Radio beacons/IMU integrated navigation for Mars entry

High precision entry navigation capability is essential for future Mars pinpoint landing missions, together with the entry guidance and aerodynamic lift control. This paper addresses the issue of Mars entry navigation using inertial measurement unit (IMU) and orbiting or surface radiometric beacons. The range and Doppler information sensed from orbiting or surface radio beacons and the entry vehicle state information derived from IMU are integrated in Unscented Kalman filter to correct the inertial constant bias and suppress the navigation measurement noise. Computer simulations show that the integrated navigation algorithm proposed in this paper can achieve 50 m position error and 2 m/s velocity error, which satisfies the need of future pinpoint Mars landing missions.     

Radio/FADS/IMU integrated navigation for Mars entry

Supposing future orbiting and landing collaborative exploration mission as the potential project background, this paper addresses the issue of Mars entry integrated navigation using radio beacon, flush air data sensing system (FADS), and inertial measurement unit (IMU). The range and Doppler information sensed from an orbiting radio beacon, the dynamic pressure and heating data sensed from flush air data sensing system, and acceleration and attitude angular rate outputs from an inertial measurement unit are integrated in an unscented Kalman filter to perform state estimation and suppress the system and measurement noise. Computer simulations show that the proposed integrated navigation scheme can enhance the navigation accuracy, which enables precise entry guidance for the given Mars orbiting and landing collaborative exploration mission.     

Optical/radio/pulsars integrated navigation for Mars orbiter

In this paper, we address the issue of the integrated navigation algorithm with different combination of measurements for Mars orbiter. First, system dynamic model and navigation measurement models using optical measurement information, radio measurement information and X-ray pulsars measurement information are respectively established. Second, optical/radio/pulsars integrated navigation algorithm is proposed, and observability analysis of the integrated navigation system is also conducted. Third, adaptive extended Kalman filter is adopted to fuse measurement information and suppress measurement and process noise to optimally estimate the state of Mars orbiter. Monte Carlo simulation results show that optical/radio/pulsars integrated navigation can effectively improve the navigation accuracy and satisfy the navigation requirements of Mars orbiter.     

机载武器传递对准的可观测性分析

采用"速度+姿态"量测匹配法设计了机载武器传递对准系统,建立了系统的动态误差模型和量测模型,并在这些模型的基础上设计了卡尔曼滤波器.介绍了基于可观测性矩阵奇异值分解的分段定常系统(PWCS, Piece-Wise Constant System)可观测性分析法,并通过该方法分析了机载武器传递对准系统各个状态变量的可观测性.在可观测性分析的基础上忽略不可观测状态变量,实现系统滤波器降维.设计了摇摆机动,在该机动基础上对降维前后滤波器性能和传递对准精度进行了对比,证明了可观测性分析的必要性和正确性.     

Guidepost-based autonomous orbit determination method for GEO satellite

Guidepost-based navigation system is a novel autonomous orbit determination method for the GEO satellite. The system is achieved by using the camera imaging function to obtain the guidepost images and the GNSS signal receiver to obtain the pseudoranges between the GEO and the navigation satellites. Due to the high altitude of GEO satellite and the time-varying sunlight condition in the space environment, it may be difficult to obtain object image points and the distance measurements of GNSS because of the weak visibility of the guideposts. To deal with the problem, a novel integrated orbit determination system is presented. The Earth landmarks, the in-orbit spacecraft and GNSS navigation satellites whose line-of-sights and the distance can be easily obtained are used at the same time as information for the GEO satellite navigation based on the observability conditions analysis. The observability of the GEO satellite navigation system is analyzed through the physical observability, the mathematical observability and the engineering observability through the observing geometry, the rank of observability matrix and the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) respectively. Besides, the maximum correntropy unscented Kalman filter (MCUKF) algorithm is applied to improve the estimation stability of the system in the presence of non-Gaussian noises. The simulation indicates the feasibility of the proposed scheme.     

基于火卫二视线测量的火星接近段自主导航算法

针对火星接近段导航通信时延大、存在通信盲区、自主导航可用观测信息有限等问题,提出了一种基于一组火卫二相对探测器视线矢量测量的天文自主导航算法,每个导航周期测量一组火卫二视线矢量可得到其中某一时刻探测器的完整轨道信息的估计值,该方法不依赖于轨道渐近线方向等先验信息。考虑到存在火卫二和火星在同一视场的情形,此时结合火星中心视线矢量方向以及火卫二的星历信息可估计出精度较高的探测器轨道半径,作为第一种方法的补充观测量,提高导航精度。最后给出仿真校验,验证了该方法的导航精度和可行性,表明该方案能够满足未来火星探测接近段自主导航需求。     

基于IMU/FADS/无线电的火星上升器组合导航方案

以火星采样返回任务中火星表面上升为背景,研究了基于惯性测量单元（Inertial Measurement Unit, IMU）、嵌入式大气数据传感系统（Flush Air Data Sensing System, FADS）和无线电信标的组合导航方法。首先,在传统的IMU导航框架中加入由无线电测量获得的相对距离、速度信息,以及由FADS获取的动压、温度数据,建立了基于IMU、无线电和FADS的导航观测模型;然后,基于无迹卡尔曼滤波（Unscented Kalman Filter, UKF）技术对测量信息进行了融合,并压制了过程噪声和测量噪声,从而对上升器的状态进行了联合估计;最后,在数值仿真中,将UKF与自适应无迹卡尔曼滤波（Adaptive Unscented Kalman Filter, AUKF）技术进行了对比,在比较不同滤波器性能的同时,验证了组合导航方法的有效性。     

Multi-rover navigation on the lunar surface

The paper presents a method of determination an accurate position of a target (rover, immobile sensor, astronaut) on surface of the Moon or other celestial body devoid of navigation infrastructure (like Global Positioning System), by using a group of self-calibrating rovers, which serves as mobile reference points. The rovers are equipped with low-precision clocks synchronized by external broadcasting signal, to measure the moments of receiving radio signals sent by localized target. Based on the registered times, distances between transmitter and receivers installed on beacons are calculated. Each rover determines and corrects its own absolute position and orientation by using odometry navigation and measurements of relative distances and angles to other mobile reference points. Accuracy of navigation has been improved by the use of a calibration algorithm based on the extended Kalman filter, which uses internal encoder readings as inputs and relative measurements of distances and orientations between beacons as feedback information. The key idea in obtaining reliable values of absolute position and orientation of beacons is to first calibrate one of the rovers, using the remaining ones as reference points and then allow the whole group to move together and calibrate all the rovers in-motion. We consider a number of cases, in which basic modeling parameters such as terrain roughness, formation size and shape as well as availability of distance and angle measurements are varied.     

基于改进多模型的火星大气进入自适应估计方法

针对火星进入过程中大气密度等不确定参数对导航系统状态估计精度的影响,提出了一种基于改进混合专家框架的多模型自适应估计方法。该方法对进入过程中不同的测量信息进行规范化处理,以克服传统多模型自适应估计方法稳定性差、数值下溢等固有缺陷,进一步提高状态估计精度。将其应用于火星不同进入探测方式下的导航场景进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明:该方法在动力学系统模型参数存在不确定扰动时能获得精确的状态估计,可以满足未来定点着陆探测对导航系统的精度需求。     

一种惯导系统快速对准模型和方法

从控制论的观点探讨了实现惯性导航系统(INS)快速对准及标定的途径及方法.通过引入李雅普诺夫变换,论证了SINS(Strapdown Inertial Navigation System)模型与GINS(Gimbaled Inertial Navigation System)模型的等价关系;通过基于物理本质的相似变换,提出了用伪状态来代替真实状态,从而使INS的可观测状态和不可观测状态之间动态解耦,得到了INS的最佳完全可观测子系统模型;通过对INS可观测子系统模型的简化,提出了一种快速估计方位失准角和标定陀螺仪漂移误差的方法,该算法表明方位失准角和陀螺仪的漂移误差完全可从水平失准角速率中快速估计出来,而不必使用陀螺的输出信号.      

火星探测接近段的光学自主导航研究

目前光学自主导航技术已成为深空探测计划中的重点研究对象. 已有研究, 多侧重于光学自主导航技术在深空探测巡航段或是对小行星探测接近段中的应用, 而关于大行星探测接近段光学自主导航技术的研究比较少. 结合中国即将开展的火星探测计划, 研究了探测器在火星探测接近段中利用火星进行光学自主导航的整个过程, 提出了适用于接近段的动力学模型、光学观测模型及自主导航滤波算法. 通过对自主导航系统的可观测性分析, 证明了仅利用火星光学信息进行自主导航的可行性. 仿真计算结果表明, 在接近段, 整个光学自主导航的持续时间约为40h. 在自主导航的最后5h内, 滤波结果稳定, 探测器的总体位置误差在40km以内, 速度误差在0.25m·s-1以内. 计算结果的精度满足实际任务需求, 对中国火星探测计划具有直接的参考价值.      

MCAV/IMU integrated navigation for the powered descent phase of Mars EDL

Pin-point landing is considered as a key technology for future manned Mars landing and Mars base missions. The traditional inertial navigation system (INS) based guidance, navigation and control (GNC) mode used in the Mars entry, descent and landing (EDL) phase has no ability to achieve the precise and safe Mars landing, so novel EDL GNC methodologies should be investigated to meet this goal. This paper proposes the MCAV/IMU integrated navigation scheme for the powered descent phase of Mars EDL. The Miniature Coherent Altimeter and Velocimeter (MCAV) is adopted to correct the inertial bias and drift and improve the performance of integrated navigation. Altitude and velocity information derived from MCAV and the lander’s state information sensed by inertial measurement unit (IMU) are integrated in extended Kalman filter algorithm. The validity of the proposed navigation scheme is confirmed by computer simulation.     

仅有相对视线角测量时的椭圆轨道交会相对导航分析

对仅有相对视线角测量时的椭圆轨道交会相对导航问题进行了分析．借鉴已有研究成果,给出仅有相对视线角测量时,相对导航系统可观的定义,以及为使系统可观,加速度项所需满足的充分必要条件;分析指出由于相对动力学模型误差的存在,相对导航系统始终是可观的,但可观度很弱;而追踪器进行适当的机动可极大改善系统的可观性,给出为使系统可观,机动加速度具体所需满足的充分必要条件;指出当通过施加机动加速度改善系统的可观性时,获取零输入相对位置矢量方向是前提条件,并论证了利用相对视线角测量信息,可以对零输入相对位置矢量方向进行估计和预测．     

测量带有常值偏差时卫星自主定轨系统可观性分析

考虑测量带有常值偏差时卫星自主定轨系统的状态观测和常值偏差估计问题,将观测常值偏差扩增为状态后进行卡尔曼滤波是解决这一问题的一个途径。为使卡尔曼滤波稳定,就必须分析系统的随机可观测性。文章利用线性时变系统的可观性理论对测量带有常值偏差时卫星自主定轨系统的可观性进行了分析,数值仿真结果显示了所得理论的正确性。     

基于卫星编队的空间碎片视觉高精度导航方法

视觉方法被广泛应用于空间碎片这类和卫星之间没有任何通信的非合作目标导航。针对观测过程中视觉传感器的像差偏差引起位置不确定的问题,提出了利用卫星编队的立体视觉导航方法。首先,利用卫星编队构造了长基线的视觉传感器,通过Fisher矩阵对系统的可观测性进行了分析,验证了系统是可观的;其次,对视觉传感器进行了误差分析,通过安排最优视差角,使多颗卫星的观测信息融合达到最优;最后,应用卫星编队的视觉导航方法对空间碎片进行了导航仿真验证。结果表明,基于卫星编队的视觉导航方法可以显著减小观测误差,精度能达到01m量级,而且编队构形简单,易于工程实现。     

火星探测器自主导航方法综述

火星是人类深空探测的重要目标之一,火星探测器的自主导航是探测任务的重要支撑技术。针对火星探测器自主导航方法的国内外研究现状进行综述与总结,讨论和分析了火星探测器自主导航可行的导航信标和测量手段,对自主导航算法需要研究的关键技术进行了梳理和探讨,提出了火星探测器在巡航段、捕获段和环绕段等不同阶段场景下的测量手段、自主导航方法的建议和设想。     

PINS静基座对准中的理论与算法的研究

分析了平台式惯导系统(PINS)静基座条件下的可观测性,采用系统可观测矩阵的条件数来定量计算PINS静基座可观测性能,找出该条件下的可观测矩阵条件数最小的3个不可观测变量.采用了自适应Kalman算法和常规Kalman算法对简化模型进行了仿真比较.仿真结果表明前者比后者滤波收敛快.进而提出了一种基于Elman神经网络的快速对准方法.     

惯导系统初始对准的次优滤波算法

分析了惯导系统(INS)初始对准的动态误差向量方程及其动态误差向量的可观性问题,并研究了按动态误差向量的可观度划分观测子空间.在惯导系统初始对准问题中通过使用变量可观度的概念构造次优卡尔曼估计算法.并用C语言编程实现了初始对准的最优及次优卡尔曼滤波算法.从仿真结果可见次优卡尔曼滤波算法可用于INS初始对准的实用计算中.     

航天器自主天文导航系统的可观测性及可观测度分析

天文导航系统中的观测量是一个重要的精度影响因素,星光角距和星光仰角是天文导航中两种最常用的观测信息,首先介绍了这两种观测信息及其量测方程的建立,然后从天文导航系统的可观测性和可观测度的角度,以观测矩阵的条件数作为系统可观测度的度量标准,分析了由于所选用的观测量的不同所导致的系统导航性能的差别,同时给出了一种衡量天文导航系统中的观测量和系统性能的分析方法.计算机仿真结果证明了该方法的有效性.     

GPS/SINS组合导航系统状态的可观测度分析方法

系统状态的可观测度是检验所设计的Kalman滤波器的收敛精度和速度的重要指标。首先，分别论述分段式定常系统(PWCS)的可观测性分析方法和基于奇异值分解的系统状态可观测度分析方法。然后，证明GPS／SINS组合导航系统满足PWCS分析定理要求，并进一步提出改进的线性时变系统状态的可观测度分析方法，以适用于分析全弹道过程系统状态的可观测度。最后，通过仿真算例说明该方法的合理性和可行性。