3,4-双(3',5'-二硝基苯-1'-基)氧化呋咱的热 行为和非等温热分解动力学研究

为了评价含能材料3,4-双(3',5 '-二硝基苯-l'-基)氧化呋咱(BDPF)的热稳定性和安全性,采用DSC、PDSC和'G/DTG方法对其进行了热行为及非等温热分解动力学研究.通过Kissinger和Ozawa's法得到常压下热分解反应的动力学参数(Ea和A)为180.46 kJ·mol-1和1015.29 s-...     

α'-AlH_3的制备及形成研究

以LiAlH_4和AICI_3为原料,通过乙醚法制备了AlH_3,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线粉末颜射(XRD),研究了制备条件对产物形貌、晶型的影响规律。结果表明,氢化铝醚合物高温脱醚时,混合溶剂中乙醚比例是影响AlH_3晶型及形貌的主要因素,当结晶时,体系中乙醚不能及时除去,会导致α'-AlH_3的形成,且AlH_3形貌逐渐由立方体变成绒球状。伴生的α'型对AlH_3室温存储稳定性及安全性有较大影响,α'型存在加快AlH_3在室温下分解,且使得样品摩擦感度升高。     

大气密度对运载火箭飞行的qαmax精度影响及建模分析

基于运载火箭是在真实大气密度中飞行,本文以2017年8月1日-2019年7月31日高垂直分辨率探空资料为例,分析参考大气密度与真实大气密度、以及对应的qαmax之间差异特征,最后建立订正模型,研究结果表明:1)密度偏差、相对偏差随高度变化特征与季节有关,有较明显的年内变化特征;2)qαmax偏差随时间呈现"M"字型变化...     

Artificial equilibrium points for a solar balloon in the α Centauri system

This paper discusses the generation, stability, and control of artificial equilibrium points for a solar balloon spacecraft in the α Centauri A and B binary star system. The continuous propulsive acceleration provided by a solar balloon is shown to be able to modify the position of the (classical) Lagrangian equilibrium points of the three-body system on a locus whose geometrical form is known analytically. A linear stability analysis reveals that the new generated equilibrium points are usually unstable, but part of them can be stabilized with a simple feedback control logic.     

防静电Kapton二次表面镜的电子辐照效应

文章研究防静电Kapton二次表面镜（ITO/Kapton/Al）在不同能量电子辐照后,太阳吸收比退化情况,并利用X射线光电子能谱仪（XPS）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对样品表面的成分和形貌进行了分析。结果表明,相同电子注量下,电子能量越高,对样品的太阳吸收率退化作用越大;电子辐照对样品表面形貌影响不大,但是会降低表面氧化铟锡的含量;不同能量的电子对样品表面成分的损伤效应是一致的。     

Ultraviolet studies of the interplanetary and local interstellar medium

A review of the last results of UV observations in the interplanetary space of neutral hydrogen and neutral helium in resonance lines HI λ1215.7 Å and HeI λ584 Å is presented. The history of discovery of the interstellar wind effect is expounded in the review, and interaction of the solar wind with the interstellar medium is briefly described. Models of the inner-heliospheric distribution of emissivity in the lines HI λ1215.7 Å and HeI λ584 Å are discussed, and possibilities of getting the solar wind parameters from UV observations in the L _α line are considered. Currently accepted parameters of the local interstellar medium are presented. The parameters obtained are compared with those derived from non-optical measurements.     

Distribution and stable isotopic composition of amino acids from fungal peptaibiotics: assessing the potential for meteoritic contamination

The presence of nonprotein α-dialkyl-amino acids such as α-aminoisobutyric acid (α-AIB) and isovaline (Iva), which are considered to be relatively rare in the terrestrial biosphere, has long been used as an indication of the indigeneity of meteoritic amino acids. However, recent work showing the presence of α-AIB and Iva in peptides produced by a widespread group of filamentous fungi indicates the possibility of a terrestrial biotic source for the α-AIB observed in some meteorites. We measured the amino acid distribution and stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of four α-AIB-containing fungal peptides and compared this data to similar meteoritic measurements. We show that the relatively simple distribution of the C(4) and C(5) amino acids in fungal peptides is distinct from the complex distribution observed in many carbonaceous chondrites. We also identify potentially diagnostic relationships between the stable isotopic compositions of pairs of amino acids from the fungal peptides that may aid in ruling out fungal contamination as a source of meteoritic amino acids.     

BPFER/DSX体系固化反应动力学与热性能

采用DSC研究了有机硅固化剂1,3-二氨丙基-1,1,3,3-四甲基二硅氧烷(DSX)与双酚F环氧树脂(BPFER)的固化动力学。BPFER/DSX体系的非等温固化反应曲线和dα/dt-t曲线表明,该反应符合自催化反应模型的基本特征。T-β曲线预测的固化工艺的凝胶温度、固化温度和后固化温度分别为36、87、138℃。采用E变量法分析得该体系的固化反应表观活化能为46.70～50.54 kJ/mol,与Starink、Kissinger、Ozawa、Boswell等方程的验证结果基本一致。采用E常量法求得该体系不同升温速率下的固化反应动力学方程,动力学方程预测值与实验值十分吻合。TG和DTG曲线表明,BPFER/DSX固化物的耐热性优于BPFER/DDM固化物。     

Material performance under combined stresses in the hard space environment of the sunprobe helios-a

The Sun mission of the German-US-sunprobe HELIOS-A, the first man-made satellite which approaches the Sun as close as 0.3 AU, covers now more than half a sun-cycle.Therefore the long term behaviour of surface materials which usually are applied on spacecraft as aluminized Teflon, Second-Surface-Mirrors (SSM) made from fused silica and Solar Cells (SC), under extreme stresses and combined loads, shall be evaluated.Based upon the temperature readings of the house-keeping data from HELIOS, a semi-quantitative relationship between the different loads (e.g. radiation, solar wind) and the spacecraft response was established using the results of the first four orbits.From these temperatures, α(t, T)-values were calculated. The related changes of the absorptance values are interpreted in terms of degradation and contamination of the surface materials concerned. Here, not only physico-chemical considerations and models but also the results from thorough ground tests are used to describe the experienced effects by a semi-theoretical function.Taking the derived α(t, T)-values, temperatures are calculated and a long term prediction for 20 orbits is made. The predicted temperature values are compared with the housekeeping data of 15 orbits, i.e. until 1982; the deviations are explained and the validity of the chosen model discussed.     

Etherospermia: Conceptual art,science and allegory in the sky-seeding project

This paper presents the practice of the artist/researcher Ioannis Michaloudis. It showcases his use of a space technology nanomaterial, silica aerogel, and its potential in the cultural utilization of space. Since 2001, his projects have centered around the esthetic, sculptural and conceptual use of silica aerogel. For Michaloudis, this material is highly allegorical of what he terms ‘our breaking sky’. For the authors, the step towards space is a real ‘bridge moment’, analogous to the evolutionary progression of organisms from water to earth. In this current era of space exploration, it is clear that humans need to develop new organs and survival skills – or, cultivate new skies in response to the breaking of our atmosphere?s dome. It is also clear that science and art need to collaborate more productively. To this end, it is argued that allegory provides the link between imaginability, experiment and representation in both scientific and artistic practices. Etherospermia (εθεροσπερμ?α) is an invented word from ether and panspermia. The Etherospermia project pursues, allegorically, the creation of new atmospheres on other planets, in order to draw attention to the degradation and destruction of the earth?s protective veil. Imagine an astronaut who, during a space walk, scatters fragments of Michaloudis? silica aerogel as seed material to alter the atmospheres of other planets, making them habitable. The paper discusses nine artworks as a way of presenting the conceptual core of the etherospermia allegory.     

Investigation of nuclear electric powered interstellar precursor missions

Nuclear Electric Propulsion (NEP) is a technology conceptually proposed since the 1940s by E. Stuhlinger in Germany. The JIMO mission originally planned by NASA in the early 2000s produced at least two designs of ion thrusters fed by a 20–30 kW nuclear powerplant. When compared to conventional (chemical) propulsion, the major advantage of NEP in the JIMO context was recognized to be the much higher I_sp (lab-tested at up to 15,000 s) and the capability for sustained power generation, up to 8–10 years when derated to I_sp about 8000 s.The goal of this paper is to show that current or near term NEP technology enables missions far beyond our immediate interplanetary backyard. In fact, by extending the semi-analytical approach used by Stuhlinger, with reasonable ratios α≡power/mass of the propulsion system (i.e., 0.1– 0.4 kW/kg), missions to the Kuiper Belt (40 AU and beyond) and even the so-called FOCAL mission (at 540 AU) become feasible with an attractive payload fraction and in times of order 10–15 years.Further results regarding missions to Sedna’s perihelion/aphelion, and to Oort’s cloud will also be presented, showing the constraints affecting their feasibility and mass budget.     

Solar flare with a surge: Scenario,energy budget,and forecast

Based on the analysis of solar events on August 18, 1995 (SN/C1.9 limb event) and September 23, 1998 (3B/M6.9 disk event) we suggest a new scenario of a solar flare with a surge in which the return motion of a surge is a cause of additional energy release and formation of a second system of solar flare ribbons. Observations in H_α line and data on X-ray emission fluxes in the range 1–8 Å and 0.5–4 Å are supplemented for the second case by the data in line 1550 Å. The scenario specifies two stages of development. During the first one the energy release proceeds in the current layer, which makes provisions both for acceleration of eruption upward from the solar surface and for the flare itself, including flare region heating, and radiation and thermal conductance losses. The second stage of the flare is supplied with energy due to a fall of the surge substance onto the chromosphere. The second pair of flare ribbons observed at this stage is suggested as a chromospheric criterion of realization of this scenario for disk flares. The energy released during the first stage of the flare on September 23, 1998 was equal to ～3 · 10³¹ erg. Its part consumed on flare processes is about ～0.5 · 10³¹ erg. The remaining part representing the eruption energy is consistent in order of magnitude with a calculated value of the flare energy on the second stage, which does not contradict the suggested scenario. Early recognition of such a scenario for flares on the disk can be used for prompt space weather forecast. In particular, a flare with a surge allows one to predict the absence of a bright core in a coronal mass ejection.     

On Saturn’s rotation relative to a center of mass under the action of the gravitational moments of the Sun and Jupiter

Saturn’s rotation relative to a center of mass is considered within an elliptic restricted three-body problem. It is assumed that Saturn is a solid under the action of gravity of the Sun and Jupiter. The motions of Saturn and Jupiter are considered elliptic with small eccentricities e_S and e_J, respectively; the mean motion of Jupiter n_J is also small. We obtain the averaged Hamiltonian function for a small parameter of ε = n_J and integrals of evolution equations. The main effects of the influence of Jupiter on Saturn’s rotation are described: (α) the evolution of the constant parameters of regular precession for the angular momentum vector I₂; (β) the occurrence of new libration zones of oscillations I₂ near the plane of the celestial equator parallel to the plane of the Jupiter’s orbit; (γ) the occurrence of additional unstable equilibria of vector I₂ at the points of the north and south poles of the celestial sphere and, as a result, the existence of homoclinic trajectories; and (δ) the existence of periodic trajectories with arbitrarily large periods near the homoclinic trajectory. It is shown that the effects of (β), (γ), and (δ) are caused by the eccentricity e of the Jupiter’s orbit and are practically independent of Jupiter’s mass (within satellite approximation).     

基于“OODA环”优化的卫星导航定位安全与对抗应用研究

卫星导航定位设备的“生存”环境日益复杂、严峻,各类电子对抗、干扰欺骗十分激烈,人为干扰已成为卫星导航定位安全与对抗的重点。针对传统手段无法有效应对干扰复杂性、全面性、系统性的不足,本文在分析“OODA环”理论和实践转化的基础上,结合复杂环境下“干扰-抗干扰”的整体对抗过程,优化“OODA环”运行,将其与卫星导航定位安全与对抗应用进行耦合,提出基于“环境感知-筛选隔离-检测识别-效能评估-策略规划-对抗反制-回访反馈-再感知”的卫星导航定位安全与对抗不定向循环链路,并对拓展、映射的七个环节及关键技术进行分析、论证。通过引入“循环”和“不定向”两个概念,不仅实现了周期性外循环和部分环节内循环的嵌套迭代和导向性传输的运行机制;而且优化了内循环的自由度,使得各环节互联且独立、循环但不定向,有效增强了卫星导航定位安全与对抗的鲁棒性。本文的设计思路可加快实现循环链路的动态闭环,提高对抗的整体效能,在实践应用和技术论证中具有一定的参考价值。     

Iridium: failures & successes

This paper will provide an overview of the Iridium business venture in terms of the challenges faced, the successes achieved, and the causes of the ultimate failure of the venture — bankruptcy and system de-orbit. The paper will address technical, business, and policy issues. The intent of the paper is to provide a balanced and accurate overview of the Iridium experience, to aid future decision-making by policy makers, the business community, and technical experts. Key topics will include the history of the program, the objectives and decision-making of Motorola, the market research and analysis conducted, partnering strategies and their impact, consumer equipment availability, and technical issues — target performance, performance achieved, technical accomplishments, and expected and unexpected technical challenges. The paper will use as sources trade media and business articles on the Iridium program, technical papers and conference presentations, Wall Street analyst's reports, and, where possible, interviews with participants and close observers.     

固体发动机燃烧流动基础问题与研究建议

针对固体火箭发动机（SRM）的未来发展进行了探讨,提出了多学科协同的发动机总体设计优化技术、发动机精细化设计和性能精确调控技术、发动机虚拟试验与数字孪生技术以及发动机先进试验与测量技术是支撑固体发动机未来发展和应用的重要技术。为了实现固体发动机的细粒度建模、多维度设计和高精度仿真,在燃烧流动领域需要重点关注的基础问题包括：发动机环境下固体推进剂细观燃烧机理和燃烧模型、发动机内凝相运动行为模式及多相流输运规律、发动机非线性燃烧不稳定机理、凝相撞击壁面的行为模式和对壁面的力热作用规律、多相燃烧产物作用下绝热结构失效模式与破坏机理、多相燃烧产物生成与输运过程对能量转换的影响机理。最后提出了相关建议,以期更好地推动固体发动机燃烧流动领域的基础研究,更好地服务于固体发动机技术的未来发展。     

国外低轨物联网星座系统发展分析

随着地面移动通信系统的建设发展和移动互联网业务的爆发式增长,多样化的移动通信需求和应用场景不断涌现,传统的“人与人”之间的通信正在扩展向“人与物”、“物与物”的通信。物联网(internet of things, IoT)技术近年飞速发展,并已投入广泛建设和应用。卫星因其广域覆盖和抗毁性,比较适应于大区域数据采集和物联业务。近年来随着卫星通信技术能力的提升和产业链条的优化,商业航天蓬勃发展,天地一体成为趋势。天基物联网、天地融合物联网成为新的关注点。国际上近年来涌现出数十个天基物联网系统,部分已投入工程建设和应用,已在天基物联网的系统架构和体制设计上取得进展。针对卫星物联网技术发展和建设应用开展调研,对Orbcomm、Kepler、SpaceMobile、ELO等低轨星座物联网系统的建设规划、能力定位、系统架构、星座方案、通信技术、频率资源、市场应用等方面进行了全面分析,并对天基物联网星座系统的发展趋势和关键问题进行总结。     

空间仿生可变构智能感知网络技术

基于仿生集群系统感知功能与行为的视角,提出了空间感知网络的若干前沿科学问题,包括仿生可变构异构空间分布式智能感知网络设计、单星自主机动对准和协调操控、星群协同相对测量与控制等。在干扰对抗态势下,空间感知网络的生存智能需求是保持各节点的可变构型网络、异构分布式感知与协调控制,从抗扰、容错和节能等角度提出了未来智能感知网络所应具有的安全、绿色和免疫等特征。仿生空间感知网络的目标是通过可变构异构分布式星群设计,实现星群多源信息融合和“眼、耳、脑、体、群”的智能协调,提高感知网络的智能协调能力以及对于空地目标与空间态势的感知、理解、预判和机动处置能力。     

载人飞船交会对接及组合体模式下的数据管理

根据有人参与的交会对接任务,其飞行器间通信、遥测模式多变和手控参与多的数据管理特点,文章从两飞行器间的总线通信与并网管理、遥测管理、手控支持等方面,提出了在自主交会对接过程中和组合体状态下的数据管理解决途径,经过成功执行我国首次交会对接飞行任务,验证其合理可行,可靠性和安全性高,可满足交会对接数据管理需求。