雷达目标识别技术现状

近年来,在雷达目标识别技术的几个主要研究方面已取得若干进展。在雷达面临隐身、干扰、低空突防和反辐射导弹的“四大威胁”情况下,研究解决目标识别问题有其急迫需要性。本文综合介绍国外近年来公开报导的一些研究成果。着重对分类识别技术的两个主要方面--极化识别,波形、频响和极点识别--的原理和方法加以阐述。最后作出评价和发展趋势的预测。     

极化散射矩阵及其测量

引言无论雷达使用或设计人员都十分关心目标的雷达截面积。它与雷达作用距离及测量误差关系很密切。早期,人们视目标为点目标,对目标回波作标量处理。随着雷达技术的发展以及目标分类、识别等要求的提出,人们对雷达截面积作了更精细的研究,诸如回波相位特性;幅、相起伏特性及谱分析;宽带探测条件下的回波响应等等。目标极化特性也是其中一个主要研究对象。     

基于极化敏感阵列的加权融合测角方法

角度估计是雷达的一个关键功能.极化敏感阵列用作雷达天线可有效减小模型误差,改善测角性能.为提高目标角度估计精度,本文提出了一种扩展的加权融合测角方法.首先对完备电磁矢量进行介绍,建立了极化-空域信号处理模型;其次推导了扩展后的加权融合测角方法;最后结合稀疏恢复测角方法,以双正交电偶极子阵列天线为例,验证了方法的有效性....     

一次雷达极化故障的分析和解决方法

通过对一次雷达极化的分析，简要介绍了意大利alenia一次雷达G33天线中与极化有关的一些部件，并且结合一次极化故障，介绍了故障检修方法，为G33雷达维护人员提供维修参考。     

等离子鞘套包覆钝锥的双站极化散射特性

高超声速目标在再入大气层过程中会产生覆盖在目标表面的等离子体鞘套,其对电磁波具有复杂的调制作用,并显著影响高超声速目标的散射特性。本文分析了等离子体鞘套包覆高超声速目标的双站极化散射特性。基于数值模拟的典型高度和速度下等离子鞘套参数,采用电流密度卷积法模拟了线极化平面电磁波与高超声速飞行器之间的相互作用过程。采用远场外推方法得到在俯仰角-90°～90°之间的双站极化散射分量（共极化和交叉极化）。通过对典型雷达工作频点下不同飞行和入射波条件下极化散射方向分布特性的分析,得到了飞行高度、入射角和极化模式对等离子鞘套包覆钝锥双站极化RCS的影响。     

基于空域滤波的二维全极化散射中心快速提取

在全极化逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)体制下,二维相干极化几何绕射(CP-GTD)模型能够精确描述雷达目标高频电磁极化散射特性。针对CP-GTD模型,提出了一种基于空域滤波的二维全极化散射中心参数快速提取方法。该方法利用空域滤波将二维全极化散射中心参数提取问题分解为多个一维全极化散射中心提取问题,进而利用一维旋转不变技术(1D-ESPRIT)分步对全极化散射中心各维参数进行联合估计,最后利用最小二乘方法获得相干极化散射矩阵的估计。此外,采用这样的分步估计过程,可以实现二维参数的自动配对。复杂度分析和仿真实验表明:该方法不仅能够显著降低运算量,并且还能获得较好的估计精度,可以有效地用于目标全极化散射中心提取。     

频率选择表面机载雷达天线的研究

研究了降低机载雷达天线散射截面的频率选择表面(FSS)极化扭转板。根据Floquet定理利用模式电压概念建立矢量模式,对二维周期阵列的频率选择表面进行理论分析和计算。设计并加工了一种降低机载雷达天线散射载面的频率选择表面极化扭转板结构。计算和实验表明:频率选择表面的极化扭转板在雷达天线工作通带内保持与原极化扭转板的性能不变,而在工作通带外具有降低雷达散射载面的效果。降低雷达散射截面7～10dB。     

用于着陆和滑行的双极化毫米波雷达成像

波音防务和空间集团已经开发了一种具有高分辨力、双极化区域成像的毫米波(MMW)战术导弹雷达系列.为了获得数据和测试性能,这种雷达已经安装在B757和UH-1B直升机上进行试验.在试验期间,以10°、3°和1°的俯角建立了跑道和其它机场各部分的毫米波数据库.简化的图像表明:毫米波雷达的极化,在给出着陆辅助信息方面,具有很强的有效性.波音为区分战术导弹目标而开发的双极化算法,能够区分机场物体,可显示自主的全天候飞机着陆和滑行路径.在平视显示器上还可提供如下项     

天线测量理论中的基本方程组

提出了天线远场测量理论中的基本方程组,并由此导出目标的雷达散射截面、天线增益以及天线系数等参数的重要计算公式。     

雷达天线系统隐身方法研究

以飞行器为载体的雷达天线系统隐身,是飞行器隐身研究的一项重要课题,文中从时域、空域、带外及正交极化、带内同极化四个方面探讨了雷达天线系统隐身的基本原理。     

Radar target identification of aircraft using polarization-diversefeatures

The characteristics and target identification potential of a representation of the information from two polarization-diverse measurements of the radar backscatter of an unknown target are considered. The locus of these two polarization-diverse waveforms, termed the transient polarization response (TPR), has been shown to be closely related to the geometry of the scattering centers of the target. The polarization-related components of features derived from the TPR concur well with the shape and orientation of the major scattering centers distributed in the downrange profile of the object. This illustrates the intuitively appealing result that the polarization of the backscatter, as represented by the TPR and mapped onto the modified polarization chart, is determined by target geometry. It is shown that both polarization-related and amplitude-related features derived from the TPR are useful for target identification. By using distance measures that depend on various components, the elliptical parametrization information alone is sufficient to allow satisfactory target identification at SNRs of 0 dB and above. The significance of this result is that the absolute amplitudes of the received horizontally polarized and vertically polarized channels need not be known. However, if amplitude information is known, target identification percentages improve     

Statistical Characteristics ics of the Polarization Power Ratio for Radar Return with Circular Polarization

In this paper, the radar return from a clutter target illuminated by acircularly polarized wave is investigated statistically. The ratio of theenvelope of the left circular component to that of the right circularcomponent of the return signal is formed, and the probability densityfunctions and cumulative distributions of this ratio are found forlinear, square, and logarithmic law detectors. Plots of all densities anddistributions are given for several statistically modeled clutter-typetargets with typical depolarizing and back-scattering characteristics.The probability density functions for the ratio signal from a logaritmicic detector are compared for the cases of circularly and linearlypolarized waves incident on the same clutter-type target. Linearpolarization produces the worst case of spreading of the probabilitydensity function from its median value. Plots are given which indicatethat changes in the amount of depolarization by the clutter cause moresignificant changes in the median value of the polarizationration forlinear than for circular polarization.     

粗糙表面偏振二向反射特性建模方法研究

针对地面目标光学偏振特性预测对基础材质粗糙表面偏振二向反射特性建模的需求,对比分析国内外常用的经验、物理和半经验等3种偏振二向反射分布模型的优缺点及其适用范围,得出半经验模型更适用于地面目标光学偏振特性预测.在此基础上,研究基于半经验Priest-Gemer模型的参数反演方法,并提出相应的测试方法,设计试验测试验证平台.最后,对模型中的影响因子进行仿真分析,分析结果表明：目标表面偏振二向反射特性与表面纹理特征、复折射率、入射光角度、探测方位角、天顶角等因素相关,且复折射率对目标表面反射率及反射光的偏振度影响较大,粗糙度会影响遮蔽与阻挡效应,使其产生突变效应.     

微小通道在叶片冷却结构中的应用研究

采用数值计算的方法,针对涡轮叶片中部的微小通道冷却结构进行了换热以及流阻特性的分析,得到了微小通道宽高比和肋厚高比对其特性的影响.在进口雷诺数R_e=11000时,若肋厚高比一定,则该冷却结构的综合换热效果随微小通道宽高比的增加先增加后减小;若微小通道宽高比一定,则该冷却结构的综合换热效果随肋厚高比的增加呈现先增加后减小的趋势.      

1+3/2无导叶对转涡轮设计特点分析

无导叶对转涡轮的结构形式是减轻发动机质量、提高发动机推重比的有效技术途径之一。以现有1＋2对转涡轮为平台,在保持总体性能参数不变的前提下,进行了1＋3／2无导叶对转涡轮初步设计,并对无导叶对转涡轮的设计特点进行了分析。研究结果表明,1＋3／2无导叶对转涡轮设计中必须以合适的高压涡轮为基础;其低压涡轮特性与常规涡轮的基本一致,第1级低压涡轮转子叶片在各工作状态下效率水平均较高。     

混合励磁轴向磁场磁通切换型永磁电机特性分析与试验研究

提出了一种适用于电动汽车驱动系统的E型铁心混合励磁轴向磁场磁通切换型永磁(HEAFFSPM)电机。以一台三相6/10极电机为例,基于三维有限元方法全面研究该电机静态特性,包括气隙磁密、空载永磁磁链、空载反电动势、电磁转矩、转矩-电流特性、绕组电感和磁场调节能力等;研究转子齿扇形角度和转子斜极对电机反电动势和齿槽转矩的影响,分析表明转子齿扇形和转子斜极可以改善反电动势和齿槽转矩波形。制造了一台2 kW样机并对其进行测试,验证了有限元分析结果的准确性,结果表明HEAFFSPM电机的磁链和反电动势均为正弦分布,带载能力和磁场调节能力均较强。     

Faraday Loss for L-Band Radar and Communications Systems

The mechanism of Faraday rotation as it affects radar and communication propagation has been extensively treated (1, 7). The purpose of this paper is to point out the magnitude of the effect and its possible consequences which have not been appreciated. Contrary to what many believe, the two-way Faraday rotation angle and loss can be large at L-band for ground-based, linearly polarized radar systems observing targets above the ionosphere. Similarly, the one-way Faraday rotation and loss for linearly polarized, ground-to-space pace communication links at comparable frequencies can be large. The magnitude of the rotation loss depends on the location of the radar or communication station in latitude and longitude, the condition of the ionosphere, and the elevation and azimuth angles of the target. For example, based on the total electron content in 1970 (a peak sunspot activity year) at L-band, a two-way Faraday rotation greater than 50°a loss greater than 3.8 dB is calculated to occur at 60° N, 70° W, 75 percent of the time between the hours of 10 A.M. and 4 P.M. for nine months, and 22 percent of the total time for the entire year, when looking toward the south magnetic pole at low elevation angles. For the same year this rotation and loss at 15°N, 150° is calculated to occur 48 percent of the total time when looking south at low elevation angles.     

地空导弹LQG/LTR增益调度自动驾驶仪设计(英文)

采用线性二次高斯/回路传递复现(LQG/LTR)增益调度技术设计地空导弹增益调度自动驾驶仪。为消除传统"试错"设计过程在系统中所引起的人为不确定性,提出一种基于极点配置的目标回路设计方法。此方法提供了由体现性能指标要求的期望极点构造矩阵微分Riccati方程(MDRE)的具体算法。同时,还证明了引入积分环节扩展被控对象动力学,能够有效抑制LQG/LTR增益调度控制器的快模态,从而为LQG/LTR增益调度技术的工程应用扫清了一个障碍。采用所提出的方法设计了地空导弹LQG/LTR增益调度自动驾驶仪。设计及仿真结果表明,控制器的快模态得到了明显抑制,同时,在飞行马赫数和高度变化的情况下,自动驾驶仪具有稳定的动力学特性。     

High resolution reconstruction of ISAR images

A 2-D high-resolution spectral analysis algorithm with application to an inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) imaging, is presented. This algorithm is based on two-dimensional linear prediction using autoregressive (AR) coefficients. Stability is guaranteed by AR process pole adjustment. An ISAR target is modeled for a complex scatterer geometry. Computer simulation results are provided for the high-resolution reconstruction of ISAR images     

High resolution exponential modeling of fully polarized radarreturns

A method for modeling full polarization radar target is considered. The approach taken is to estimate a set of target features which describes the target as a set of attributed scattering centers. Each scattering center is characterized by its range, amplitude, and a polarization ellipse. An exponential model for the fully polarized radar return is described, and an algorithm for estimating the parameters in this model is developed. The modeling procedure is applied to compact range measurements of model aircraft