Bandwidth maximization for satellite laser communication

Free space optical communication between satellites networked together can make possible high speed communication between different places on Earth. The basic free space optical communication network includes at least two satellites. In order to communicate between them, the transmitter satellite must track the beacon of the receiver satellite and point the information optical beam in its direction. The pointing systems for laser satellite communication suffer during tracking from vibration due to electronic noise, background radiation from interstellar objects such as Sun, Moon, Earth, and Stars in the tracking field of view, and mechanical impact from satellite internal and external sources. Due to vibrations the receiver receives less power. This effect limits the system bandwidth for given bit error rate (BER). In this research we derive an algorithm to maximize the communication system bandwidth using the transmitter telescope gain as a free variable based on the vibration statistics model and the system parameters. Our model makes it possible to adapt the bandwidth and transmitter gain to change of vibration amplitude. We also present an example of a practical satellite network which includes a direct detection receiver with an optical amplifier. A bandwidth improvement of three orders of magnitude is achieved in this example for certain conditions, as compared with an unoptimized system     

Performance evaluation of digital beamforming strategies for satellite communications

Smart antennas are becoming one of the promising technologies to meet the rapidly increasing demands for more capacity of satellite communication systems. A main component in a smart antenna system is beamforming. Because of the limitations of analog beamforming, digital beamforming will be employed in future satellite communication systems. We evaluate the performance of various digital beamforming strategies proposed in the literature for satellite communications: 1) single fixed beam/single user, 2) single fixed beam/multiple users, 3) single adaptive beam/single user, and 4) single Chebyshev dynamic beam/multiple users. Multiple criteria including coverage, system capacity, signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), and computation complexity are used to evaluate these satellite communication beamforming strategies. In particular, a Ka-band satellite communication system is used to address the various issues of these beamforming strategies. For the adaptive beamforming approach, subarray structure is used to obtain the weights of a large 2D antenna array, and a globally convergent recurrent neural network (RNN) is proposed to realize the adaptive beamforming algorithm in parallel. The new subarray-based neural beamforming algorithm can reduce the computation complexity greatly, and is more effective than the conventional least mean square (LMS) beamforming approach. It is shown that the single adaptive beam/single user approach has the highest system capacity.     

低功率霍尔推力器束流发散和推力矢量偏心特性研究

为了准确掌握不同工况下混合励磁模式低功率霍尔推力器束流发散和推力矢量偏心特性，凭借自主设计和改进的一套快速评估霍尔推力器束流发散角和推力矢量偏角原位集成诊断装置，系统研究了推力器在不同阳极质量流率、磁场、电场下束流分布和推力矢量偏心特性的变化规律。结果表明，束流发散角随阳极质量流率（0.65mg/s~0.95mg/s）和磁场强度（112Gs~142Gs）的变化呈现负相关的特性。当阳极质量流率0.95mg/s，束流发散角降到29.1°（＜30°）。推力矢量偏角随阳极质量流率和磁场强度的变化分别存在极大值（1.19°）和极小值（0.91°）。束流发散角、推力矢量偏角在250V~330V放电电压范围内基本保持不变。     

Controlling Stationary Satellite Orbits Minimum Fuel Consumption Rate

The orbital angular velocity of a stationary satellite expresses the perturbation in the orbit of the satellite. The minimum variation in direction of this velocity corresponds to the minimum fuel consumption rate to maintain a stationary satellite within allocated bounds. The directional variation of the orbital angular velocity is minimized by maintaining the ascending node of the orbit near the direction of the vernal equinox. The direction of the ascending node to maintain the orbit with minimum fuel consumption rate is given over the 18.6 yr nodal period of the moon. Over that period the inclination variation of the orbit and the angular speed proportional to the necessary fuel consumption rate to maintain the orbit are also given. An example of fuel consumption is given with a comparison with fuel savings over the standard stationkeeping method. The method here is applicable to the geostationary communication satellite, UHF broadcasting satellite, solar power satellite, etc.     

Two Methods of Spectral Estimation for SARSAT Signals

Search and rescue satellite aided tracking (SARSAT) depends on the processing of emergency locator transmitter (ELT) signals which are received by a satellite in low polar orbit. Since the signal from a distressed vehicle is normally immersed in a background of other ELT signals (false alarms), interference, and noise, different methods of spectral estimation can provide advantages in estimating carrier frequency. A comparison between average spectrum and minimum spectrum for several real signals is provided here.     

Propagation results of aeronautical satellite communicationexperiments using INMARSAT satellite

Aeronautical satellite communication experiments were conducted using a top-mounted high-gain antenna of the phased-array type. Slow fading of 3 to 4 dB in the L-band channel was observed when the wing direction coincides with the satellite direction, in contrast with the small fading observed in the cases where the aircraft wing is out of the beam pointing to the satellite     

Experiments on aeronautical satellite communications using ETS-Vsatellite

The world's first aeronautical satellite communication experiments, conducted at L-band frequencies using a commercial aircraft, are described. An airborne antenna with electronically steerable beam and communication equipment was installed in a B-747F freighter flying over transoceanic flight routes. The satellite used in these experiments is the Engineering Test Satellite-Five (ETS-V). During the test period, various experiments, such as antenna pattern measurements, transmission performances, and voice quality evaluation were conducted. As the airborne antenna is the key component for the aeronautical satellite communication system, emphasis has been placed on antenna characteristics. Its performance is found to be closely related to the fading characteristics in low-elevation areas and to transmission error performance     

Sequential dynamic resource allocation in multi-beam satellite systems:A learning-based optimization method

Multi-beam antenna and beam hopping technologies are an effective solution for scarce satellite frequency resources. One of the primary challenges accompanying with Multi-Beam Satellites(MBS) is an efficient Dynamic Resource Allocation(DRA) strategy. This paper presents a learning-based Hybrid-Action Deep Q-Network(HADQN) algorithm to address the sequential decision-making optimization problem in DRA. By using a parameterized hybrid action space,HADQN makes it possible to schedule the beam patte...     

卫星通信设备抗直升机旋翼遮挡技术测试验证方法研究

抗旋翼遮挡技术是直升机载卫星通信设备的核心技术.根据直升机载卫星通信系统旋翼遮挡的特点,分析研究了直升机无遮挡通信时间比率与直升机航向和卫星波束入射角的关系,以此分析设计了试飞方案.发现了抗旋翼遮挡技术的重大设计缺陷,并通过试飞中的测试数据对抗旋翼遮挡算法进行了优化改进,有效实现了抗旋翼遮挡技术的有效性验证,达到直升机载卫星通信设备定型试飞的目的,为后续该类型设备的试飞奠定了扎实的理论与实践基础,具有较高的工程应用价值.     

Nonredundant error correction DQPSK for the aeronautical-satellitechannel

The performance of differentially encoded quadrature phase-shift keying (DQPSK) system employing nonredundant error correction (NEC) receivers with single- and double-error correction capability is analyzed and evaluated for the aeronautical satellite channel. The NEC is an attractive coding technique which employs differential detectors with more than one symbol delay elements and which does not introduce any redundancy as other coding schemes do. As typical for aeronautical satellite communications, a Rician fading channel with Gaussian power spectrum has been considered. Unlike the additive, uncorrelated from symbol to symbol interference such as additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) or static cochannel interference (CCI) which has been investigated in the past, analysis of the performance in a fading channel is much more difficult. The difficulty arises from the multiplicative and correlative nature of the fading interference. Bit error rate (BER) performance evaluation results have been obtained by means of computer simulation for various channel conditions, including different values of the K-factor and the fading B_DT. These results have indicated that considerable performance gains as compared with conventional differentially detected systems are achieved for high values of K and for very fast fading. Both of these conditions are encountered in typical aeronautical communication systems. Wherever possible, heuristic explanations of the trend of the obtained BER performance evaluation results are also given     

基于联合映射的高速数传发射机设计及其查找表法实现

根据高速数传发射机的要求,提出基于联合映射的高速卫星发射机设计及基于查找表的FPGA(F ieldProgramm ab le Gate Array,现场可编程门阵列)硬件实现方案。该方法将发射机中数字部分的TCM编码和成形滤波一起设计,将多个卷积相乘项相加后再量化,减少了量化次数,提高了量化信噪比。并根据FPGA芯片内部结构设计硬件实现方案,符合SOC(System of Ch ip)的趋势。用片内的BLOCKRAM精心设计查找表,在X ILINX公司25万门芯片VIRTEX2-250中就能实现此方案。MODELSIM的时序仿真结果表明可支持高达200Mb it/s的数据。文章结尾针对未来更高速率的高速数传发射机给出了一种通用硬件实现方法。     

机载卫星通信天线引导概率分析

针对某机载Ka频段卫星通信天线的使用环境,论述其天线角跟踪系统在捷联航姿设备引导下,天线主波束指向卫星目标位置的概率,分析影响天线角跟踪系统引导概率的主要因素,通过消减系统中大误差源保证了天线引导概率,通过扩展主波束指向空域提高了目标落入概率。计算数据和试验验证表明,给出的分析方法可行,设计策略有效。     

Computer Simulation of VLF Power Amplifiers under Reactive Loading

Recent efforts have been made to achieve substantially increased baud rates with the U. S. Navy's very low frequency (VLF) communication system. Because of the constraints imposed by existing transmitter and antenna structures it was necessary to reexamine the operation of every major system component. Each particular VLF transmitter was subjected to an extensive theoretical analysis followed by a detailed on-site measurement program. Following a review of three major systems, Cutler, Lualualei, and North West Cape, a sufficient body of data was available to substantiate the validity of the computer-simulated transmitter analysis presented here. With this method it is possibe to predict frequency-shift keying (FSK) and minimum shift keying (MSK) performance limitations for particular VLF transmitting systems based primarily on the 0 of the antenna at the operating frequency.     

Extrapolation Technique for Long Term Bit Error Rate Determination

An extrapolation method is presented for determination of characteristic curves of long term bit error rate (BER) versus signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for digital communication equipment. The method is to obtain a single reliable data point at a BER of 10-4 or 10-5 and then to draw a theoretically shaped curve through this reference. The technique is validated by both theoretically and experimentally demonstrating that variations of the internal anomalies that contribute to bit errors in digital communications receivers cause the BER curves to shift laterally, but that the curves retain their characteristic shape. Use of this extrapolation method can reduce test time by 3 to 4 orders of magnitude.     

宽波束赋形天线星地测试技术分析与改进

为满足风云三号 G星长寿命、高可靠、业务化的工作要求,星上数传天线采用通信性能好、覆盖率高的宽波束赋形设计。但宽波束赋形天线测试技术相对复杂,对测试质量有潜在影响。文章重点阐述了风云三号 G星数传天线设计方案的必要性,建立星地链路余量分析,对星载数传天线的仿真和试验结果比对进行分析,验证了天线方向图测试结果的有效性,并对星载天线和地面系统的测试技术提出改进,提高了测试结果的准确性和完整性。相应技术的改进可以为平台方案相近的空间辐射测量基准卫星平台系统综合试验验证技术提供支撑。     

石墨／环氧卫星天线支撑结构研制与质量控制

介绍了通信卫星天线系统石墨／环氧支撑结构包括石墨／环氧薄壁梁，接头和玻璃纤维／环氧耳片等的研制技术，构件的胶接组装技术与结构的质量控制。该研制成果已多次应用于实际产品中，取得令人满意的结果。     

A (design-oriented) reliability model for active phased arrays insatellite communication systems

This paper proposes a modeling approach to relate the power section reliability of satellite payloads to the on-board antenna complexity. The aim of the model is to support the development of design tools for satellite systems adopting active phased arrays. The achieved results are rendered parametric with respect to a key system requirement, the effective isotropic radiated power, due to its direct impact on transmitter configuration and technological features as well as on the critical compromise between transmitter and antenna specifications     

Scan Beam Antenna Intermodulation Improvement Due to Spatial Dispersion

In the recent development of scan beams for application tomobile satellite or thin route communication systems, theintermodulation (IM) generated by the element amplifiers isspatially dispersed, such that some of the IM radiated energy failsoutside the intended beam area. In addition, some of the IM fallinginside the beam area have frequencies different from the carriersintended for that area.It is shown that for systems with frequency reuse, an average IM noise reduction of several dB can he realized. The improvementin carrier-to-IM noise ratio can be used to increase system capacity,or for given capacity it can be used to reduce RF power amplifierbackoff, which can be translated into a reduction of spacecraftprime power requirement.