Experimental Investigation of a Fixed-geometry Two-dimensional Mixed-compression Supersonic Inlet with Sweep-forward High- light and Bleed Slot in an Inverted ＂X＂-type Layout

A fixed-geometry two-dimensional mixed-compression supersonic inlet with sweep-forward high-light and bleed slot in an inverted ＂X＂-form layout was tested in a wind tunnel. Results indicate： （1） with increases of the free stream Mach number, the total pressure recovery decreases, while the mass flow ratio increases to the maximum at the design point and then decreases; （2） when the angle of attack, a, is less than 6°, the total pressure recovery of both side inlets tends to decrease, but, on the lee side inlet, its values are higher than those on the windward side inlet, and the mass flow ratio on lee side inlet increases first and then falls, while on the windward side it keeps declining slowly with the sum of mass flow on both sides remaining almost constant; （3） with the attack angle, a, rising from 6° to 9°, both total pressure recovery and mass flow ratio on the lee side inlet fall quickly, but on the windward side inlet can be observed decreases in the total pressure recovery and increases in the mass flow ratio; （4） by comparing the velocity and back pressure characterristics of the inlet with a bleed slot to those of the inlet without, it stands to reason that the existence of a bleed slot has not only widened the steady working range of inlet, but also made an enormous improvement in its performance at high Mach numbers. Besides, this paper also presents an example to show how this type of inlet is designed.     

Supersonic flow over a pitching delta wing using surface pressure measurements and numerical simulations

Experimental and numerical methods were applied to investigating high subsonic and supersonic flows over a 60° swept delta wing in fixed state and pitching oscillation.Static pressure coefficient distributions over the wing leeward surface and the hysteresis loops of pressure coefficient versus angle of attack at the sensor locations were obtained by wind tunnel tests.Similar results were obtained by numerical simulations which agreed well with the experiments.Flow structure around the wing was also demonstrated by the numerical simulation.Effects of Mach number and angle of attack on pressure distribution curves in static tests were investigated.Effects of various oscillation parameters including Mach number, mean angle of attack, pitching amplitude and frequency on hysteresis loops were investigated in dynamic tests and the associated physical mechanisms were discussed.Vortex breakdown phenomenon over the wing was identified at high angles of attack using the pressure coefficient curves and hysteresis loops, and its effects on the flow features were discussed.     

Microjet flow control in an ultra-compact serpentine inlet

Microjets are used to control the internal flow to improve the performance of an ultra-compact serpentine inlet. A highly offset serpentine inlet with length-to-diameter ratio of2.5 is designed and static tests are conducted to analyze the internal flow characteristics in terms of pressure recovery, distortion and flow separation. Flow separation is encountered in the second S-turn, and two strong counter-rotating vortices are formed at the aerodynamic interface plane(AIP) face which occupy a quarter of the outlet area and result in severe pressure loss and distortion. A flow control model employing a row of microjets in the second turn is designed based on the internal flow characteristics and simplified CFD simulations. Flow control tests are conducted to verify the control effectiveness and understand the characteristics as a function of inlet throat Mach number, injection mass flow ratio, jet Mach number and momentum coefficient. At all test Mach numbers, microjet flow control(MFC) effectively improves the recovery and reduces the distortion intensity. Between inlet throat Mach number 0.2 and 0.5, the strong flow separation in the second S-turn is suppressed at an optimum jet flow ratio of less than 0.65%, resulting in a maximum improvement of 4% for pressure recovery coefficient and a maximum decrease of75% for circumferential distortion intensity at cruise. However, in order to suppress the flow separation, the injection rate should retain in an effective range. When the injection rate is higher than this range, the flow is degraded and the distortion contour is changed from 90° circumferential distortion pattern to 180° circumferential distortion pattern. Detailed data analysis shows that this optimum flow ratio depends on inlet throat Mach number and the momentum coefficient affects the control effectiveness in a dual stepping manner.     

HB-2 high-velocity correlation model at high angles of attack in supersonic wind tunnel tests

Responding to a need for experimental data on a standard wind tunnel model at high angles of attack in the supersonic speed range, and in the absence of suitable reference data, a series of tests of two HB-2 standard models of different sizes was performed in the T-38 trisonic wind tunnel of Vojnotehnickˇi Institut(VTI), in the Mach number range 1.5–4.0, at angles of attack up to+30°. Tests were performed at relatively high Reynolds numbers of 2.2 millions to 4.5 millions(based on model forebody diameter). Results were compared with available low angle of attack data from other facilities, and, as a good agreement was found, it was assumed that, by implication, the obtained high angle of attack results were valid as well. Therefore, the results can be used as a reference database for the HB-2 model at high angles of attack in the supersonic speed range, which was not available before. The results are presented in comparison with available reference data, but also contain data for some Mach numbers not given in other publications.     

涡轮叶栅叶尖间隙流实验研究(英文)

This article describes the effects of some factors on the tip clearance flow in axial linear turbine cascades. The measurements of the total pressure loss coefficient are made at the cascade outlets by using a five-hole probe at exit Mach numbers of 0.10, 0.14 and 0.19. At each exit Mach number, experiments are performed at the tip clearance heights of 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, 2.5% and 3.0% of the blade height. The effects of the non-uniform tip clearance height of each blade in the pitchwise direction are also studied. The results show that at a given tip clearance height, generally, total pressure loss rises with exit Mach numbers proportionally. At a fixed exit Mach number, the total pressure loss augments nearly proportionally as the tip clearance height increases. The increased tip clearance heights in the tip regions of two adjacent blades are to be blame for the larger clearance loss of the center blade. Compared to the effects of the tip clearance height, the effects of the exit Mach number and the pitchwise variation of the tip clearance height on the cascade total pressure loss are so less significant to be omitted.     

Experimental study of flow field distribution over a generic cranked double delta wing

The flow fields over a generic cranked double delta wing were investigated. Pressure and velocity distributions were obtained using a Pitot tube and a hot wire anemometer. Two different leading edge shapes, namely ‘‘sharp" and ‘‘round", were applied to the wing. The wing had two sweep angles of 55° and 30°. The experiments were conducted in a closed circuit wind tunnel at velocity 20 m/s and angles of attack of 5°–20° with the step of 5°. The Reynolds number of the model was about 2 ×10~5 according to the root chord. A dual vortex structure was formed above the wing surface. A pressure drop occurred at the vortex core and the root mean square of the measured velocity increased at the core of the vortices, reflecting the instability of the flow in that region. The magnitude of power spectral density increased strongly in spanwise direction and had the maximum value at the vortex core. By increasing the angle of attack, the pressure drop increased and the vortices became wider; the vortices moved inboard along the wing, and away from the surface; the flow separation was initiated from the outer portion of the wing and developed to its inner part. The vortices of the wing of the sharp leading edge were stronger than those of the round one.     

Effect of multiple rings on side force over an ogive-cylinder body at subsonic speed

Experiments and computations were performed over an ogive-cylinder body having an lift-to-drag ratio of 16 at a diameter Reynolds number of 29000. The side force on the slender body augments with increasing angles of attack for the case without a ring. This increase was mainly due to the increase in the asymmetry of the existing vortex pair in the wake of the body. Attempts were made to completely reduce the existing side force at the angle of attack ranging from 35° to 45°.Three rectangular cross-sectioned circumferential rings having a height of 3% of the local diameter were placed at axial distances of 2.5, 3.5 and 4.5 times the base diameter from the tip of the body so as to reduce the side force. The results obtained indicate that inclusion of three rings completely alleviated the side force on the slender body at the angle of attack ranging from 0° to 45°. The presence of rings was found to alter the growth of the vortices that helped in the reduction of the side force. Computations performed were in reasonable agreement with the experiments.     

Aerodynamic force and moment measurement of 10° half-angle cone in JF12 shock tunnel

An aerodynamic force and moment measurement was conducted in JF12 long-testduration detonation-driven shock tunnel of Institute of Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences.The test duration of JF12 is 100–130 ms.The nominal Mach number is 7.0 and the exit diameter of the contoured nozzle is 2.5 m.The total enthalpy is 2.5 MJ/kg which duplicates the hypersonic flight conditions of Mach number 7.0 at 35 km altitude.The test model is the standard aerodynamic force model of 10° half-angle sharp cone.The length of the test model is 1500 mm and the weight is 57 kg.The aerodynamic forces were measured with a six-component strain balance.The angles of attack were set to be à5°,0°,5°,10° and 14°,respectively.The experimental results show that in the 100–130 ms test duration,the signals of strain balance have 3–4 complete vibration cycles.So,the aerodynamic forces and moments can be obtained directly by averaging the signals of balance without acceleration compensation.The force measurement error of repeatability of JF12 is less than 2%.The aerodynamic force coefficients of JF12 are in good agreement with those of conventional hypersonic wind tunnels.For this test model at Mach number 7.0 and total enthalpy of 2.5 MJ/kg,the real-gas effects on aerodynamic force characteristics are not very evident.     

Numerical investigation of unsteady vortex breakdown past 80°/65° double-delta wing

An improved delayed detached eddy simulation （IDDES） method based on the k-x-SST （shear stress transport） turbulence model was applied to predict the unsteady vortex breakdown past an 80o/65o double-delta wing （DDW）, where the angles of attack （AOAs） range from 30° to 40°. Firstly, the IDDES model and the relative numerical methods were validated by simulating the massively separated flow around an NACA0021 straight wing at the AOA of 60°. The fluctuation properties of the lift and pressure coefficients were analyzed and compared with the available measurements. For the DDW case, the computations were compared with such mea-surements as the mean lift, drag, pitching moment, pressure coefficients and breakdown locations. Furthermore, the unsteady properties were investigated in detail, such as the frequencies of force and moments, pressure fluctuation on the upper surface, typical vortex breakdown patterns at three moments, and the distributions of kinetic turbulence energy at a stream wise section. Two dominated modes are observed, in which their Strouhal numbers are 1.0 at the AOAs of 30°, 32° and 34° and 0.7 at the AOAs of 36o, 38° and 40°. The breakdown vortex always moves upstream and downstream and its types change alternatively. Furthermore, the vortex can be identified as breakdown or not through the mean pressure, root mean square of pressure, or even through correlation analysis.     

Effect of an end plate on surface pressure distributions of two swept wings

A series of wind tunnel tests was conducted to examine how an end plate affects the pressure distributions of two wings with leading edge(LE) sweep angles of 23° and 40°. All the experiments were carried out at a midchord Reynolds number of 8×10~5, covering an angle of attack(AOA) range from -2° to 14°. Static pressure distribution measurements were acquired over the upper surfaces of the wings along three chordwise rows and one spanwise direction at the wing quarter-chord line. The results of the tests confirm that at a particular AOA, increasing the sweep angle causes a noticeable decrease in the upper-surface suction pressure. Furthermore, as the sweep angle increases, the development of a laminar separation bubble near the LEs of the wings takes place at higher AOAs. On the other hand, spanwise pressure measurements show that increasing the wing sweep angle results in forming a stronger vortex on the quarter-chord line which has lower sensitivity to AOA variation and remains substantially attached to the wing surface for higher AOAs than that can be achieved in the case of a lower sweep angle. In addition, data obtained indicate that installing an end plate further reinforces the spanwise flow over the wing surface, thus affecting the pressure distribution.     

弹用S弯进气道气动性能试验

对一种弹用S弯进气道进行了试验,结果表明:①偏航角一定,攻角由负到正变化时,总压恢复系数先上升后变化不大,|DC₆₀|则先下降后小幅升高;②攻角一定,总压恢复系数和|DC₆₀|随偏航角的增加均呈先升高后降低的趋势;③大的攻角和偏航角组合状态下,总压恢复系数较低,|DC₆₀|偏大,但随偏航角进一步增大,进气道性能有所改善;④进/发匹配点处,进气道出口压力功率频谱较平坦且对姿态角和来流马赫数的变化均不敏感;⑤发动机小流量状态时,进气道模型发生了喘振,频率约为150 Hz.      

低速来流大攻角侧滑角状态下尖脊进气道气动特性试验研究

在低速来流状态下试验研究了大攻角(α=0°～45°)和侧滑角(β=-15°～15°)对Caret进气道气动性能的影响。给出了在各攻角下进气道性能参数随侧滑角变化的特点及典型状态下进气道出口总压恢复系数分布图谱,分析了出口总压分布图谱与进气口流动之间的关系。试验表明:在低速来流状态(Ma≈0.1)下,随着攻角的增加(α从0°增加到45°),进气道总压恢复系数下降较小,总压畸变指数几乎不变,这有利于飞机的大攻角机动飞行。      

双下侧布局带泄流腔二元进气道试验

针对一种双下侧布局带泄流腔的二元进气道进行了试验研究.试验时,来流速度范围Ma=2.0～3.5,姿态角范围为α=-4°～10°,β=0°～4°.试验获得了进气道的反压特性曲线、速度特性曲线、迎角特性曲线和侧滑角特性曲线.分析表明,随着来流速度和迎角的增加,进气道的流量系数先增加,在设计点达到最大,之后由于弹身头部激波的影响略有减小.侧滑时两侧进气道气流状态不同,工作范围由性能较低的迎风侧进气道来决定.另外,通过分析进气道的沿程静压分布曲线,说明泄流腔结构能使结尾激波停留在泄流腔边缘,扩大了进气道的工作范围.      

一种平面埋入式进气道气动特性的试验

 针对一种平面埋入式进气道开展了高速吹风试验研究,获得了沿程静压分布、出口总压恢复图谱、基本气动性能和压力脉动特性。结果表明：沿程静压分布曲线显示,气流绕前唇口流动是先膨胀加速后减速扩压,进入内通道后上壁面静压均高于下壁面;巡航状态Ma₀=0.7,α=2°,β=0°时,进气道总压恢复系数σ=0.951,综合畸变指数W=3.55%,具有较高的性能;当Ma₀=0.6~0.8,α₀=-4°~6°,β=0°~4°范围内,σ在0.912~0.964之间,综合畸变指数在2.68%~7.43%之间,表明该平面埋入式进气道能够在较宽广的飞行包线内以较高的性能安全工作;脉动压力分析表明,出口总压脉动频谱均呈现出白噪声特征,无明显窄带信号出现,这对进气道/发动机匹配工作是有利的。     

超声速进气道压力估算方法及验证

进气道载荷的预示和限制是超声速飞行器设计中的关键问题。以典型颌下进气超声速飞行器为研究对象,对其进气道流场进行数值仿真,研究不同马赫数、攻角、侧滑角及余气系数条件下的进气道压力特性;针 对进气道压力工程估算及设计需求,使用无量纲和解耦的方法,对进气道压力经验公式进行拟合;反算飞行试 验中的进气道压力,并与测量结果进行对比。结果表明:进气道压力随马赫数增大而增大,随余气系数增大而 减小;正常工作包线内,较小的攻角、侧滑角对进气道压力影响不明显;进气道压力经验公式计算值与飞行试验 测量值符合较好,具有较高的精度。     

二元外压式进气道斜板和唇口参数选择的风洞试验研究

在几何不可调的二元外压式斜板进气道的设计中，选择合理的斜板和唇口几何能数是最重要的问题之一。本文对一个设计马赫数为１．８的这类进气道的斜板和唇口参数进行了风洞试验研究。用缩尺模型风洞试验，对比分析了不同斜板角和不同外侧唇口内唇角，唇缘半径对进气道内流特性的影响，结果表明，对确定的进气道布局，斜板角小的变化对进气道超音速内流总压恢复系数，稳态出口流场周向畸变指数及喘振裕度的影响很大，唇口参数小的改变     

高超声速咽式进气道起动特性研究

为了研究高超声速咽式进气道在非设计迎角以及低马赫数下的起动性能,利用流线追踪生成了设计马赫数Ma=7,具有8-7无粘基本流场（即俯仰平面内的斜激波由和自由来流呈8°夹角的斜压缩面产生;偏航平面内的斜激波由和自由来流呈7°夹角的斜压缩面产生）的咽式进气道,并对边界层修正前后的两种咽式进气道进行了数值模拟和高超声速风洞实验。实验观测和记录了各个来流条件下进气道模型唇口的激波系结构,测量了沿进气道模型上下壁面中心线从气流进口到出口的沿程静压分布。结果表明：迎角的增大和来流马赫数的减小都会对进气道的起动性能造成不利的影响,通过对咽式进气道进行边界层修正,可以提高进气道的总压恢复系数,减小内收缩比,从而扩宽进气道起动的马赫数以及迎角范围,对进气道设计有着积极的作用。     

三维进气道湍流流场数值模拟

结合实验数据,采用有限容积法,对超音速S形进气道三维湍流流场进行了数值模拟,分析了0°攻角、10°攻角、10°侧滑角三种工况下机头激波对入口气流的影响、进气道入口激波分布和进气道出口压力分布情况.计算结果表明:0°攻角和10°攻角时,机头激波对入口气流影响不大,出口气流总压分布相对均匀,且高压区面积较大;而10°侧滑角时,受机头激波的影响,进气道前方出现小范围的低压区,且出口气流低压区较大.     

7一种双S形进气道流场特性殛控制的试验研究

In order to provide the line of-sight blockage of the engine face for an advanced Uninhabited Combat Air Vehicle(UCAV), a highly curved serpentine inlet is proposed and experimentally studied. Based on the static pressure distribut ion measurement along the wall, the flow separation is found at the top wall of the second S duct for the baseline inlet design, which yields a high flow distortion at the exit plane. To improve the flow uniformity, a single array of vortex generators (VGs) is employed within the inlet. In this experimental study, the effects of mass flow ratio, free stream Mach number, angle of attack and yaw on the performance of a serpentine inlet instrumented with VGs are obtained. Results indicate: (1) Compared with the baseline serpentine design without flow control the application of the VGs promotes the mixing of core flow and the low momentum flow in the boundary layer and thus prevents the flow separation. Under the design condition, the exit flow distortion (

) decreases from 11. 7% to 2.3% by using the VGs. (2) With the descent of the free stream Mach number the total pressure loss decreases. How ever, the circular total pressure distortion increases. When the angle of attack rises from - 4° to 8°, the total pressure recovery and the circular total pressure distortion both go down. In addition, with the increase of yaw the total pressure recovery is fairly constant, while the circular total pressure distortion ascends gradually. (3) When Ma₀=0.6-0.8, α= −4°-8° and β= 0°-6°, the total pressure recovery varies between 0.936 and 0.961, the circular total pressure distortion coefficient varies between 1.4% and 5.4% and the synthesis distortion coefficient has a ranges from 3.8% to 7.0%. The experimental results confirm the excellent performance of the newly designed serpentine inlet incorporating VGs.     

组合发动机可调进气道气动性能

为使涡轮/冲压组合发动机能在宽广的飞行高度、速度内飞行,设计一种组合发动机可调进气道气动结构.编制带黏性修正激波系结构预估程序,实现不同来流马赫数及来流攻角下,进气道内激波系结构布置及强度预估,并指导进气道可调楔板尺寸选取.考虑进气道附面层抽吸后,对来流在马赫数为1.6～4.0范围内,-2°,0°和+2°三种攻角下进气...