China-Venezuela Space Cooperation Benefits and Review

For the last 10 years,the Venezuelan aerospace industry has been constantly growing,and it is to be expected to continue in the same way in the future.China and its space industry,as the main partner for most of the ongoing Venezuelan space projects from their beginning,has been an important player in their development and may continue acting as one of the most important partners not only for the Venezuelan aerospace industry but also for other Latin-American countries' aerospace industries.ABAE(Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities) together with the related Chinese aerospace companies,with the guidance and help of CGWIC,has been constantly improving its cooperation methods,regarding technical work flows as well as management activities,especially for the latest's space projects under development,namely the CIDE(Venezuelan Design,Assembly,Integration and Testing Center) and VRSS-2(Venezuelan Remote Sensing Satellite-2) programs.Provided that there is a deeper and stronger cooperation in the future,partnership and friendship of the different scientists,experts and leaders from the space sectors of both countries,will be improved and strengthened for the development of both nations social welfare.     

Global and European challenges for space law at the edge of the 21st century

An international symposium, ‘Global and European Challenges for Air and Space Law at the Edge of the 21st Century’, organised by the Institute of Air and Space Law (Cologne) and the German Aerospace Center (DLR), took place from 8 to 10 June 2005 in Cologne. The conference assembled space law experts from industry, academic and international institutions world-wide. Areas of discussion were national space legislation, the current relationship of ESA and the EU, and common issues in air and space law with regard to future aerospace applications. This report examines the common denominators underlying all these three areas.     

Space really matters: The annual BROHP conference

The conference began with The Charles Martin Lecture, given this year by George Abbey, formerly Director of the NASA Johnson Spaceflight Center. George spoke of the significant contribution of British scientists and engineers to the early days of NASA. He was followed by an ebullient tour d’horizon from the admirable Dr David Southwood, Head of Science at ESA. Lucie Green from Mullard Space Science Laboratory (MSSL), who is leading the outreach component of the International Heliophysical Year, then brought the first session to a close. The conference then split into three parallels.     

数字化码同步器 DBS530 性能分析

介绍美国洛克希德马丁（ＬＯＣＫＨＥＥＤＭＡＲＴＩＮ）公司生产的数字化码同步器ＤＢＳ５３０的工作原理及电路组成，对其输入自动增益控制、直流基线恢复、相位误差提取及码元判决、环路滤波、频率合成等电路进行了较为详尽的分析，最后给出样机的误码性能测试数据。结果表明，ＤＢＳ５３０的实现方法是值得借鉴的，它为国内高码率数字化码同步器的研制又提供了一条可供选择的新途径。     

Dream project: Applications of earth observations to disaster risk management

The field of disaster risk management is relatively new and takes a structured approach to managing uncertainty related to the threat of natural and man-made disasters. Disaster risk management consists primarily of risk assessment and the development of strategies to mitigate disaster risk. This paper will discuss how increasing both Earth observation data and information technology capabilities can contribute to disaster risk management, particularly in Belize. The paper presents the results and recommendations of a project conducted by an international and interdisciplinary team of experts at the 2009 session of the International Space University in NASA Ames Research Center (California, USA). The aim is to explore the combination of current, planned and potential space-aided, airborne, and ground-based Earth observation tools, the emergence of powerful new web-based and mobile data management tools, and how this combination can support and improve the emerging field of disaster risk management. The starting point of the project was the World Bank’s Comprehensive Approach to Probabilistic Risk Assessment (CAPRA) program, focused in Central America. This program was used as a test bed to analyze current space technologies used in risk management and develop new strategies and tools to be applied in other regions around the world.     

National Space Biomedical Research Institute Education and Public Outreach Program: Education for the next generation of space explorers

The National Space Biomedical Research Institute (NSBRI) Education and Public Outreach Program (EPOP) is supporting the National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) new vision for space exploration by educating and inspiring the next generation of students through a seamless pipeline of kindergarten through postdoctoral education programs. NSBRI EPOP initiatives are designed to train scientists and to communicate the significance of NSBRI science, as well as other space exploration science, to schools, families and lay audiences. The NSBRI EPOP team is comprised of eight main partners: Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Binghamton University–State University of New York (BUSUNY), Colorado Consortium for Earth and Space Science Education (CCESSE), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Morehouse School of Medicine (MSM), Mount Sinai School of Medicine (MSSM), Rice University and the University of Texas Medical Branch (RU–UTMB), and Texas A&M University (TAMU). The current kindergarten through undergraduate college (K-16) team, which was funded through an open national competition in 2004, consolidates the past 7 years of K-16 education activities and expands the team's outreach activities to more museums and science centers across the nation. NSBRI also recently expanded its education mission to include doctoral and postdoctoral level programs. This paper describes select K-16 EPOP activities and products developed over the past 7 years, and reports on new activities planned for the next 3 years. The paper also describes plans for a doctoral program and reports on 1st-year outcomes of the new postdoctoral program.     

The real aerospace plane

In this article reproduced from Aerospace, Spring 1986, James Haggerty reports on the US National Aerospace Plane (NASP) research programme. NASP is a joint Department of Defense/NASA programme to develop and demonstrate the technologies for a revolutionary class of aerospace vehicles, powered by airbreathing engines, that would have the capability to take off from and land horizontally on standard runways, cruise in the atmosphere at hypersonic speeds, or fly into low-Earth orbit. The Air Force has been named executive agency for the programme. NASA is charged with overall technology direction. Other DoD participants include DARPA, the Navy and the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization.

In April 1986, the USAF awarded development contracts to seven aerospace manufacturing firms. Contracts for air-frame design went to Boeing Aerospace Company, Lockheed Advanced Aeronautics Company, General Dynamics Corporation, McDonnell Douglas Corporation and Rockwell International Corporation. General Electric Company and Pratt & Whitney Division of United Technologies were awarded propulsion contracts.     

STARDUST: finessing expensive cometary sample returns

The STARDUST Discovery mission will collect samples of cometary coma and interstellar dust and return them to Earth. Five years after launch in February 1999, coma dust in the 1- to 100-micrometers size range will be captured by impact into ultra-low-density silica aerogel during a 6 kms-1 flyby of Comet Wild 2. The returned samples will be investigated at laboratories where the most critical information on these primitive materials is retained. The Jet Propulsion Laboratory will provide project management with Lockheed Martin Astronauts as the spacecraft industrial partner. STARDUST management will aggressively and innovatively achieve cost control through the use of Total Quality Management principles, the chief of which will be organization in a Project Engineering and Integration Team that "flattens" the traditional hierarchical structure by including all project elements from the beginning, in a concurrent engineering framework focusing on evolving Integrated Mission Capability.     

先进镁合金材料及其在航空航天领域中的应用

文章介绍了上海交通大学轻合金精密成型国家工程研究中心在先进镁合金材料与成型工艺的研究进展,重点介绍了JDM1和JDM2两种镁合金新材料的显微组织与强化机制,详细介绍了涂层转移精密铸造技术、大型铸件低压铸造技术、大型锻件成型技术和表面超声波阳极氧化技术等4种镁合金成型新工艺,最后介绍了JDM1和JDM2合金及成型新工艺在我国航空航天领域中的应用。     

认知电子战探析

随着"认知"概念的提出,"认知无线电"和"认知雷达"逐步被相关领域的专家认可并进行深入研究,雷达、通信设备开始逐步向认知方向发展。为了对抗未来可能出现的这些设备,业内的专家提出了"认知电子战"这个概念。美国DARPA等已经开始对认知电子战进行研究和验证。简述了认知电子战的概念和主要内容,着重介绍美军近年来主要的认知电子战研究项目以及发展认知电子战装备的主要技术难点,最后分析了认知电子战对航天电子对抗技术发展的影响。     

脉冲涡流无损检测技术及其用于航空航天材料缺陷检测的研究进展

对飞行器材料内部缺陷情况的及时有效检测,可实现对飞行器等重要器件材料缺陷而引起的风险作出预判,避免航空航天事故的发生。文章在回顾脉冲涡流无损检测基本原理的基础上,综述了该技术的国内外相关研究进展及其在航空航天材料缺陷检测中的应用。进而结合北京航空航天大学相关实验室的研究项目,介绍了基于超导量子干涉仪的脉冲涡流无损检测在微小缺陷检测方面的优势、相关技术和初步实验结果。     

Desert RATS 2011: Human and robotic exploration of near-Earth asteroids

The Desert Research and Technology Studies (D-RATS) 2011 field test involved the planning and execution of a series of exploration scenarios under operational conditions similar to those expected during a human exploration mission to a near-Earth asteroid (NEA). The focus was on understanding the operations tempo during simulated NEA exploration and the implications of communications latency and limited data bandwidth. Anchoring technologies and sampling techniques were not evaluated due to the immaturity of those technologies and the inability to meaningfully test them at D-RATS. Reduced gravity analogs and simulations are being used to fully evaluate Space Exploration Vehicle (SEV) and extravehicular (EVA) operations and interactions in near-weightlessness at a NEA as part of NASA's integrated analogs program. Hypotheses were tested by planning and performing a series of 1-day simulated exploration excursions comparing test conditions all of which involved a single Deep Space Habitat (DSH) and either 0, 1, or 2 SEVs; 3 or 4 crewmembers; 1 of 2 different communications bandwidths; and a 50-second each-way communications latency between the field site and Houston. Excursions were executed at the Black Point Lava Flow test site with a remote Mission Control Center and Science Support Room at Johnson Space Center (JSC) being operated with 50-second each-way communication latency to the field. Crews were composed of astronauts and professional field geologists. Teams of Mission Operations and Science experts also supported the mission simulations each day. Data were collected separately from the Crew, Mission Operations, and Science teams to assess the test conditions from multiple perspectives. For the operations tested, data indicates practically significant benefits may be realized by including at least one SEV and by including 4 versus 3 crewmembers in the NEA exploration architecture as measured by increased scientific data quality, EVA exploration time, capability assessment ratings, and consensus acceptability ratings provided by Crew, Mission Operations, and Science teams. A combination of text and voice was used to effectively communicate over the communications latency, and increased communication bandwidth yielded a small but practically significant improvement in overall acceptability as rated by the Science team, although the impact of bandwidth on scientific strategic planning and public outreach was not assessed. No effect of increased bandwidth was observed with respect to Crew or Mission Operations team ratings of overall acceptability.     

Speculating on space futures

A volunteer group of engineers and scientists at NASA's Lewis Research Center is trying to push the frontiers of aerospace science and technology beyond the realm of conventional methods and concepts. The first step is to provide a supportive environment for ideas that are too speculative or high risk to warrant formal organizational responsibility. This report describes the motivation, birth and experiences of this group.     

海运及沿海发射期间航天产品的腐蚀风险与应对策略

海南发射场投入运行在即,在此发射的航天器在海运和发射场期间将面临着腐蚀的风险。文章对比了海南发射场与酒泉、西昌、太原等内陆发射场的腐蚀环境差异,例举了NASA肯尼迪航天中心在海运和发射场期间航天产品的腐蚀案例,分析了我国未来航天器在海运和海南发射场期间的腐蚀风险,并根据NASA、ESA对沿海发射场航天器腐蚀的应对策略,提出了相应的防腐蚀建议与措施。     

NEEMO 15: Evaluation of human exploration systems for near-Earth asteroids

The NASA Extreme Environment Mission Operations (NEEMO) 15 mission was focused on evaluating techniques for exploring near-Earth asteroids (NEAs). It began with a University of Delaware autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) systematically mapping the coral reef for hundreds of meters surrounding the Aquarius habitat. This activity is akin to the type of “far-field survey” approach that may be used by a robotic precursor in advance of a human mission to a NEA. Data from the far-field survey were then examined by the NEEMO science team and follow-up exploration traverses were planned, which used Deepworker single-person submersibles. Science traverses at NEEMO 15 were planned according to a prioritized list of objectives developed by the science team. These objectives were based on review and discussion of previous related marine science research, including previous marine science saturation missions conducted at the Aquarius habitat. AUV data were used to select several areas of scientific interest. The Deepworker science traverses were then executed at these areas of interest during 4 days of the NEEMO 15 mission and provided higher resolution data such as coral species distribution and mortality. These traverses are analogous to the “near-field survey” approach that is expected to be performed by a Multi-Mission Space Exploration Vehicle (MMSEV) during a human mission to a NEA before extravehicular activities (EVAs) are conducted. In addition to the science objectives that were pursued, the NEEMO 15 traverses provided an opportunity to test newly developed software and techniques. Sample collection and instrument deployment on the NEA surface by EVA crew would follow the “near-field survey” in a human NEA mission. Sample collection was not necessary for the purposes of the NEEMO science objectives; however, the engineering and operations objectives during NEEMO 15 were to evaluate different combinations of vehicles, crew members, tools, and equipment that could be used to perform these science objectives on a NEA. Specifically, the productivity and acceptability of simulated NEA exploration activities were systematically quantified and compared when operating with different combinations of crew sizes and exploration systems including MMSEVs, EVA jet packs, and EVA translation devices. Data from NEEMO 15 will be used in conjunction with data from software simulations, parametric analysis, other analog field tests, anchoring models, and integrated testing at Johnson Space Center to inform the evolving architectures and exploration systems being developed by the Human Spaceflight Architecture Team.     

Integrated design systems — capturing, reusing and optimizing design methods in new millennium

An important goal of New Millennium is to research new methods of performing spacecraft and mission design. We have completed the first phase of our effort on how to make design tools such as analysis programs more available. We are now embarking with Stanford University on discovering methods to allow more project history and knowledge to be automatically captured and reused and with Ames Research Center on how to use virtual reality to enhance the visualization of new missions before any hardware exists. We are also trying to capture the design process in an electronic form so that computer aided optimization may lead to a vastly greater search of the possible designs which meet the design requirements.     

US–Russian cooperation in human spaceflight: assessing the impacts

How far the broad security, political and economic goals behind the USA's invitation to Russia to participate in the International Space Station have been achieved is assessed in this synthesis of the views of a range of experts in Russian affairs and US foreign and national security policy. The article covers the impacts of cooperation on the Russian aerospace industrial base, on nonproliferation issues and on overall US–Russian relations. Various themes are identified—such as Russian ambivalence over embracing Western norms—and while the experts agreed on certain subjects, there was no overall unanimity.     

ISU design projects summarized: Desertification-the global challenge

As part of the first Master of Space Studies degree, begun in 1995 and run by the International Space University (ISU), students were required to complete team design projects encompassing the theme of ‘Space of service to humanity’. Below we present summaries of two of the projects: the Space Assisted Network against Desertification (SAND) and the Distant Operational Care Center (DOCC). The first investigates ways countries affected by desertification can gain easier access to high resolution data on the problem. The second provides a model of a remote integrated medical facility capable of treating injured astronauts and others in remote locations.     

NASA'S Robotic Lunar Lander Development Project

Over the last 5 years, NASA has invested in development and risk-reduction activities for a new generation of planetary landers capable of carrying instruments and technology demonstrations to the lunar surface and other airless bodies. The Robotic Lunar Lander Development Project (RLLDP) is jointly implemented by NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) and the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (APL). The RLLDP team has produced mission architecture designs for multiple airless body missions to meet both science and human precursor mission needs. The mission architecture concept studies encompass small, medium, and large landers, with payloads from a few tens of kilograms to over 1000 kg, to the Moon and other airless bodies. To mature these concepts, the project has made significant investments in technology risk reduction in focused subsystems. In addition, many lander technologies and algorithms have been tested and demonstrated in an integrated systems environment using free-flying test articles. These design and testing investments have significantly reduced development risk for airless body landers, thereby reducing overall risk and associated costs for future missions.     

美国空间态势感知系统发展现状及趋势分析

空间态势感知(SSA)是航天电子对抗的重点内容之一,SSA项目的研发已引起极大的关注.简要介绍了美国<2020年空军条令>中有关SSA的规划,重点讨论美国在研的几种SSA系统现状,明确了其未来的SSA是响应型.最后,分析了未来的响应型SSA.