反舰导弹平面机动突防策略的优化设计

研究了遗传算法在反舰导弹综合突防策略的优化设计方面的应用.反舰导弹的综合突防包括若干个相互承接的环节,首先将反舰导弹的综合突防概率优化问题分解为各个环节突防的条件概率的优化问题,复杂事件得到简化.反舰导弹为了提高突防概率必须做机动,每个环节对应的机动参数取值在一定范围内变化,每个环节的突防概率受到对应的这组参数的影响.选用遗传算法对突防参数进行优化设计.用遗传算法对反舰导弹各个突防环节进行优化设计,找出使每个突防环节突防概率最大的一组参数,进而得到综合突防最优机动参数组合,使反舰导弹的综合突防概率最大.     

构架式可展开天线自由度与奇异性分析

针对以四面体为基本单元的构架式空间可展开天线,基于螺旋理论分析了多环耦合机构3RR-3RRR基本单元及多单元组网的自由度,降低分析此构架单元过约束与奇异性的复杂性。首先,根据螺旋理论能同时表示运动副轴线的位置和运动副类型的特点,建立了3RR-3RRR单元各铰链的运动螺旋并求解出单元过约束数;其次,运用修正的Kutzbach-Grübler公式求解出此单元的自由度,并分析出在特殊位形下的奇异性和瞬时性;最后,多单元组网成一个复杂耦合机构,采用等效构型的方法简化组网结构可得此天线反射器收展所需自由度,再通过计算各花盘的相对间距来验证构架可展开天线的收展协调性。研究表明构架式天线反射器3RR-3RRR四面体单元为单自由度机构且含有4个过约束,便于机构的展开控制,在同步杆铰链处于特殊位形下有约束奇异。组网后反射器桁架系统是单自由度机构,机构在单驱动运动过程中可展开完全,实现构架可展开天线各杆件在工作时运动协调,在空间机构领域具有良好的应用性。     

载人航天器的再入制导控制与仿真计算

研究了弹道一升力式载人航天器的再入制导规律和各种再入误差源对其落点的影响。主要包括以下内容：再入纵向制导和侧向制导规律的确定;分析各种单项误差对落点的影响;用ＭｏｎｔｅＣａｒｌｏ方法模拟各种再入误差源及其对落点偏差的综合影响。通过大量的模拟计算,掌据各种再入误差对落点偏差的影响,提出再入误差应具有的指标要求,并得到一些有益的结论。计算结果表明,确定的制导规律可以达到满意的落点控制效果。     

低轨Walker星座构型偏置维持控制方法分析

针对低轨(low earth orbit,LEO)Walker星座构型稳定性维持问题,分析了低轨卫星的轨道摄动和星座构型稳定性的影响因素.通过分析低轨Walker星座的轨道摄动和相对漂移特点,提出了两次偏置策略.首先,依据未偏置时星座相对漂移量拟合得出第一次偏置时的偏置量.然后利用第一次偏置后的相对漂移量拟合得出第二次...     

Search for organic molecules at the Mars surface: The “Martian Organic Material Irradiation and Evolution” (MOMIE) project

The life on Mars remains an open question because of the lack of proof of its past emergence and its current presence. The only indices of a potential Martian life were provided by the Viking Landers, and the study of the Martian meteorite ALH84001 discovered in the Antarctic. In the two case, the results of experiments could be explained either by the presence of life forms or by abiotic processes. The recent data of Mars Express orbiter and Mars Exploration Rovers show different proofs of a past environment favourable for life. Among the targets we seek, the organic molecules are primordial because they are necessary to the origin of life. A key question is to know if they are present, in which concentration and under which form. Within the framework of a search for organic, we are developing an experimental setup simulating as close as possible the environmental conditions of Mars surface in order to determine how organic species evolve. We present here the first step of the development of this experiment which focuses on the study of the impact of the solar UV radiations reaching the Mars surface on glycine. First results show that glycine does not resist if directly exposed to UV radiations.     

船舶仪表现场计量保障问题研究

分析了计量工作重要性和船舶仪表现场计量保障工作面临的问题,阐释了船舶论证研制阶段开展对船舶仪表现场计量保障的依据及论证设计思路,重点分析了国内船舶靠泊港口的环境条件,阐述了压力仪表原位测试的可行性、原位检测设计方案和实施效果。     

Radioactivity of the Moon and planets

In this report the main results of the study of radioactivity of the solar sistem bodies are considered. The radioactivity of the Moon and planets was measured by means of vehicles in situ. The radioactivity of the lunar samples, brought to the Earth was studied with laboratory equipment.     

Model for the VLF/LF radio signal anomalies formation associated with earthquakes

The influence of quasi-static electric field of seismic origin on the characteristics of the internal gravity waves (IGWs) in the Earth’s ionosphere is considered. The electric field in the ionosphere arises due to the injection of charged aerosols into the atmosphere, formation of an EMF in the near Earth atmosphere and perturbation of the conductive electric current in the global electric circuit. Amplification of the electric current in seismic zone is accompanied by the formation of perturbation of the lower ionosphere that affects the amplitude and phase of VLF/LF signals. The action of the electric field on the IGWs is connected with the appearance of the Ampere’s force in the ionosphere. In the spectral range of these waves the latter acts on the neutral component of the ionosphere plasma. As the result of this interaction the ionosphere starts to support the discrete spectrum of oscillations. Periods of their maximums increase as numbers of natural sequence. The existence of such peculiarities of the waves in the ionosphere is confirmed by observations.     

气体密度超声检测法的研究

介绍了一种利用超声技术在线快速测量气体密度的方法。其原理是测出气体介质的压力和声速后,再根据由热力学和弹性介质力学建立起来的压力、声速和密度之间的关系算出密度。所有监控、测量和数据处理均由微机完成。还给出了在几种不同介质中的试验结果,并对结果进行了半定量的误差分析。与理论分析相比,有较好的一致性。超声检测法是一种在线检测气体密度的新方法。     

基于四元数表示法的机器人基坐标系标定方法

在多机器人协同、运动学参数辨识和机器人离线编程等作业任务下,需要标定出机器人基坐标系在世界坐标系中的精确位姿.提出和实施了一种利用四元数表示法进行机器人基坐标系精确标定的方法.利用指数积公式,建立机器人的运动学模型.利用外部测量设备,测量出5个不共面的工具中心点,并记录对应的机器人关节位形.以基坐标系位姿对应的旋转矩阵元素为变量,建立不相容方程组,并求出基坐标系位姿的初步齐次矩阵.由于测量误差和截断误差,初步齐次矩阵的旋转矩阵部分不能满足单位正交阵的性质.利用四元数的几何约束条件,建立罚函数形式的目标方程,将初步齐次矩阵进行正交化修正.通过一系列的实际机器人的标定试验,验证了该标定方法的正确性,并提高了机器人末端的定位精度.      

The influence of solid rocket motor retro-burns on the space debris environment

The ESA space debris population model MASTER (Meteoroid and Space Debris Terrestrial Environment Reference) considers firings of solid rocket motors (SRM) as a debris source with the associated generation of slag and dust particles. The resulting slag and dust population is a major contribution to the sub-millimetre size debris environment in Earth orbit. The current model version, MASTER-2005, is based on the simulation of 1076 orbital SRM firings which contributed to the long-term debris environment. A comparison of the modelled flux with impact data from returned surfaces shows that the shape and quantity of the modelled SRM dust distribution matches that of recent Hubble Space Telescope (HST) solar array measurements very well. However, the absolute flux level for dust is under-predicted for some of the analysed Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) surfaces. This points into the direction of some past SRM firings not included in the current event database. The most suitable candidates for these firings are the large number of SRM retro-burns of return capsules. Objects released by those firings have highly eccentric orbits with perigees in the lower regions of the atmosphere. Thus, they produce no long-term effect on the debris environment. However, a large number of those firings during the on-orbit time frame of LDEF might lead to an increase of the dust population for some of the LDEF surfaces. In this paper, the influence of SRM retro-burns on the short- and long-term debris environment is analysed. The existing firing database is updated with gathered information of some 800 Russian retro-firings. Each firing is simulated with the MASTER population generation module. The resulting population is compared against the existing background population of SRM slag and dust particles in terms of spatial density and flux predictions.     

铲挖式表层月壤采样器设计与试验

针对月球表层土壤的采样任务,设计了一种搭载于机械臂末端的采样器。基于离散元手段,利用Scott真实月壤微型三轴压缩试验数据,完成仿真散体颗粒特性参数匹配,开展了采样器铲取、挖取采样过程的仿真分析,获得作业过程采样器的动力学特性。此外,开发了采样器性能测试系统,针对不同模拟月壤对象进行了采样试验,测试获得了采样器采样能力随深度及月壤硬度的变化情况,得到采样器操作参数的可行区域。采样器能够实现铲取、挖取和封装容器转移多重任务,研究工作为中国未来的月面采样任务提供方案借鉴和技术支撑。     

宽带高性能SMA匹配负载的研制

本文介绍一款高性能SMA匹配负载的设计、制作及测试。匹配负载制作难点在于高性能微波电阻选型、过渡段匹配设计及电阻段外导体渐进线设计。本文应用CST仿真软件对产品结构进行整体仿真,优化得到合理结构。仿真中应用TDR模块“看见”结构找到不匹配点。产品测试达到设计目标：DC～18GHz,驻波比小于1.07。测试结果验证设计方法有效性。     

气体介质对排气式气囊缓冲特性影响研究

中国新一代载人飞船试验船研制过程中开发了一套组合式缓冲气囊.以新飞船返回舱为研究对象,通过流体力学和热力学理论推导,建立了含有内囊的组合式气囊缓冲过程动力学模型,并通过MSC-Dytran对其有效性进行了验证.之后通过仿真计算,分析了影响气囊缓冲特性的两项气体固有参数——气体自由度与摩尔质量——对气囊缓冲过程的影响.研...     

Strategies for detection of putative life on Europa

Planned future exploration missions to the Jovian satellite Europa have a strong astrobiological motivation. Characterization of the potential habitability of the liquid water environments, and searching for life signals are the main astrobiological objectives of these missions. To meet these objectives specific strategies and instrumentation are required. Here we discuss some scenarios for the development of Europa potential biospheres. These scenarios are based on assumptions of the life similarity concept and knowledge about terrestrial life in extreme environments. Since the potential habitable environments on Europa are in the interior of the satellite it is not possibly to directly detect life. However, there are processes that link aqueous sub-surface environments with the near-surface environment, such as tectonism or magmatism. Therefore, by analysing endogenous materials that arise from the interior it is possible to make predictions about what is in the sub-surface. We propose some measurements and instrumentation for future missions to detect biosignatures on the upper layers of Europa, including the simple physico-chemical traces of metabolism to complex biomolecules or biostructures. Raman spectroscopy or biosensor technologies are the future for in situ exploration of the Solar System.     

The effect of the space flight environment on mucin production in the mouse uterine tube

Numerous studies have indicated that the microgravity environment of space has harmful effects on several tissues throughout the body. Although this phenomenon is well documented, research in this area is still in its relative infancy. This study investigates the effects of space flight on mucin production of the uterine tubes of mice. This study examined the epithelium of the uterine tubes from female mice that were flown on the space shuttle Endeavour for 13 days in August, 2007 and their concomitant controls. The tissue was qualitatively analyzed for the type of mucin produced, i.e., acidic, neutral, acidic/neutral mixture. Further, the tissue was quantitatively analyzed for the amounts of mucins produced by measuring the thickness of the mucin layer for each region of the uterine tube: isthmus, ampulla, and infundibulum. One way ANOVA tests were used to compare mucin thickness between all three sets of animals. Results indicate similar but not identical results between the three regions of the uterine tube. The Baseline tissue had the thickest mucin layer regardless of treatment group. In the ampulla the mucin layer was the thinnest in the Flight tissue, followed by the Ground Control, with the Baseline being the thickest. Analysis of the mucin layer of the infundibulum of the three treatment groups indicated no difference in its thickness between the three regions of the uterine tube. These results indicate a trend toward thinning of the mucin layer of the uterine tube in space flight, but also indicate an influence by the housing environment.     

System Design for the Event Horizon Imaging Experiment Using the PECMEO Concept

The concept for space interferometry from Polar or Equatorial Circular Medium Earth Orbits (the PECMEO concept) is a promising way to acquire the image of the “shadow” of the event horizon of Sagittarius A^* with an angular resolution of circa 5 microarcseconds. The concept is intended to decrease the size of the main reflector of the instrument to about 3 m using a precise orbit reconstruction based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) navigation, inter-satellite range and range-rate measurements, and data from the Attitude and Orbit Determination System (AODS). The paper provides the current progress on the definition of the subsystems required for the concept on the basis of simulations, radio regulations, and available technology. The paper proposes the requirement for the localization of the phase centre of the main reflector. The paper provides information about the visibility of GNSS satellites and the needed accuracies of the AODS. The paper proposes the frequency plan for the instrument and its Inter-Satellite Links (ISLs). The concepts for measurement of range and range rate using ISLs (as well as for the data exchange at these ISLs) are presented. The block diagram of the interferometer is described and its sensitivity is estimated. The link budget for both ISLs is given as well as their critical components. The calculated measurement quality factors are given. The paper shows the expected performance of the sub-systems of the interferometer. The requirements for the localization of the main reflectors and the information about the availability of the GNSS satellites are based on the simulations results. The frequency plan is obtained according to the PECMEO concept and taking into account the radio regulations. The existing technology defines the accuracies of the AODS as well as the link budgets and the measurement accuracies for both ISLs and the sensitivity of the instrument. The paper provides input information for the development of the orbit reconstruction filter and the whole PECMEO system.