BDS/GPS组合的H-ARAIM PBN和ADS-B应用可用性评估

水平-先进接收机自主完好性监测(H-ARAIM)属欧美大力发展的新型机载自主卫星导航完好性监测技术。从H-ARAIM的基于性能的导航(PBN)和广播式自动相关监视(ADS-B)应用方法出发,基于美国全球卫星导航系统(GPS)和中国自主北斗卫星导航系统(BDS)组合系统,综合考虑不同卫星故障概率、不同星座故障概率、不同星钟星历误差配置以及不同星座配置,全面仿真评估了H-ARAIM的PBN和ADS-B应用全球可用性,结果表明:卫星和星座故障概率变化,对水平保护级(HPL)结果的影响不足0.1%,PBN和ADS-B均可实现全球100%可用性;星钟星历误差变化,会导致较大幅度的HPL变化,最大值可达20 m,但对PBN和ADS-B应用可用性没有显著影响;不同星座配置会对全球和亚太区域平均99.9%HPL结果及PBN和ADS-B应用可用性产生显著影响,HPL变化幅度达到32 m,可用性随星座配置不同而变化,最差可降低到96%。所取成果可为北斗民航应用提供坚实的理论参考和可靠的技术支撑。     

基于MLAMBDA的BDS/GPS单频RTK性能分析

GNSS RTK技术以其高精度、高效率、实时性的优点,被广泛应用于航空航天等领域.目前双频RTK技术已非常成熟并且应用较广.相比于双频,单频GNSS RTK在数据质量控制、定位误差处理等方面存在难点.因此单频RTK服务精度可能会受到限制,其定位性能有待研究.本文基于扩展卡尔曼滤波模型,通过MLAMBDA模糊度搜索方法和Ratio检验法,结合实测数据,对比分析BDS,GPS,BDS/GPS三种模式下的单频RTK定位性能.实验证明在静态场景下,三种模式的单频RTK定位精度都在厘米级,可满足高精度定位需求;动态场景下三种模式的模糊度固定率都在70%以上,可满足日常定位需求.在静态及动态应用场景下,北斗的模糊度固定率最高,模糊度解算所用时间短,能实现快速RTK定位.      

北斗和GPS双模接收机干扰抑制算法的设计与实现

目前北斗/GPS双模接收系统的抗干扰研究还比较少,主要是针对GPS的抗干扰研究。北斗和GPS接收机易被干扰,为了改善强干扰环境下接收机的性能,研究不同阵列、不同算法对接收机抗干扰性能的影响,在GPS的抗干扰研究的基础上设计并实现了一套北斗和GPS双模接收系统的抗干扰平台。实验结果表明,该系统能使北斗和GPS双模接收机在-30dBm强干扰的环境下搜到6颗北斗导航卫星和5颗GPS导航卫星,并正常定位,说明该系统能达到干扰抑制的目的。该系统也可推广至多种卫星导航接收机的抗干扰平台。     

Multivariate bootstrapped relative positioning of spacecraft using GPS L1/Galileo E1 signals

GNSS-based precise relative positioning between spacecraft normally requires dual frequency observations, whereas attitude determination of the spacecraft, mainly due to the stronger model given by the a priori knowledge of the length and geometry of the baselines, can be performed precisely using only single frequency observations. When the Galileo signals will come available, the number of observations at the L1 frequency will increase as we will have a GPS and Galileo multi-constellation. Moreover the L1 observations of the Galileo system and modernized GPS are more precise than legacy GPS and this, combined with the increased number of observations, will result in a stronger model for single frequency relative positioning. In this contribution we will develop an even stronger model by combining the attitude determination problem with relative positioning. The attitude determination problem will be solved by the recently developed Multivariate Constrained (MC-) LAMBDA method. We will do this for each spacecraft and use the outcome for an ambiguity constrained solution on the baseline between the spacecraft. In this way the solution for the unconstrained baseline is bootstrapped from the MC-LAMBDA solutions of each spacecraft in what is called: multivariate bootstrapped relative positioning. The developed approach will be compared in simulations with relative positioning using a single antenna at each spacecraft (standard LAMBDA) and a vectorial bootstrapping approach. In the simulations we will analyze single epoch, single frequency success rates as the most challenging application. The difference in performance for the approaches for single epoch solutions, is a good indication of the strength of the underlying models. As the multivariate bootstrapping approach has a stronger model by applying information on the geometry of the constrained baselines, for applications with large observation noise and limited number of observations this will result in a better performance compared to the vectorial bootstrapping approach. Compared with standard LAMBDA, it can reach a 59% higher success rate for ambiguity resolution. The higher success rate on the unconstrained baseline between the platforms comes without extra computational load as the constrained baseline(s) problem has to be solved for attitude determination and this information can be applied for relative positioning.     

Tightly combined GPS/Galileo RTK for short and long baselines: Model and performance analysis

To ensure the compatibility and interoperability with modernized GPS, Galileo satellites are capable of broadcasting navigation signals on carrier phase frequencies that overlap with GPS, i.e., GPS/Galileo L1-E1/L5-E5a. Moreover, the GPS/Galileo L2-E5b signals have different frequencies with wavelength differences smaller than 4.2?mm. Such overlapping and narrowly spaced signals between GPS and Galileo bring the opportunity to use the tightly combined double-differenced (DD) model for precise real-time kinematic (RTK) positioning, resulting in improved performance of ambiguity resolution and positioning with respect to the classical standard or loosely combined DD model. In this paper, we focus on the model and performance assessment of tightly combined GPS/Galileo L1-E1/L2-E5b/L5-E5a RTK for short and long baselines. We first investigate the tightly combined GPS/Galileo DD observational model for both short and long baselines with simultaneously considering the GPS/Galileo overlapping and non-overlapping frequencies. Particularly, we introduce a reparameterization approach to solve the rank deficiency that caused by the correlation between the DISB parameters and the DD ionospheric parameters for both overlapping and non-overlapping frequencies. Then we present performance assessment for the tightly combined GPS/Galileo RTK model with real-time estimation of the differential inter-system bias (DISB) parameters for short and long baselines in terms of ratio value, ambiguity dilution of precision (ADOP), ambiguity conditional number, decorrelation number, search count, empirical success rate, time-to-first-fix (TTFF), and positioning accuracy. Results from both static and kinematic experiments demonstrated that compared to the loosely combined model, the tightly combined model can deliver improved performance of ambiguity resolution and precise positioning with different satellite visibility. For the car-driven short baseline experiment with 10° elevation cut-off angle, the tightly combined model can not only significantly increase the ratio value by approximately 27.5% (from 16.0 to 20.4), but also reduce the ambiguity ADOP, the conditional number, and the search count in LAMBDA by approximately 22.2% (from 0.027 to 0.021 cycles), 14.9% (from 199.2 to 169.6), and 25.4% (from 150.1 to 112.0), respectively. Comparable decorrelation number, empirical success rate, and positioning accuracy are also obtained. For the car-driven long baseline experiment, it is also observed that the ambiguity resolution performance in terms of the ratio value, the decorrelation number, the condition number, and the search count are significantly improved by approximately 18.5% (from 2.7 to 3.2), 22.0% (from 0.186 to 0.227), 55.9% (from 937.6 to 413.7), and 10.3% (from 43.8 to 39.3), respectively. Moreover, comparable ADOP, empirical success rate, and positioning accuracy are obtained as well. Additionally, the TTFF can be reduced (from 54.1 to 51.8 epochs with 10° elevation cut-off angle) as well from the results of static experiments.     

Evaluation of a regional real-time precise positioning system based on GPS/BeiDou observations in Australia

The performance of real-time (RT) precise positioning can be improved by utilizing observations from multiple Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) instead of one particular system. Since the end of 2012, BeiDou, independently established by China, began to provide operational services for users in the Asia-Pacific regions. In this study, a regional RT precise positioning system is developed to evaluate the performance of GPS/BeiDou observations in Australia in providing high precision positioning services for users. Fixing three hourly updated satellite orbits, RT correction messages are generated and broadcasted by processing RT observation/navigation data streams from the national network of GNSS Continuously Operating Reference Stations in Australia (AUSCORS) at the server side. At the user side, RT PPP is realized by processing RT data streams and the RT correction messages received. RT clock offsets, for which the accuracy reached 0.07 and 0.28?ns for GPS and BeiDou, respectively, can be determined. Based on these corrections, an accuracy of 12.2, 30.0 and 45.6?cm in the North, East and Up directions was achieved for the BeiDou-only solution after 30 min while the GPS-only solution reached 5.1, 15.3 and 15.5?cm for the same components at the same time. A further improvement of 43.7, 36.9 and 45.0 percent in the three directions, respectively, was achieved for the combined GPS/BeiDou solution. After the initialization process, the North, East and Up positioning accuracies were 5.2, 8.1 and 17.8?cm, respectively, for the BeiDou-only solution, while 1.5, 3.0, and 4.7?cm for the GPS-only solution. However, we only noticed a 20.9% improvement in the East direction was obtained for the GPS/BeiDou solution, while no improvements in the other directions were detected. It is expected that such improvements may become bigger with the increasing accuracy of the BeiDou-only solution.     

Minimum of PDOP and its applications in inter-satellite links (ISL) establishment of Walker-δ constellation

Within the next decade, there will be a number of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) available, i.e. modernized GPS, Galileo, restored GLONASS, BeiDou and many other regional GNSS augmentation systems. Thus, measurement redundancies and geometry of the satellites can be improved. GDOP (Geometric Dilution of Precision) and PDOP (Position Dilution of Precision) are associated with the constellation geometry of satellites, and they are the geometrically determined factors that describe the effect of geometry on the relationship between measurement error and position error. GDOP and PDOP are often used as standards for selecting good satellites to meet the desired positioning precision. In this paper, the related conclusions of minimum of GDOP which was discussed are given, and it is used to study the minimum of PDOP for two cases that the receiver is on the earth’s surface and the receiver is on satellite. The corresponding theorem and constructive solutions of minimum of PDOP are given. Then, the rationality of the ISL (inter-satellite link) establishment criteria in Walker-δ constellation is discussed by using the theory of minimum of PDOP. Finally, the minimum of PDOP is calculated when the number of satellites is 4–10, and these results are verified by using Monte Carlo method.     

The impact on tsunami detection from space using GNSS-reflectometry when combining GPS with GLONASS and Galileo

The devastating Sumatra tsunami in 2004 demonstrated the need for a tsunami early warning system in the Indian Ocean. Such a system has been installed within the German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System (GITEWS) project. Tsunamis are a global phenomenon and for global observations satellites are predestined. Within the GITEWS project a feasibility study on a future tsunami detection system from space has therefore been carried out. The Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) is an innovative way of using GNSS signals for remote sensing. It uses ocean reflected GNSS signals for sea surface altimetry. With a dedicated Low Earth Orbit (LEO) constellation of satellites equipped with GNSS-R receivers, densely spaced sea surface height measurements could be established to detect tsunamis. Some general considerations on the geometry between LEO and GNSS are made in this simulation study. It exemplary analyzes the detection performance of a GNSS-R constellation at 900 km altitude and 60° inclination angle when applied to the Sumatra tsunami as it occurred in 2004. GPS is assumed as signal source and the combination with GLONASS and Galileo signals is investigated. It can be demonstrated, that the combination of GPS and Galileo is advantageous for constellations with few satellites while the combination with GLONASS is preferable for constellations with many satellites. If all three GNSS are combined, the best detection performance can be expected for all scenarios considered. In this case an 18 satellite constellation will detect the Sumatra tsunami within 17 min with certainty, while it takes 53 min if only GPS is considered.     

GPS实时定姿系统的设计与实现

以GPS OEM板为基本硬件,在自行研制GPS实时定姿软件的基础上,搭建了GPS实时定姿系统。该系统硬件结构简单,成本低廉。定姿软件解决了数据接收、解码、同步,模糊数快速计算,动态检校等关键技术。经多次静态、动态试验验证,系统运行稳定,动态跟踪性能良好。基线长度为1.2m时,定姿精度优于0.3°,可单独用于系统的导航,或作为系统导航设备的校准装置,具有很好的应用价值。     

北斗三频相位观测值线性组合研究

以北斗三频数据为基础,给出了北斗三频组合观测值的数学模型并系统分析了组合后的波长、电离层误差以及观测噪声误差;在保持整周模糊度整数特性的前提下,以整数线性变换法为基础,通过Matlab编程实现组合系数的优化选取。通过将不同组合系数应用于伪距相位法三频数据周跳探测中,发现组合系数之和不为0的组合周跳探测值均在0.5周以上,且组合系数之和越大,波动越大;通过将不同组合系数应用于无几何CIR法三频数据模糊度解算中,发现系数之和不为0,但波长较长的组合求得的模糊度残差值大致在0.6周,通过合适的模糊度搜索方法可以得到正确的模糊度固定解,在短基线模糊度解算中可以考虑使用。     

基于代价函数的组合导航系统地图匹配算法

研究了地图匹配技术在GPS(Global Positioning System)/DR(Dead Reckoning)组合导航系统中的应用,建立了GPS/DR/地图匹配组合导航系统模型,给出了一种基于代价函数和概率统计准则的地图匹配算法,通过合理地定义代价函数有效消除了存在于匹配路段挑选过程中的模糊性问题.对实际跑车数据的仿真处理结果表明,应用该算法可以为组合导航系统的定位精度带来明显的改善.     

星载GPS观测数据的模拟研究

重点分析了星载GPS观测值模拟的原理、数学模型等，并用模拟软件模拟了CHAMP卫星的星载GPS观测值情况．结果表明，根据本文提供模拟方法所模拟的CHAMP星载GPS观测值，与实测值相比，无论是在大小还是观测噪声水平上都很接近，因此能满足不同层次人员对星载GPS模拟观测值的需要．     

基于DSP＋LAMBDA算法的GPS实时定位技术研究

主要分析了GPS载波相位整周模糊度LAMBDA求解算法,通过数据模拟测试来验证该算法在DSP上的工作状况。仿真计算证明,在DSP上实现LAMBDA算法可以满足GPS实时动态定位的要求。     

基于UKF的姿态无关GPS双差整周模糊度确定

基于运动的GPS双差整周模糊度确定方法需要预先知道载体的姿态,为了消除对姿态的依赖,研究了一种新的整周模糊度确定方法。首先将多天线载波双差相位矢量观测方程转化为标量观测方程,消去了对载体姿态矩阵的依赖。经过短时离线观测,以中心估计算法和协方差白化算法估计和修正双差整周模糊度的近似解及协方差矩阵。再以该近似解和协方差矩阵为初值,由无迹卡尔曼滤波(UKF)实时估计双差整周模糊度的精确解。最后对该方法进行了仿真,仿真结果表明经过离线批处理算法的预处理UKF可准确收敛于真实解,证明了方法的正确和有效性。     

Inertial aided BDS triple-frequency integer ambiguity rounding method

The integer ambiguity resolution (AR) of carrier phase is significant for Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) precise positioning. However, in kinematic case, single-epoch AR methods based on alone GNSS are usually not reliable due to the instable pseudorange accuracy. Moreover, the computation of classical AR method Least Squares Ambiguity Decorrelation Adjustment (LAMBDA) is large. Thus, the inertial measurement unit (IMU) is introduced, a new inertial-aided AR method that directly rounds the float ambiguity of BeiDou triple-frequency combined observations, which is characterized by long wavelength, low carrier-phase noise and ionospheric delay, is proposed. The mathematical model of the new method is derived first. Then the impacts of the carrier-phase noise, ionospheric delay and inertial navigation system (INS) position error on the AR success ratio of combined observation are analyzed through probabilistic approach. Based on above investigation, the combinations (0, ?1, 1), (1, 4, ?5) and (4, ?2, ?3) are selected to resolve the original ambiguity. A vehicular integrated navigation test is performed to demonstrate the proposed method. The results show that the average AR success ratios of the three selected combinations, whose float ambiguity errors are 0.041, 0.146, 0.279 cycle respectively, are above 97.25% without regard to low-elevation C05. With respect to positioning accuracy based on our AR method when compared with IE software, the east, north, up error RMS of position are 0.042, 0.024, 0.069 m, respectively. In terms of the AR recover after the BeiDou signals outage, as long as 62 s BeiDou signal complete outage, all the ambiguities of all satellites could be re-fixed immediately. Besides, during the 90 s signals partial outage, the AR is not influenced by the position error, since the float ambiguity errors are all below half-cycle. The research of this contribution demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed new method, which indicates it is applicable to kinematic positioning, even in BDS degraded and denied environments.     

脉冲星导航的整周模糊度解算方法研究

脉冲相位是X射线脉冲星导航方法的基本观测量,在测量的脉冲相位与预报相位比对的过程中存在整周期模糊度问题．借鉴GPS载波相位模糊度的解算方法,提出了单差搜索法、最小二乘搜索法和模糊度函数法3种空间搜索方法用以解算脉冲星导航系统的整周模糊度,并针对地球卫星完全迷失的情况进行了搜索仿真验证．结果表明,这3种方法都能够准确地解算出整周模糊度,均可用于脉冲星导航系统的在轨解算．其中最小二乘搜索法的性能稳定,搜索速度快;模糊度函数法搜索速度慢,但适用于装配单X射线探测器的脉冲星导航系统．     

单频GPS动态相对定位的模糊度逼近/搜索解法

针对目前实时动态定位(RTK)中常用搜索解法可靠度不高的缺点,利用各历元诸双差方程所形成的法方程,对其进行解耦处理以便于实时计算.在此基础上综合了逼近、搜索两种解法各自的局部优势,构成了逼近/搜索的联合解法.实际测试表明,该算法在单频全球定位系统(GPS)载波相位差分的动态相对定位过程中,用2～3min的时间即可可靠地在航解算出整周模糊度.     

基于GEO／HEO混合星座的区域卫星定位系统性能分析

星座方案选择对卫星定位系统的性能具有很大影响。本文结合GNSS－2星座方案中的阿基米德计划，设计了针对我国区域的HEO／GEO混合星座，首先从可见性角度对GEO卫星定点参数和HEO卫星轨道参数进行了优选，之后，以GDOP和PDOP因子为衡量标准，在选定覆盖区域内，对混合星座的定位性能进行了分析，仿真结果表明，在覆盖区域内，该星座能够达到与GPS相当的定位精度。     

GPS/Galileo组合导航的模糊度搜索空间

为了组合导航的载波相位模糊度固定,将目前在GPS中常用的模糊度固定方法--最小二乘降相关平差（LAMBDA）法直接应用于GPS/Galileo组合模糊度固定,发现其搜索空间的确定方法并不能很好地适应GPS/Galileo组合中模糊度维数较高的情况。通过对常规LAMBDA搜索空间确定方法的分析比较,在传统方法的基础上提出了一种专门针对高维模糊度固定的搜索空间确定方法--修正法确定模糊度搜索空间。通过对修正法进行仿真试验,证明该方法能保证在GPS/Galileo组合定位模式下实际备选模糊度个数基本与预先设定的备选模糊度个数一致,进而能在不降低模糊度固定成功率的基础上有效提高LAMBDA模糊度固定的搜索效率,其性能优于传统的模糊度搜索空间确定方法。