地基Fabry-Perot中高层大气风速反演及误差分析

基于子午工程地基法布里-帕罗干涉仪（Fabry-Perot Interferometer,FPI）的气辉观测数据,结合地基独特的观测模式（天顶角为0° 的天顶方向和天顶角为45°的东西北南四个方向）对地基中高层大气风速进行反演,包括数据预处理、干涉环圆心确定、干涉环半径计算和风速反演. 将2010年5月6-13日8天十个环（十个干涉环同时参与反演）的反演结果与地基FPI风速实测数据进行比较,得到557.7nm,630.0nm,892.0nm三种谱线气辉的反演平均偏差分别为2.7m·s-1,5.5m·s-1,7.7m·s-1. 此外,基于反演算法对上述反演精度影响因素进行了分析. 研究发现,气辉辐射强度对风速的反演精度影响较大,气辉辐射越强,外环的半径计算精度越高,可参与的反演环数越多,则最终的风速反演精度越高. 而圆心偏差± 2pixel（五个环）和± 1pixel（十个环）及焦距变化（±10mm）对风速反演精度的影响相对较小,但当超出这一偏差范围,风速反演偏差会迅速增大.      

观测路径和光谱分辨率对吸收性气溶胶指数的影响

吸收性气溶胶指数（AAI）在监测污染物方面有较好的应用,其反演结果受边界层高度、云高、相对湿度以及仪器指标和观测几何路径等因素影响.利用大气辐射传输模型MODTRAN,对辐射传输方程中多次散射计算的不同近似方法和不同观测几何角度下的AAI进行模拟,研究这些因素对AAI结果的作用,并分析仪器光谱分辨率对AAI探测结果的影响.结果表明,折衷考虑计算效率与精度的情况下,应选择8流近似的离散坐标法进行带有多次散射计算的辐射方程解析.AAI在不同浓度和不同类型气溶胶下随观测角度变化的趋势相同:相对方位角<120°时,AAI误差在太阳天顶角和卫星方位角均为40°～60°时最大;相对方位角在120°～180°时误差均较小;光谱分辨率对AAI反演结果无明显影响.      

基于FY-3C/MWHTS观测资料反演中低纬度海面气压

利用风云三号C星（FY-3C）微波温湿探测仪（MWHTS）的实测亮温数据，开展了中低纬度（40°S-40°N）区域海面气压反演研究.MWHTS 118.75GHz氧气通道的辐射亮温测量值与氧气气柱总量密切相关，可用于反演海面气压.根据辐射传输方程分析了MWHTS 8个氧气通道对海面气压的敏感性.结果表明，与位于氧气吸收带中心的通道相比，位于吸收带翼区的探测通道对海面气压的变化更敏感.基于神经网络方法建立了中低纬度海面气压反演算法，通过将反演结果与ERA-Interim再分析数据以及原位观测数据进行对比分析，发现建立的反演算法在中低纬度晴空、云天、雨天条件下，对海面气压的估计精度分别为2.0，3.0和3.5hPa.最后，开展了生成初期热带气旋的反演试验，结果表明反演的海面气压资料对热带低压的判别有一定帮助.      

中国廊坊中间层和低热层大气平均风观测模拟

利用中国廊坊站（39.4°N,116.7°E）流星雷达在2012年4月1日至2013年3月31日的水平风场观测数据,分析廊坊上空80~100km的中间层与低热层（Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere,MLT）大气平均纬向风和经向风的季节变化特征.结果表明平均纬向风和经向风都表现出明显的季节变化特征.平均纬向风在冬季MLT盛行西风,极大值位于中间层顶,随高度增加西风减弱;在夏季中间层为东风,低热层为强西风,风向转换高度约为82km.平均经向风在冬季以南风为主,在夏季盛行北风.纬向风和经向风在春秋两季主要表现为过渡阶段.流星雷达观测结果与WACCM4模式和HWM93模式模拟的气候变化特点基本一致,但WACCM4模式纬向风和经向风风速偏大,而HWM93模式纬向风和经向风风速偏小.      

基于多种观测手段的东亚低纬电离层不规则体事件分析

利用海南台站（19.5°N,109.1°E,dip:13.6°N）和磁赤道区的多种地基和天基观测数据,对2011年11月20日观测到的电离层不规则体事件进行了分析.海南台站VHF雷达、电离层闪烁和数字测高仪的综合观测结果表明,当天日落附近发生了强的电离层不规则体事件,主要表现为雷达羽和强闪烁的形态.结合磁赤道区GPS和C/NOFS卫星观测结果进行分析可知,海南台站日落附近出现的雷达羽和强闪烁与南海磁赤道区产生的主等离子体泡存在明显联系.      

中法海洋卫星微波散射计在轨性能验证

中法海洋卫星（CFOSAT）微波散射计是国际上第一个旋转扇形波束体制散射计，通过优化雷达观测几何实现对地面目标多角度和多方位的高精度测量，提高海面风场、土壤湿度和海冰面积等地球物理参数的反演精度.根据CFOSAT卫星2018年10月发射以来的在轨测试数据，结合散射计系统特点，分析验证了星上定标数据和后向散射系数反演结果的正确性，并对CFOSAT首批科学数据进行了定量分析和系统评价.结果表明，CFOSAT散射计在轨工作状态良好，实际性能与设计预期一致，风速测量精度优于1.5m·-1，风向测量精度优于15°，空间分辨率可达12.5km，在近岸风场监测、土壤湿度遥感和海冰面积估计等应用领域具有独特的优势.      

无线电掩星和激光雷达观测结果比较

简要阐述了激光雷达和ＧＰＳ掩星探测大气的基本原理，并利用１９９６年１０月１４日１６２５ ＵＴ时 Ｂ本 ＴＭＵ钠和瑞利散射激光雷Ｂ（３９．２３°Ｅ、 ３５．３７°Ｎ）资＃，反演得到 ３０－５５ ｋｍ高度范围内大气密度和温度的观测结果，与此同时通过激光雷达上空的 ＧＰＳ掩星观测到的掩星切点处的观测结果进行了比较．结果表明：两种方法获得测出的密度廓线符合得很好；温度廓线的变化趋势也基本一致，但在某些高度上有较大的偏离．文中最后对比较结果作了简要分析，讨论了重力波对大气密度和温度廓线的影响．     

中低纬电离层不同季节地磁暴响应的事例分析

利用中国中低纬台站漠河（53.5°N,122.3°E）、北京（40.3°N,116.2°E）、武汉（30.5°N,114.2°E）和三亚（18.3°N,109.6°E）的电离层观测数据,对比分析了4个台站电离层参数在2015年不同季节4个地磁扰动事件期间的变化特征.结果表明,4个磁暴事件期间电离层的响应特征并不完全一致,有着明显的季节特征,春季、夏季和秋季电离层以负相扰动为主,冬季以正相扰动为主.分析发现,中性成分O/N₂的降低与电离层负相扰动有关,但三亚地区的负相扰动还与扰动发电机电场相关.正相扰动的机制在不同事件中并不相同,穿透电场可能是引起春季磁暴事件期间电离层短时正暴效应的原因,而冬季长时间的正暴效应则是扰动电场和中性风共同作用的结果.      

非线性回归支持向量机的SMO算法改进

为了解决非线性数据和非线性函数的回归问题,采用了支持向量机序列最小优化算法.原始序列最小优化（SMO,Sequential Minimal Optimization）算法存在训练速度慢和训练结果不稳定的缺点,为了能加快SMO算法的训练速度和提高训练结果稳定性,通过改进优化乘子更新方法、采用双阈值法、预存核函数、增加停机准则等方法对SMO算法做了改进.仿真实验表明,改进的算法能很好地对非线性数据和非线性函数进行回归,具有比原始SMO算法更快的训练速度和稳定的训练结果.      

GNSS-IR双频数据融合的土壤湿度反演方法

目前全球导航卫星系统反射信号干涉测量（GNSS-IR）土壤湿度反演研究仅针对单一频点展开,提出用熵值法将2个频点数据进行融合以改进土壤湿度反演精度。首先,利用频谱分析法分别解析出各频点的信噪比（SNR）序列的振荡频率,计算出对应的等效天线高度,并利用最小二乘法求解各频点信噪比序列相位;然后,通过熵值法进行2个频点的相位观测量融合;最后,利用融合结果与实测土壤湿度建立经验模型,实现土壤湿度反演。利用地基观测实验获得的全球定位系统（GPS）L1和L2信噪比数据对该方法进行了验证,结果表明:L1和L2双频融合反演结果平均标准差为0.6%,比L1单频反演结果提高64.73%,比L2单频反演结果提高32.12%;均方根误差为0.37%,比L1频点降低72.8%,比L2频点降低73.4%。      

Multi-year high latitude mesospheric neutral wind observations using a Fabry–Perot interferometer

From 1995 to 1999, a Fabry–Perot Interferometer was stationed at Resolute Bay, Canada (75°N, 95°W) to measure the mesospheric neutral winds in the polar cap from the OH nightglow emission during winter seasons. A 12-h wave is the most prominent feature in the neutral winds. The wave amplitude has large day-to-day variations and inter-annual variability, whereas the phase of the wave appears to be largely consistent for year to year. Small phase shift from early winter to later winter was noticed during most of the seasons when early winter data were available. The 12-h wave showed stronger variability during the 1995/1996 winter season, which may be related to nonlinear interactions with planetary waves. Large negative zonal winds were observed during stratospheric sudden warming events.     

Horizontal winds in the mesosphere at high latitudes

A total of 146 meteorological rocket flights applying the ‘falling sphere’ technique are used to obtain horizontal winds in the mesosphere at polar latitudes, namely at the Andøya Rocket Range (69°N, 125 flights), at Spitsbergen (78°N, 10 flights), and at Rothera (68°S, 11 January flights only). Nearly all flights took place around noon or midnight, i.e., in the same phase of the semidiurnal tide. Meridional winds at 69°N show a clear diurnal tidal variation which is not observed in the zonal winds. The zonal wind climatology shows a transition from summer to winter conditions with the zero wind line propagating upward from 40 km (end of August) to 80 km (end of September). Zonal winds are smaller at Spitsbergen compared to Andøya which is in line with a common angular velocity at both stations. Meridional winds at noon are of similar magnitude at all three stations and are directed towards the north and south pole, respectively. Horizontal and meridional winds generally agree with empirical models, except for the zonal winds at Antarctica which are similar to the NH, whereas there is a significant SH/NH difference in CIRA-1986.     

Mean winds of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (60–110 km): A global distribution from radar systems (MF,Meteor, VHF)

During the last decade a large number of radars (～12) have been developed, which have produced substantial quantities of tidally-corrected mean winds data. The distribution of the radars is not global, but many areas are well covered: the Americas with Poker Flat (65°N), Saskatoon (52°N), Durham (43°N), Atlanta (34°N), Puerto Rico (18°N); Europe with Kiruna (68°), Garchy (47°N) and Monpazier (44°N); and Oceania with Christchurch (44°S), Adelaide (35°S), Townsville (20°S), and Kyoto (35°N). Zonal and meridional wind height-time cross-sections from $\text{60}\text{80}$ km (MF/Meteor Radar) to ～110 km have been prepared for the last 5–6 years. They are compared with cross-sections from CIRA-72 for zonal winds, and Groves (1969) for meridional winds.It is shown that while CIRA-72 is still a useful model for many purposes, significant differences exist between it and the new radar data. The latter demonstrate important seasonal, latitudinal, longitudinal and hemispheric variations. The new meridional cross-sections are of great value. The common features with Groves (1969) are the equatorward cells in summer near 85 km; however their strength (～10 ms^?1) and size are less. Systematic and somewhat different variations emerge at higher (?52°N) and middle (35–44°) latitudes.     

Longitudinal MLT wind structure at higher mid-latitudes as seen by meteor radars at central and Eastern Europe (13°E/49°E)

The mid-latitude mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) wind speeds measured by two SKiYMET meteor radars (MRs) at Collm (51°N, 13°E) and Kazan (56°N, 49°E) during 2016–2017 were analyzed to study longitudinal wind structures. The differences between monthly mean prevailing wind speeds and tidal amplitudes were compared with the corresponding differences obtained from TIMED/TIDI satellite winds and gradient wind speeds from the AURA/MLS instrument. It is shown that the MR wind difference between the two sites is statistically significant. The difference of the horizontal prevailing winds can be explained by a superposition of the background zonal flow, which is different at the two latitudes, with stationary planetary waves of different origin. Non-migrating tides contribute significantly to the difference of the semidiurnal tidal winds between the two sites.     

用电离层特性参量提取等效风场信息

导出了利用中低纬电离层特性参量获取电离层F层峰区高度上等效风场（包含电场和风场信息在内）的基本方程，并尝试用该方法从电离层特性参量（峰高和临频）提取等效风场信息，利用武汉站DGS-256电离层数字测高仪数据及由美国Massachusetts Lowell大学最新版的剖面反演程序换算得到F层峰高，获得了武汉地区夏季至日点附近，冬季至日点附近，冬季地磁特别宁静的九天和冬季平均等效风场的初步特征，并利用Fejer经验电场模式计算冬季电场引起的垂直漂移，估计电场和风场对武汉地区的垂直等效风场的贡献大小，结果表明：等效风场呈现出白天与夜晚幅度和方向的差异。至日点附近冬季与夏季白天的幅度差异以及明显的凌晨凹陷现象；平均情况下，垂直等效风场幅度和方向的变化主要是由中性风引起，受电场的影响不大。     

Thermospheric winds over Abuja during solar minimum period

Monthly variations of averaged nighttime thermospheric winds have been investigated over Abuja, Nigeria (Geographic: 9.06°N, 7.5°E; Geomagnetic: 1.60°S). The reports are based on Fabry-Perot interferometer measurements of Doppler shifts and Doppler broadening of the 630.0 nm spectral emission. The results were obtained during a period of weak solar activity with the solar flux (F10.7) typically below 70 solar flux units. Inspection of the average monthly thermospheric winds from October 2017 to December 2017 found December meridional winds to be more equatorward than the October and November winds. Zonal winds are eastward with pre-midnight maximum speeds going above 100 m/s. Compared to Jicamarca zonal winds in the Peruvian sector for the same month of October, the magnitude of maximum Abuja zonal wind speed is weaker. We compare the observed diurnal variation with the recently updated Horizontal wind model (HWM 14). Most of the observational features of thermospheric wind diurnal variation are captured in the model variation. The HWM14 generally showed good agreement with the Abuja October and November zonal wind observations but overestimates the December meridional winds. Expected longer period analysis of the results from Abuja will stimulate a better understanding of wind climatology over the West African sector.     

Thermospheric tides during thermosphere mapping study periods

Neutral exospheric temperatures at 53°, 43° and 33° latitude from Millstone Hill steerable-antenna Thomson scatter measurements, and at 19° latitude from the Arecibo Observatory, obtained during three Thermosphere Mapping Study (TMS) coordinated campaign intervals during 1984 and 1985, are analyzed for diurnal and semidiurnal tidal components. The resulting amplitude and phase latitudinal structures are compared with numerical simulations. The observed semidiurnal tidal components are thought to be significantly affected by tidal waves propagating upwards from below the thermosphere during these solar minimum periods. We speculate that current inadequacies in specifying F-region plasma densities and mean zonal winds at lower altitudes within the simulation model may account for certain discrepancies between observations and theory.     

Ionospheric disturbances at low and mid-low latitudes of the South American sector during the March 2015 great storm

This paper analyzes the response of the near equatorial and low latitude ionosphere of the South American sector to the geomagnetic storm occurred on 17 March 2015. Ionosonde data from Ramey (18.5° N, 292.9° E), Jicamarca (12.0° S, 283.2° E), Boa Vista (2.8° N, 299.3° E), Sao Luis (2.6° S, 315.8° E), Fortaleza (3.9° S, 321.6° E) and Cachoeira Paulista (22.7° S, 315.0° E) are used for the study. The results show negative disturbances in foF2 at low latitudes during the main phase of the storm, which were attributed to prompt penetration electric fields. Thus, the Equatorial Anomaly (EA) started to reduce their structure in this sector since on 17 March. During the recovery phase (on 18 March), positive disturbances were observed at low, mid-low latitudes (in the post-midnight – predawn hours), which can be mainly attributed to enhanced storm-time neutral winds and composition changes (i.e., increase in the O/N2 ratio). Disturbance dynamo electric fields would also contribute in modulating the electron density of the EA during this storm period.     

WAMDII — A wide angle Michelson Doppler imaging interferometer for spacelab

A CCD imaging device has been designed which combines a spatial resolution of 0.1° with a spectral resolving power of 10⁵, sufficient to measure Doppler shifts and line widths of individual atmospheric emission lines. It will be flown aboard Spacelab and will be used to study neutral winds and temperatures as functions of height, latitude and time of day.