小,能量分辨率也受到照射的影响,而探测效率未发生变化.     

掠入射聚焦型脉冲星探测器的能量响应标定

通过地面及在轨试验对掠入射聚焦型脉冲星探测器(FXPT)能量响应特性进行了标定.掠入射聚焦型脉冲星探测器采用X射线掠入射聚焦探测体制,探测来源于X射线脉冲星发射的X射线光子,精确测定X射线光子的到达时刻和能量.标定结果表明探测器在全设计能段内具有良好的线性响应特性,光子能量测量误差优于0.5%.能量分辨率误差优于10%,能量分辨率可达156 eV@6.4 keV.探测器入轨后对超新星遗迹的能谱观测表明,探测器在轨光子能量标记准确,能量分辨率与地面标定结果一致.地面及在轨标定结果为掠入射聚焦型脉冲星探测器的数据处理和科学分析提供了重要的依据.     

用于火星探测的电子分析器定标

用于火星探测的电子分析器采用了带偏转板的同轴圆柱形静电分析器, 该传感器方案在满足性能指标的同时实现了小型化. 利用法国空间辐射研究中心(CESR)的电子源, 对电子分析器两个传感器通道的静电分析器因子、能量分辨率、偏转板偏转因子、 方位角分辨率和极角分辨率进行了定标. 给出了上述参数的定标结果, 并对结果进行了分析. 结果表明,仪器的能量范围、能量分辨率、方位角视场及角度分辨率等参数均优于指标要求. 定标结果为电子分析器在轨数据处理和分析以及在轨运行参数设置提供了依据.      

基于SIMION软件的空间等离子体探测器的数值仿真

空间等离子体探测器采用带偏转板的柱形静电分析器作为传感器,具有大于320°探测视场,可探测约10eV～30keV的热等离子体。利用SIMION软件采用均匀随机抽样建立粒子源的方法仿真探测器的基本特性参数:静电分析器因子、能量分辨率、偏转板因子和偏转角。仿真结果与实测结果吻合很好。静电分析器因子的仿真与实测结果偏差为3.2%,能量分辨率仿真与实测结果偏差为1.5%,偏转角-偏转板因子的关系式与实测结果的相关系数为0.999 4。仿真结果可以有效地应用于该类仪器的设计和定标过程中。     

太阳耀斑显著的热和非热事件的统计特征

本文利用GOES卫星和SMM卫星软、硬X射线耀斑观测资料,分析耀斑中软、硬X射线辐射流量的分布,发现太阳耀斑存在着显著的热事件(PT事件)和显著的非热事件(PNT事件),它们主要特征是:(1)PT事件为缓变型耀斑,PNT事件为脉冲型耀斑;(2)PT事件的硬X射线谱较软,PNT事件能谱较硬;(3)PNT事件非热能量释放速率比PT事件快3—10倍;(4)耀斑发展趋缓慢,PT事件中软X射线峰值流量越大;(5)耀斑中PNT事件约占60％,PT事件约占40％.最后定性讨论了产生PT和PNT事件的可能机制.      

太阳质子耀斑X射线辐射特征及质子事件警报

太阳质子耀斑X射线辐射特征的研究, 为太阳质子事件的警报提供一个重要的途径和方法。本文分析了第21周太阳活动峰年(1977—1986)期间质子耀斑和相应的GOES和SMM卫星观测的X射线辐射资料, 结果表明:大部分质子耀斑的硬X射线峰值流量F_HX≥104s/c;积分流量F₀≥106counts;硬X射线辐射到达峰值时间T_R≥100s;持续时间T_D≥103s;X光子最高能量E_x≥300keV;平均能谱指数√r≤3.5;高能时延T_L≥10s。利用这些X射线暴的特征参数, 对第21周峰年大质子事件作警报检验, 结果是:报准率为94％, 虚报率为40％。      

ASO-S卫星HXI调制定标装置设计与验证

先进天基太阳天文台卫星（ASO-S）是中国首颗综合性太阳观测任务，太阳硬X射线成像仪（HXI）是ASO-S卫星三大载荷之一，主要负责太阳耀斑观测。HXI采用阵列空间调制间接成像方法，包含91个子准直器单元。发射前，在地面对HXI进行调制参数定标非常必要，但由于没有平行的X射线源而十分困难。本文根据HXI的基本原理与设计方案，提出了基于地面调制功能定标的设备与HXI调制定标的需求。根据所述需求，介绍了研制的X射线束流调制定标装置；利用该装置对HXI飞行件上所有子准直器完成地面调制功能定标。标定试验结果与预期相符，充分证明了准直器与X射线束流定标装置性能优良，该装置还可用于后续类似载荷的定标。     

FY-2卫星太阳质子事件监测警报系统及质子事件警报的尝试

介绍搭载在FY-2地球同步轨道气象卫星上的空间粒子监测器和太阳X射线探测器所组成的太阳质子事件监测报警系统;1997-11-04和1997-11-06二次质子事件警报的尝试及相关的观测资料.      

应用BP神经网络针对高通量质子事件的通量数值预报

质子事件的爆发与太阳软X射线辐射有着很强的相关性,利用GOES卫星的1～8 (A)波段和0.5～4 (A)波段的软X射线数据,选取一些特征参量验证该相关性并应用到质子事件短期预报中.在当前质子事件传输物理机制不完全明确的情况下,在现有的预报质子事件有无的模型基础上,利用BP神经网络,根据软X射线通量水平等预测事件质子峰值通量水平,再对训练后的网络进行检验,检验预测所得结果与实际探测值误差小于一个量级,具备一定实用意义.      

地球同步轨道高能电子通量预报方法研究

统计分析了GOES卫星测量得到的E > 2MeV能道电子通量与地磁Ap指数及太阳风数据的关系, 构建了基于径向基函数RBF的神经网络模型框架, 对GOES-12卫星所处的地球同步轨道高能电子通量进行提前1天的预报, 其对2008-2010年数据预测的效果较好. 另外, 发现在GOES-12卫星观测的E >2MeV能道高能电子达到108 cm-2·d-1·sr-1以上时, FY-2D卫星的测量数据同时达到108 cm-2·d-1·sr-1以上的比例达到90%左右. 通过对FY-2D卫星E >2MeV能道电子通量与GOES卫星E>2MeV电子通量的相关性分析, 建立了FY-2D卫星高能电子预报模型, 预报结果与实测通量符合较好.      

FY-2卫星的空间环境数据接收及警报系统

介绍了FY—2卫星探测数据的流通过程及接收处理．首先在FY-2卫星及探测器系统中，环境探测数据被收集、调制并发射，再由地基数据接收及解调系统将数据信号放大、解调还原并发送，最后由数据处理及警报系统将数据接收处理、保存显示，并对太阳质子事件、x耀斑进行自动电话报警．该系统是保障航天器安全和提高抗辐照水平的重要手段．     

Recent advances in observations and modeling of the solar ultraviolet and X-ray spectral irradiance

There have been significant, recent advances in understanding the solar ultraviolet (UV) and X-ray spectral irradiance from several different satellite missions and from new efforts in modeling the variations of the solar spectral irradiance. The recent satellite missions with solar UV and X-ray spectral irradiance observations include the X-ray Sensor (XRS) aboard the series of NOAA GOES spacecraft, the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS), the SOHO Solar EUV Monitor (SEM), the Solar XUV Photometers (SXP) on the Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE), the Solar EUV Experiment (SEE) aboard the Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere, Dynamics, and Energetics (TIMED) satellite, and the Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) satellite. The combination of these measurements is providing new results on the variability of the solar ultraviolet irradiance throughout the ultraviolet range shortward of 200 nm and over a wide range of time scales ranging from years to seconds. The solar UV variations of flares are especially important for space weather applications and upper atmosphere research, and the period of intense solar storms in October–November 2003 has provided a wealth of new information about solar flares. The new efforts in modeling these solar UV spectral irradiance variations range from simple empirical models that use solar proxies to more complicated physics-based models that use emission measure techniques. These new models provide better understanding and insight into why the solar UV irradiance varies, and they can be used at times when solar observations are not available for atmospheric studies.     

X-ray imaging techniques— modulation collimator and coded mask

Imaging over the hard X-ray energy band may be achieved by masking the flux with proper obstacles. The imaging modulation collimator has been developed and has been applied thus far, e.g., to produce hard X-ray pictures of the solar flare and to construct the X-ray image of the Crab Nebula up to the angular resolution of ～ 10 arcsec. Variations of the concept such as the Fourier Transform Telescope are discussed. Virtue of the modulation collimator is that high angular resolution may be achieved with a relatively simple detector system and that a wide field of view may be accomodated. Among several proposed coded masks, the techniques of Hadamard transform are discussed in some details. The coded mask is provided with a better total transmission, but its angular resolution is limited due to presently limited spatial resolution of the detector. Developments of the technique of the position sensitive detector are awaited for further improvements of the resolution.     

Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM) on-board Chandrayaan-2 orbiter

The remote X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy is a powerful technique to investigate the elemental abundances in the atmosphere-less planetary bodies. The experiment involves measuring spectra of fluorescent X-rays from lunar surface using a low energy X-ray detector onboard an orbiting satellite. Since the flux of fluorescent X-ray lines critically depend on the flux and spectrum of the incident solar X-rays, it is essential to have simultaneous and accurate measurement of X-ray from both Moon and Sun. In the context of Moon, this technique has been employed since early days of space exploration to determine elemental composition of lunar surface. However, so far it has not been possible to exploit it to its full potential due to various reasons. Therefore it is planned to continue the remote X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy experiment on-board Chandrayaan-2 which includes both lunar X-ray observations and solar X-ray observations as two separate payloads. The lunar X-ray observations will be carried out by Chandra Large Area Soft x-ray Spectrometer (CLASS) experiment; whereas the solar X-ray observations will be carried out by a separate payload, Solar X-ray Monitor (XSM). Here we present the overall design of the XSM instrument, the present development status as well as preliminary results of the laboratory model testing. XSM instrument will have two packages namely – XSM sensor package and XSM electronics package. XSM will accurately measure spectrum of Solar X-rays in the energy range of 1–15 keV with energy resolution ∼200 eV @ 5.9 keV. This will be achieved by using state-of-the-art Silicon Drift Detector (SDD), which has a unique capability of maintaining high energy resolution at very high incident count rate expected from Solar X-rays. XSM onboard Chandrayaan-2 will be the first experiment to use such detector for Solar X-ray monitoring.     

A statistical study of post-flare-associated CME events

We present a statistical study of post-flare-associated CMEs (PFA-CMEs) during the period from 1996 to 2010. By investigating all CMEs and X-ray flares, respectively, in the LASCO and GOES archives, we found 15875 CMEs of which masses are well measured and 25112 X-ray flares of which positions are determined from their optical counterparts. Under certain temporal and spatial criteria of these CMEs and solar flare events, 291PFA-CMEs events have been selected. Linking the flare fluxes with CME speeds of these paired events, we found that there is a reasonable positive linear relation between the CME linear speed and associated flare flux. The results show also the CME width increases as the flux of its associated solar flare increases. Besides we found that there is a fine positive linear relation between the CME mass and its width. Matching the flare fluxes with CME masses of these paired events, we find the CME mass increases as the flux of its associated solar flare increases. Finally we find the PFA-CME events are in regular more decelerated than the other CMEs.     

Evidence of the radio-quiet hard X-ray precursor of the 13 December 2006 solar flare

We report multi-wavelength investigation of the pre-impulsive phase of the 13 December 2006 X-class solar flare. We use hard X-ray data from the anticoincidence system of spectrometer onboard INTEGRAL (ACS) jointly with soft X-ray data from the GOES-12 and Hinode satellites. Radio data are from Nobeyama and Learmonth solar observatories and from the Culgoora Solar Radio Spectrograph. The main finding of our analysis is a spiky increase of the ACS count rate accompanied by surprisingly gradual and weak growth of microwave emission and without detectable radio emission at meter and decimeter wavelengths about 10 min prior to the impulsive phase of the solar flare. At the time of this pre-flare hard X-ray burst the onset of the GOES soft X-ray event has been reported, positive derivative of the GOES soft X-ray flux started to rise and a bright spot has appeared in the images of the Hinode X-ray telescope (XRT) between the flare ribbons near the magnetic inversion line close to the sources of thermal and non-thermal hard X-ray emission observed by Reuven Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI) during the flare. These facts we consider as evidences of solar origin of the increased pre-flare ACS count rate. We briefly discuss a possible cause of the pre-flare emission peculiarities.