基于Unscented四元数粒子滤波的 微小卫星姿态估计

针对基于微小卫星姿态确定系统精度低和噪声存在非高斯分布的情况,研究了适用于该定姿系统的Unscented粒子滤波(UPF,Unscented Particle Filter)算法.UPF方法结合了Unscented卡尔曼滤波(UKF,Unscented Kalman Filter) 与粒子滤波(PF,Particle Filter)的特点,用UKF得到PF的重要采样函数,从而克服了PF没有考虑最新量测信息、 扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF,Extended Kalman Filter)和UKF只能应用到噪声为高斯分布的不足.以MEMS(Micro Electronic Mechanical System)陀螺和CMOS APS(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Active Pixel Sensors)星敏感器为姿态敏感器件,将UPF与基于误差四元数的卫星姿态运动学方程结合,构建了UPF定姿滤波器,并用MEMS陀螺采集的随机噪声数据进行了半物理仿真,对其特性进行了分析与比较.仿真比较结果表明:在敏感器精度较差并且系统噪声非高斯分布的情况下,这种基于UPF的姿态估计方法在计算粒子数目相对于PF较少的情况下,可以取得比UKF更好的滤波精度,从而有效地提高了定姿性能.      

Real-time sensor fault detection and isolation for LEO satellite attitude estimation through magnetometer data

Attitude estimation is a critical component of the Attitude Determination and Control System (ADCS) of any satellite. It is used to convert the sensor observation data to an estimated attitude using filtering algorithms. However, in the presence of sensor faults, the ADCS fails to achieve the desired attitude accuracy. In this paper, the Fault Tolerant Extended Kalman Filter (FTEKF) is proposed to handle this imperfection. In accordance, various filtering steps are included in the FTEKF design to enhance both attitude estimation and sensor fault detection. The developed algorithm can detect and isolate any unexpected sensor faults in real time, which provides a reliable attitude estimation. A comparative study with the classical and robust Kalman filters is performed through numerical simulations in order to validate the effectiveness of the adopted filter in case of magnetometer fault data.     

Assessing attitude error of FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC satellites and its impact on orbit determination

An attitude determination and control system (ADCS) is critical to satellite attitude maneuvers and to the coordinate transformation from the inertial frame to the spacecraft frame. This paper shows specific sensors in the ADCS of the satellite mission FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC (F3/C) and the impact of the ADCS quality on orbit accuracy. The selection of main POD antenna depends on the beta angles of the different F3/C satellites (for FM2 and FM4) during the inflight phase. In particular, under the eclipse, alternative attitude sensors are activated to replace the Sun sensors, and such a sensor change leads to anomalous GPS phase residuals and a degraded orbit accuracy. Since the nominal attitude serves as a reference for ADCS, the 3-dimensional attitude-induced errors in reduced dynamic orbits over selected days in 2010 show 9.35, 10.78, 4.97, 5.48, 7.18, and 6.89 cm for FM1–FM6. Besides, the 3-dimensional velocity errors induced by the attitude effect are 0.10, 0.10, 0.07, 0.08, 0.09, and 0.10 for FM1–FM6. We analyze the quality of the observed attitude transformation matrix of F3/C and its impact on kinematic orbit determination. With 249 days of GPS in 2008, the analysis leads to the following averaged 3-dimensional attitude-induced orbit errors: 2.72, 2.62, 2.37, 1.90, 1.70, and 1.99 cm for satellites FM1–FM6. Critical suggestions of geodetic payloads for the follow-on mission of F3/C are presented based on the current result.     

The attitude inversion method of geostationary satellites based on unscented particle filter

The attitude information of geostationary satellites is difficult to be obtained since they are presented in non-resolved images on the ground observation equipment in space object surveillance. In this paper, an attitude inversion method for geostationary satellite based on Unscented Particle Filter (UPF) and ground photometric data is presented. The inversion algorithm based on UPF is proposed aiming at the strong non-linear feature in the photometric data inversion for satellite attitude, which combines the advantage of Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) and Particle Filter (PF). This update method improves the particle selection based on the idea of UKF to redesign the importance density function. Moreover, it uses the RMS-UKF to partially correct the prediction covariance matrix, which improves the applicability of the attitude inversion method in view of UKF and the particle degradation and dilution of the attitude inversion method based on PF. This paper describes the main principles and steps of algorithm in detail, correctness, accuracy, stability and applicability of the method are verified by simulation experiment and scaling experiment in the end. The results show that the proposed method can effectively solve the problem of particle degradation and depletion in the attitude inversion method on account of PF, and the problem that UKF is not suitable for the strong non-linear attitude inversion. However, the inversion accuracy is obviously superior to UKF and PF, in addition, in the case of the inversion with large attitude error that can inverse the attitude with small particles and high precision.     

基于视线测量和轨道预报高轨非合作目标相对导航方法

对于非合作目标,由于中远距离星上相对测量手段有限,大多情况仅能获得视线角信息.仅视线测量相对导航方法在GEO轨道条件下滤波精度低、可观测性差.提出一种基于星间视线方位测量和轨道预报信息结合的非合作目标相对导航方法.建立基于星间相对运动模型的状态方程和基于星间视线测量和轨道预报信息的观测方程,分别选取了扩展卡尔曼滤波和无迹卡尔曼滤波两种方法,仿真分析了轨道预报信息精度和滤波方法对导航精度的影响.     

融合高斯过程回归的UKF估计方法

高精度滤波估计是SINS/GNSS组合导航系统的关键技术之一,其估计精度直接影响了导航精度。传统滤波估计方法一般只基于惯导误差模型,未考虑惯导误差模型不确定性的影响。针对此问题,提出了一种采用高斯过程回归（GPR）增强无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）预测和估计能力的高精度滤波估计方法。一方面,能在有限的训练数据条件下通过UKF估计误差状态量;另一方面,高斯过程既考虑了噪声,也考虑了UKF的不确定性。将所提方法应用于SINS/GNSS组合导航系统中,车载实验结果表明,所提方法能有效提高滤波估计精度。      

基于UPF的修正罗德里格参数卫星姿态估计

粒子滤波(PF)在卫星姿态估计中解决了非高斯分布的情况,在粒子滤波的基础上,利用修正罗德里格参数(MRPs)表示姿态,用动力学方程进行角速率的传播,提出将采样粒子滤波(UPF)算法应用到基于MRPs的卫星姿态估计中,该方法通过UKF得到粒子滤波的重要性采样函数,更充分地利用了最新的量测信息。仿真结果表明,这种基于UPF的姿态估计方法能够获得比UKF和标准PF更高的滤波精度,并且具有更好的滤波稳定性。     

导航卫星的地面站定轨算法

导航星座轨道的长期保持是星座导航系统运营管理的重要组成部分,而现有的导航卫星地面定轨算法又存在精度不高或计算量大不适合工程应用的问题。为此,研究了单向、被动测量模式的导航卫星地面定轨算法。基于单向伪距观测,将导航卫星钟差参数作为状态量,推导了滤波算法的状态方程、测量方程,并最终建立了滤波器模型。以不同轨道面的4颗GPS导航卫星为例进行了2天的仿真试验,考虑卫星的可见性仿真中加入了测量中断,并设计在测量恢复后重启滤波算法。仿真结果表明,4颗卫星的轨道位置估计精度可以达到米级,钟差随机偏差的估计精度可以达到纳秒级,并且在滤波中断后重启滤波器,仍然可以达到此估计精度,表明此定轨算法具有收敛性和稳定性。     

基于SINS/CNS组合导航系统的多模型自适应估计算法

针对单一模型滤波器在未知或不确定的系统参数下适应性较差的问题,提出了一种新的基于多模型自适应估计(multiple model adaptive estimation,MMAE)的滤波方法。该方法利用改进的卡尔曼滤波代替传统的卡尔曼滤波,比如扩展卡尔曼滤波(extended Kalman filter,EKF)和无迹卡尔曼滤波(unscented Kalman filter,UKF)。EKF和UKF被用来作为多模型自适应估计的子滤波器,从而实现对非线性系统的状态估计。同时,还将该方法应用于基于弹道导弹模型的组合导航中实现了系统仿真。仿真结果表明,与传统的EKF和UKF算法比较,改进的滤波方法可以解决传统模型滤波器适应性差的问题,并提高系统的导航精度。     

基于SSUKF的航天器自主导航算法

针对航天器自主导航系统对稳定性、精确性和实时性的要求,将超球面分布采 样点变换SSUT(Spherical Simplex Unscented Transformation)和Unscented卡尔曼滤波(UK F)相结合,研究了基于SSUT的UKF(SSUKF)导航滤波算法.由于SSUT减少了采样点个 数,在保证滤波精度和标准UKF相当的条件下减轻了计算负担.根据UKF和扩展卡尔曼滤波(E KF)计算过程相似的特点,设计了SSUKF和EKF相结合的混合卡尔曼滤波算法.算法通过能够 度量估计误差的模式切换函数,可以自适应地在SSUKF和EKF之间切换,避免了UKF计算效率低 以及EKF对滤波参数敏感、容易发散的缺点.数值仿真结果表明,混合卡尔曼滤波器提高了 计算效率,保证了估计精度,具有良好的鲁棒性,适合于航天器自主导航系统.      

微小推力下小卫星的轨道递推与推力标定

针对采用微小推力进行轨道机动的小卫星,考虑复杂摄动力的基础设计了一种高精度轨道外推和推力在轨标定算法.首先,建立了考虑地球复杂摄动力和微小推力的小卫星轨道动力学模型;然后基于动力学模型,利用变步长龙格库塔算法,设计了对微小推力小卫星进行高精度轨道外推的方法.随后通过无迹卡尔曼滤波器(UKF),设计在轨标定算法,对存在误...     

多敏感器卫星姿态确定的联邦滤波器设计

针对由惯性测量组件、星敏感器、数字式太阳敏感器和红外地球敏感器构成的卫星姿态确定系统 ,提出采用联邦滤波器进行信息融合。设计了多敏感器信息融合的联邦滤波器结构和算法 ,推导了卫星姿态确定的误差状态方程和各子系统的量测方程。仿真分析结果表明 ,采用联邦滤波器对多敏感器卫星姿态确定系统进行信息融合 ,能够以较小的计算量实现高精度的信息融合 ,并且还能使高精度的信息融合具备容错性能     

一种模型误差鲁棒的卫星姿态确定方法

提出一种结合非线性预测滤波和二阶插值滤波实现基于星光/陀螺的高精度姿态确定的新算法.该算法用非线性预测滤波估计模型误差,再对补偿后的模型用高精度的二阶插值滤波来估计姿态参数.解决了在卫星实际运行中难以获得姿态确定系统的精确动力学模型,采用传统EKF(Extended Kalman Filter)将模型误差作为零均值白噪声处理,导致滤波精度降低甚至发散的问题.同时,二阶插值滤波将非线性模型按照二阶近似,无需计算函数偏导数,得到高精度的卫星姿态估计.仿真验证了该方法能有效地实时估计并补偿模型误差,提高了姿态估计的精度,且估计精度受滤波周期的影响不大,从而验证了算法的鲁棒性和有效性.      

混合式惯导系统姿态四元数连续自标定模型

混合式惯导系统作为一种新型惯导系统,具有三轴全姿态物理平台、捷联姿态算法和系统装机自标定等特点。针对以上特点,为提高其导航定位精度,在混合式惯导系统框架角约束方程的基础上,利用姿态四元数代替欧拉角描述混合式惯导系统中三轴物理平台的转动,建立了一种混合式惯导系统姿态四元数连续自标定模型对其进行误差系数标定。针对该模型的特点,对传统的无迹卡尔曼滤波（UKF）算法进行改进,提出了一种基于奇异值分解的四元数无迹卡尔曼滤波（SVD-QUKF）算法进行模型误差系数辨识。仿真和试验结果表明,基于SVD-QUKF算法,四元数连续自标定模型能够以低于1%的相对误差标定出混合式惯导系统所有的误差系数,在标定精度和计算速度上相比基于传统UKF算法的框架角自标定模型都具有一定优势。      

Autonomous satellite navigation using starlight refraction angle measurements

An on-board autonomous navigation capability is required to reduce the operation costs and enhance the navigation performance of future satellites. Autonomous navigation by stellar refraction is a type of autonomous celestial navigation method that uses high-accuracy star sensors instead of Earth sensors to provide information regarding Earth’s horizon. In previous studies, the refraction apparent height has typically been used for such navigation. However, the apparent height cannot be measured directly by a star sensor and can only be calculated by the refraction angle and an atmospheric refraction model. Therefore, additional errors are introduced by the uncertainty and nonlinearity of atmospheric refraction models, which result in reduced navigation accuracy and reliability. A new navigation method based on the direct measurement of the refraction angle is proposed to solve this problem. Techniques for the determination of the refraction angle are introduced, and a measurement model for the refraction angle is established. The method is tested and validated by simulations. When the starlight refraction height ranges from 20 to 50 km, a positioning accuracy of better than 100 m can be achieved for a low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellite using the refraction angle, while the positioning accuracy of the traditional method using the apparent height is worse than 500 m under the same conditions. Furthermore, an analysis of the factors that affect navigation accuracy, including the measurement accuracy of the refraction angle, the number of visible refracted stars per orbit and the installation azimuth of star sensor, is presented. This method is highly recommended for small satellites in particular, as no additional hardware besides two star sensors is required.     

基于UKF的雷达高度计自主定轨

探讨了利用推广卡尔曼滤波估计非线性系统状态时存在的问题,从而介绍了目前广泛使用的分步逼近的卡尔曼滤波(UKF,Unscented Kalman Filter).为了提高导航的可靠性和准确性,在星敏感器导航系统中引入雷达高度计作为一个新的测量设备,提出了一种基于星上雷达测高仪及星敏感器联合进行卫星自主定轨的算法.建立了比较复杂的地球海平面模型,并考虑了其中风生重力波的影响. 利用雷达测高仪的测量结果和地球形状模型,计算地心矢量在卫星本体中坐标系的方向.利用UKF滤波定轨算法,明显提高了自主定轨的精度.数值仿真结果表明,UKF定轨精度要远优于推广卡尔曼滤波.      

超低轨道地球卫星脉冲星/星光折射/光谱组合导航

针对超低轨道地球卫星导航自主需求,提出了一种脉冲星/星光折射/光谱测速组合天文导航方法。首先根据地球超低轨道卫星运行轨道动力学方程建立导航系统状态模型;分别根据脉冲到达时间差和星光折射角与天体光谱频率建立导航系统量测模型;使用Unscented卡尔曼滤波方法,降低随机误差对导航精度的影响,使用基于UKF的信息融合方法,有效融合了三种天文导航方法结果数据。经计算机仿真分析,该组合导航方法位置导航误差均值为85.62m,速度误差均值0.190m/s,能够满足超低轨道地球卫星在轨运行导航需求。     

基于UPF滤波的微小航天器姿态矩阵估计方法

针对基于惯性-星光姿态确定系统噪声存在非高斯分布的情况,提出了将离散粒子滤波(UPF)方法应用于定姿系统滤波器设计,该方法用离散卡尔曼滤波(UKF)得到粒子滤波的重要采样函数,从而克服扩展卡尔曼滤波(EKF)和UKF只能应用到噪声为高斯分布的不足。文章以微机电系统(MEMS)陀螺和互补性金属氧化物半导体有源像素图像传感器(CMOS APS)星敏感器为姿态敏感器件,选取基于矢量观测的最小参数姿态矩阵估计方法为定姿算法,提出将UPF与最小参数姿态矩阵估计方法结合,设计了一种针对微小航天器的UPF姿态估计器,采用从MEMS陀螺采集的数据进行了半物理仿真并对其特性进行了分析与比较。仿真比较结果表明:在敏感器精度较差并且系统噪声非高斯分布的情况下,这种基于UPF的姿态估计方法可以取得比EKF和UKF更快的滤波收敛性和更好的滤波精度,有效地提高了定姿性能。     

编队飞行卫星群相对轨道测量研究

编队飞行卫星群自主式相对轨道测量和确定是绕飞轨道的关键技术之一,考虑了利用星敏感器和雷达以及利用GPS(Global Positioning System)信号来进行相对定轨的传统方式,提出了基于伪卫星技术的定轨方案.伪卫星技术指在卫星上安装载波发生器和接收器,利用这些装置来进行卫星间的距离测量.在这些方案中,应用了差分GPS技术,采用优化方法求解多元非线性方程.这些测量方法分别适应于不同的情况.利用相对轨道要素的概念,在前面测量结果的基础上,通过卡尔曼滤波进一步提高了定轨精度.仿真计算表明这些方案可以满足不同尺度编队构型保持要求,并给出了部分结果.     

基于联合滤波器的高精度卫星定姿系统设计

设计了由陀螺、GPS姿态敏感器、红外地平仪和太阳敏感器构成的太阳同步极轨卫星姿态确定系统。提出联邦滤波器结构和算法,推导了各子系统的量测方程和姿态确定系统的误差状态方程。为规避对量测值进行非相关处理,采用减小GPS姿态敏感器输出的姿态滤波值作为系统滤波器量测值的频率的方法。仿真结果表明,采用联邦滤波器对多敏感器卫星姿态确定系统进行信息融合,具有计算量小、精度高、可靠性好等优点。