刍议军人婚姻保护

经济、社会的发展和多元化,使军人婚姻和家庭稳定面对越来越多的现实挑战,这直接关系和影响到部队日常训练和作战能力.因此,加强和完善必要的法律和措施,切实保护军人在婚姻家庭方面的合法权益对于稳定部队、提升部队作战能力有着重要的现实意义.本文主要从军婚概念的界定、军婚现状及保护军婚的意义、措施方面入手,对这一问题进行分析和探...     

Optimization of measurements of the Earth’s radiation belt particle fluxes

The Earth’s radiation belts discovered at the end of the 1950s have great scientific and practical interest. Their main characteristics in magnetically quiet periods are well known. However, the dynamics of the Earth’s radiation belts during magnetic storms and substorms, particularly the dynamics of relativistic electrons of the outer belt, when Earth’s radiation belt particle fluxes undergo significant time variations, is studied insufficiently. At present, principally new experiments have been performed and planned with the intention to better study the dynamics of the Earth’s radiation belts and to operationally control the space-energy distributions of the Earth’s radiation belt particle fluxes. In this paper, for spacecraft designed to measure the fluxes of electrons and protons of the Earth’s radiation belts at altitudes of 0.5–10000 km, the optimal versions for detector orientation and orbital parameters have been considered and selected.     

A Study of the Destruction of Spacecraft Surfaces at Contact Interactions with Microparticles of the Space Environment

The results of studying the high-velocity impact interactions of a particle flux of space’s meteoric background with satellites have been presented. The effects that arises during the microparticle motion in the material have been described; the models of solid particle interactions with spacecraft’s onboard hardware protection have been presented. The experimental and analytical dependences have been given. The basic factors have been revealed, and their effect on the erosion wear of satellite’s surface has been estimated. The dependences for calculating the rectilinear (horizontal, inclined and vertical) sections of satellite’s surface have been given. The presented dependences represent the results of experimental and analytical studies.     

复杂电磁环境逼真构建的评价指标

以武器装备感受的复杂电磁环境为关注点,以等效构建复杂电磁环境的“干扰场景、干扰技术、干扰战术、干扰强度”四个构成要素为基础,提出了干扰场景符合性、干扰技术逼真度、干扰战术逼真度和干扰强度逼真度的评价指标及其计算方法,为评估复杂电磁环境构建的逼真性提供了量化指标。     

运载火箭摇摆发动机与全箭动力学特性耦合关系研究

针对运载火箭“摆动发动机-伺服回路”负载频率低,可能影响全箭弹性模态稳定性的问题,首先建立了包含“发动机-伺服回路”动力学模型的全箭动力学模型,分析了“发动机－伺服回路”负载频率对伺服机构传递函数和控制系统开环传递函数特性的影响,指出了“发动机－伺服回路”负载频率与箭体弹性模态之间的动力学耦合关系,给出了保证弹性模态稳定的谐振频率判据,最后计算了保证全箭弹性模态稳定的负载频率边界值,并通过仿真算例验证了结果的正确性。研究结果表明,“发动机－伺服回路”局部的负载频率通过惯性负载力矩作用与全箭弹性模态形成耦合,当负载频率位于上、下边界值范围之内时就会导致某些弹性模态不稳定,因此在实际工程中应对负载频率进行限制,以保证运载火箭的飞行安全。
     

非线性连接结构对一个典型卫星频率漂移的影响

文章针对一个典型的卫星桁架结构建立了三自由度运动模型,分别引入间隙非线性和Iwan模型描述了非线性连接结构;利用数值方法研究了系统的频率漂移,讨论了间隙大小、预紧力（重力）、系统阻尼、随机间隙及Iwan模型的参数对频率漂移的影响;对比了两种非线性连接结构下系统频率漂移的特点。研究表明,间隙结合预紧力条件可令结构呈现“硬弹簧-软弹簧”特性的频率漂移,迟滞和间隙两种非线性引起的频漂在幅频曲线上表现出不同的特点。     

Energetic electrons in the tail and transition region of the magnetosphere

A comparative analysis has been carried out of the parameters of energetic electrons in the tail of the Earth’s magnetosphere that belong to three sources, i.e., electrons of solar origin, electrons generated in the magnetosphere of Jupiter, and electrons in the Earth’s magnetosphere. The differences in the time profiles of fluxes and energy spectra of the three electron sources, their relation to fluxes outside the magnetosphere, and periods of the occurrence of electron fluxes of each type are considered.     

An alternative algorithm for the spacecraft information system with magnetometer and solar sensor

The possibility of identification of motion parameters of a low-orbit spacecraft using readings of a three-axis magnetometer and solar position sensor, without integration of the Euler’s dynamic equations or direct measurement of the object’s angular velocity, is considered.     

嫦娥一号卫星的初步科学成果与嫦娥二号卫星的使命

嫦娥一号卫星于2007年10月24日在西昌卫星发射中心成功发射,2009年3月1日受控落月,在轨运行495d,一共取得了1.37Tbyte的原始科学探测数据,在此基础上生产出4Tbyte科学应用数据产品。通过对这些科学探测数据的初步分析和应用研究,已经获得了包括＂我国首次月球探测工程全月球影像图＂等在内的一系列科学成果,圆满实现了预期的各项科学目标,为推动我国月球与行星科学的研究和后续月球探测工程的开展奠定了重要基础。嫦娥二号卫星在嫦娥一号卫星取得圆满成功之后,进行了一系列技术改进,作为探月二期工程的先导星,将于今年年底前发射升空。嫦娥二号卫星从发射到第一次近月制动所经历的时间由13d缩短为5d,环月轨道高度由200km降低为100km,CCD相机的像元分辨率由120m提高到10m,激光高度计测量月面高程由1次/s提高到5次/s。嫦娥二号卫星将重点开展对月面着陆区地形地貌的精细探测,试验验证相关关键技术,为探月二期月面软着陆奠定科学和技术基础。     

Influence of disturbances on the angular motion of a spacecraft in the powered section of its descent

The motion of a variable-mass spacecraft is considered in the powered section of a descending trajectory. Approximate analytical solutions are obtained for the angles of spatial orientation of the spacecraft, which allows one to analyze the nutation motion and to develop recommendations on the spacecraft’s mass configuration, providing the smallest possible deviations of the longitudinal axis and thrust vector from specified directions. The errors of stabilization of the spacecraft’s longitudinal axis are calculated by means of numerical integration of complete models and using the obtained analytical solutions, the results being in good agreement.     

基于STL的卫星可展开天线对太阳翼遮挡检测方法研究

卫星上天线尺寸越来越大,在轨展开后会对太阳翼产生遮挡。文章给出一种检测太阳翼电池片所受遮挡的方法。此方法首先分别提取天线和太阳翼电池片三维模型的STL（Stereo Lithographic）格式数据信息,STL数据包括三角形网格的法向矢量和三角形3个顶点的位置信息。然后根据需要对电池片的STL数据进行插值处理,并按照太阳翼转动角度和太阳光与太阳翼法向夹角的变化对天线的STL数据进行后续处理。之后,判断电池片的三角形网格与天线三角形网格的几何位置关系,建立太阳翼遮挡模型。该模型不须提供天线的参数信息,只需要三维模型即可完成遮挡分析。     

The use of three-impulse transfer to insert the spacecraft into the high Moon Artificial Satellite orbits

The problem of the optimal spacecraft’s insertion from the Earth into the high circular polar Moon Artificial Satellite’s orbit (MAS) with a radius of 4000–8000 km has been investigated. A comparison of single- and three-impulse insertion schemes has been performed. The analysis was made taking into account the disturbances from the lunar gravity field harmonics and the gravity fields of the Earth and the Sun, as well as the engine’s limited thrust. It has been shown that the three-impulse transfer from the initial selenocentric hyperbola of the approach into the considered final high MAS orbit is noticeably better with respect to the final mass than the ordinary single-impulse deceleration. The control parameters that implement this maneuver and provide nearly the same energy expenses as in the Keplerian case have been presented. It was found that, in contrast to the Keplerian case, in the considered case of the real gravity field, there is the optimal maximum distance of the maneuver. Recently, the Moon exploration problem became actual again.     

高校工业设计专业美术技能课的新模式探讨

最近几年工业设计专业在我国的高校大规模发展,教学观念与教学方法也不尽相同.针对目前我国工业设计教学中的具体情况,本文提出应加强美术技能课教学,并处理好美术技能课与设计专业课、计算机辅助设计、创新能力的培养等三个方面的关系.同时也分析了高等院校工业设计专业的美术技能课教学,美术技能训练应融入到工业设计艺术的本质,不应在技...     

基于无奇异变换的卫星广播星历拟合算法

针对导航卫星轨道偏心率近似为0,致使卫星轨道的近地点角距定义模糊,在数据拟合过程中会导致法矩阵（H^TH）奇异的问题,本文提出基于无奇异变换的广播星历参数拟合算法,引入无奇异轨道根数代替经典开普勒根数,推导了空间目标位置矢量对基于无奇异轨道根数的广播星历参数偏导数矩阵,利用变换后的观测方程迭代拟合得到改进广播星历参数,再将结果归一化到基于开普勒根数的广播星历参数。最后利用仿真算例验证了所推公式和算法的合理性。     

Comparative investigation of methods for the numerical prediction of motion of asteroids that approach the Earth: Example of the 99942 Apophis asteroid

Using the 99942 Apophis asteroid (currently known as one of the most dangerous asteroids that is approaching the Earth) as an example, we estimate the error of predicting its motion with the use of several integrators over the time interval from 2012 to 2029. The minimum distance (and its error) between the Earth’s center and Apophis was estimated for the rendezvous moment on April 13, 2029. It is shown that this error for various integrators is comparable in the order of magnitude with the influence of certain components of the dynamic model of motion, such as, for example, the influence of harmonics of the Earth’s gravitational filed, solar-light pressure, the Jarkowski effect, etc.     

Dynamics of a gyrostat satellite with the vector of gyrostatic moment in the principal plane of inertia

Dynamics of a gyrostat satellite moving along a circular orbit in a central Newtonian field of force is investigated. In a particular case, when the gyrostatic moment vector lies in one of the satellite’s principal central planes of inertia, all positions of equilibrium are determined, and the conditions of their existence are analyzed. Also determined are bifurcation values of dimensionless parameters, at which the number of equilibrium positions changes. As a result of analysis of the generalized energy integral, for each equilibrium orientation the sufficient conditions of stability are derived. Evolution of the regions where the sufficient conditions of stability are valid is investigated under variation of the system’s dimensionless parameters.     

Theory of physical libration of the Moon with the liquid core: Forced librations

For a two-layer model of the Moon that consists of a solid nonspherical mantle and an ellipsoidal homogeneous liquid core, a theory of forced librations under the effect of gravitational Earth’s moments has been developed. The motion of the Moon over its orbit has been described by the high-accuracy theory of DE/LE-4 orbital motion. Tables have been constructed that present forced librations of the Moon caused by the second harmonic of its force function, in the neighborhood of its motion according to the generalized Cassini laws. Disturbances of the first-order with respect to dynamic compressions of the Moon and its core are obtained in analytical form for Andoyer variables and Poincare variables and for the projection of the angular velocity vector of Moon’s mantle rotation and the Poincare coordinate system (relative to which core’s liquid accomplishes simple motion) on its major central axes of inertia, as well as for the classical variables in the Moon libration theory, etc. Constructed tables of the forced librations theory give the amplitudes and periods of librations and combinations of arguments of the orbital motion theory that correspond to libration parameters. The interpretation of basic variations has been given and a comparison with the previous theories has been carried out, in particular with the modern empirical theory constructed based on the laser observation data.     

Analysis of the Informativity of the Earth’s Magnetic Field in Near-Earth Space

Cosmic Research - This paper presents the results of a study of the informativity of the anomalies of the modulus and components of the Earth’s magnetic field in near-Earth space in the...     

Determination of attitude motion of the Foton M-2 satellite using the data of onboard measurements of its angular velocity

We present the resutls of a prompt determination of the uncontrolled attitude motion of the Foton M-2 satellite, which was in orbit from May 31 to June 16, 2005. The data of onboard measurements of the angular velocity vector were used for this determination. The measurement sessions were carried out once a day, each lasting 83 min. Upon terminating a session, the data were transmitted to the ground to be processed using the least squares method and integrating the equations of motion of the satellite with respect to its center of mass. As a result of processing, the initial conditions of motion during a session were estimated, as well as parameters of the mathematical model used. The satellite’s actual motion is determined for 12 such sessions. The results obtained in flight completely described the satellite’s motion. This motion, having begun with a small angular velocity, gradually became faster, and in two days became close to the regular Euler precession of an axisymmetric solid body. On June 14, 2005 the angular velocity of the satellite with respect to its longitudinal axis was approximately 1.3 degrees per second, and the angular velocity projection onto a plane perpendicular to this axis had a magnitude of about 0.11 degrees per second. The results obtained are consistent with more precise results obtained later by processing the data on the Earth’s magnetic field measured on the same satellite, and they complement the latter in determination of the motion in the concluding segment of the flight, when no magnetic measurements were performed.     

Optimization of transfer trajectories to the Apophis asteroid for spacecraft with high and low thrust

The problem of optimization of a spacecraft transfer to the Apophis asteroid is investigated. The scheme of transfer under analysis includes a geocentric stage of boosting the spacecraft with high thrust, a heliocentric stage of control by a low thrust engine, and a stage of deceleration with injection to an orbit of the asteroid’s satellite. In doing this, the problem of optimal control is solved for cases of ideal and piecewise-constant low thrust, and the optimal magnitude and direction of spacecraft’s hyperbolic velocity “at infinity” during departure from the Earth are determined. The spacecraft trajectories are found based on a specially developed comprehensive method of optimization. This method combines the method of dynamic programming at the first stage of analysis and the Pontryagin maximum principle at the concluding stage, together with the parameter continuation method. The estimates are obtained for the spacecraft’s final mass and for the payload mass that can be delivered to the asteroid using the Soyuz-Fregat carrier launcher.