《国际空间科学小卫星发展路线图》中文版出版

正2020年11月《国际空间科学小卫星发展路线图》(Small Satellites for Space Science—A COSPAR Scientific Roadmap)中文版由中国科学技术大学出版社出版。该路线图由国际空间研究委员会(COSPAR)组织权威专家制定,并于2019年8月发表在《空间研究进展》(Advances in Space eResarch)上。路线图由国际空间科学研究所(ISSI)主任、伯尔尼大学教授Rudolf Steiger和美国达特茅斯学院教授Robyn Millan牵头编写,中国空间科学学会理事长吴季受邀作为编委参与了路线图的起草,并为中文版路线图作序。中文版译者为中国科学院文献情报中心郭世杰和中国科学院国家空间科学中心许永建,由中国科学院国家空间科学中心李靖研究员审校。     

美航宇局公布“全球探测路线图”

9月22日，美航宇局公布了由国际空间探测协调组制订的第一版“全球探测路线图”。该路线图是由NASA等12家航天局在过去一年里共同制订的，为的是推动开展协调的空间探测。路线图从国际空间站开始，提出要扩大人类在整个太阳系中的存在，最终目标是要载人探测火星表面。路线图确定了两条潜在途径，即“下一步探测小行星”和“下一步探测月球”。     

《国际月球科研站合作伙伴指南》(概览)

2021年6月16日,在全球空间探索大会期间,中国国家航天局(CNSA)和俄罗斯航天国家集团公司(ROSCOSMOS)通过线上和线下混合方式,共同举办了国际月球科研站路线图全球网络论坛,中俄联合发布了《国际月球科研站路线图(V1.0)》和《国际月球科研站合作伙伴指南(V1.0)》。本文对《国际月球科研站合作伙伴指南(V1.0)》做了摘编。     

在空间天气领域我所经历的国际合作

空间天气是自人造卫星发射以来,在传统学科空间物理基础上逐步发展形成的一个新领域。空间天气研究往往需要从太阳到地磁全链条上的观测数据,特别需要尽可能多地获得对同一事件在不同时间和地点的原始观测数据,以及更多的国家和机构的参与。因此,空间天气是一个典型的需要大量国际合作的研究领域。我自1997年以来开始进入这个领域,主要工作是跟踪、分析和判断学科前沿的发展,实施大型观测项目特别是卫星观测项目,组织、协调和推动国际合作。这里对我在该领域经历的国际合作工作做一个简要的回顾。     

国际空间探索协调工作组发布第三版《全球探索路线图》

正2018年2月2日,国际空间探索协调工作组(ISECG)在其网站上发布新版《全球探索路线图》。这份由14个国家/地区航天管理机构共同制定的国际载人空间探索战略提出将以国际空间站(ISS)为起点,向月球进发,并最终实现载人探索火星。     

围绕《全球探索路线图》的国际合作正在逐步展开

2012年5月,全球空间探索大会(GLEX)在美国华盛顿召开,世界各国或地区的航天机构高级官员及探索部门的主管,政府、工业界、学术界、非政府组织的代表出席了此次会议,北京空间科技信息研究所派出两人参会。这次会议在《全球探索路线图》第一版修改过程中召开,是各参与国或地区政府机构、学术界及产业界共同研讨、协调的好机会,是国际合作空间探索进程中的一个重要里程碑。     

对我国发展空间天气系列卫星的建议

随着科学技术的发展,研究空间天气也显得日益重要,因而发展空间天气系列卫星已成为我国国防现代化和科技进步的重要任务。1　空间天气卫星的功能特点及类型研究空间天气的主要目的是能对灾害性空间天气事件进行预测与预报。为了达到这个目的,要求空间天气卫星提供实时的、大的空间范围和动态范围的空间天气参数,并能对某些重要参数具有成像能力。实时性是进行空间天气预报的基础。由于空间天气涉及的空间范围广阔,物理参数多,因此,空间天气卫星上的探测器要满足一定的时间分辨率,具有相当多的种类,并要求整个卫星系统具有较高的信息传输、处…     

欧洲空间科学委员会发布空间天气一体化研究报告

欧洲空间科学委员会(European Space Science Committee,ESSC)2019年8月在Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate发表关于欧洲空间天气一体化方法的评估报告。报告分析了欧洲当下应对空间天气行动存在的问题,并相应提出了协调和优化整合建议,旨在增强欧洲应对空间天气风险的能力,提升欧洲对全球行动的贡献。ESSC对欧洲应对空间天气行动的现状从六个方面进行了深入分析。(1)在空间天气的科学认知方面,亟需加强对多个空间天气耦合机制的科学理解,改善对日地耦合系统的总体描述。     

国际空间探索协调小组《全球探索路线图》(第三版)概述

正2018年2月2日,国际空间探索协调小组(ISECG)发布了《全球探索路线图》(第三版)(GER)。新版路线图重申了来自不同国家和地区的14家航天机构的共同愿景,即以火星探索作为共同目标,拓展人类在太阳系的活动范围。人类对于空间探索的兴趣与日俱增,因此通过合作的方式来实现各机构的共同目标显得尤为重要。新版路线图强调了月球探索对于火星探索的重要性,建议各国航天机构在取得本国及共同进展的同时,不断完善探索     

空间天气模式集成可视化演示软件设计

空间天气模式集成是空间天气预报业务化的基础, 空间天气模式集成可视化演示软件系统是其中重要的研究内容之一. 空间天气模式种类繁多, 要素多样, 模型复杂, 且各模式可视化形式及方法具有差异性. 本文综合当前中国空间天气模式的特点, 构建了一套空间天气模式集成可视化演示系统. 该系统兼容性好、可扩展性高, 能够集成当前中国空间天气中大多数模式. 讨论了空间数据管理方法, 基于Visual C++ 软件平台和OpenGL可视化软件模块,以动态加载方式初步实现了多个空间天气模式的可视化集成.      

Canadian advanced life support capacities and future directions

Canada began research on space-relevant biological life support systems in the early 1990s. Since that time Canadian capabilities have grown tremendously, placing Canada among the emerging leaders in biological life support systems. The rapid growth of Canadian expertise has been the result of several factors including a large and technically sophisticated greenhouse sector which successfully operates under challenging climatic conditions, well planned technology transfer strategies between the academic and industrial sectors, and a strong emphasis on international research collaborations. Recent activities such as Canada’s contribution of the Higher Plant Compartment of the European Space Agency’s MELiSSA Pilot Plant and the remote operation of the Arthur Clarke Mars Greenhouse in the Canadian High Arctic continue to demonstrate Canadian capabilities with direct applicability to advanced life support systems. There is also a significant latent potential within Canadian institutions and organizations with respect to directly applicable advanced life support technologies. These directly applicable research interests include such areas as horticultural management strategies (for candidate crops), growth media, food processing, water management, atmosphere management, energy management, waste management, imaging, environment sensors, thermal control, lighting systems, robotics, command and data handling, communications systems, structures, in-situ resource utilization, space analogues and mission operations. With this background and in collaboration with the Canadian aerospace industry sector, a roadmap for future life support contributions is presented here. This roadmap targets an objective of at least 50% food closure by 2050 (providing greater closure in oxygen, water recycling and carbon dioxide uptake). The Canadian advanced life support community has chosen to focus on lunar surface infrastructure and not low Earth orbit or transit systems (i.e. microgravity applications). To advance the technical readiness for the proposed lunar missions, including a lunar plant growth lander, lunar “salad machine” (i.e. small scale plant production unit) and a full scale lunar plant production system, a suite of terrestrial developments and analogue systems are proposed. As has been successfully demonstrated by past Canadian advanced life support activities, terrestrial technology transfer and the development of highly qualified personnel will serve as key outputs for Canadian advanced life support system research programs. This approach is designed to serve the Canadian greenhouse industry by developing compliance measures for mitigating environmental impact, reducing labour and energy costs as well as improving Canadian food security, safety and benefit northern/remote communities.     

Toward a global space exploration program: A stepping stone approach

In response to the growing importance of space exploration in future planning, the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) Panel on Exploration (PEX) was chartered to provide independent scientific advice to support the development of exploration programs and to safeguard the potential scientific assets of solar system objects. In this report, PEX elaborates a stepwise approach to achieve a new level of space cooperation that can help develop world-wide capabilities in space science and exploration and support a transition that will lead to a global space exploration program. The proposed stepping stones are intended to transcend cross-cultural barriers, leading to the development of technical interfaces and shared legal frameworks and fostering coordination and cooperation on a broad front. Input for this report was drawn from expertise provided by COSPAR Associates within the international community and via the contacts they maintain in various scientific entities. The report provides a summary and synthesis of science roadmaps and recommendations for planetary exploration produced by many national and international working groups, aiming to encourage and exploit synergies among similar programs. While science and technology represent the core and, often, the drivers for space exploration, several other disciplines and their stakeholders (Earth science, space law, and others) should be more robustly interlinked and involved than they have been to date. The report argues that a shared vision is crucial to this linkage, and to providing a direction that enables new countries and stakeholders to join and engage in the overall space exploration effort. Building a basic space technology capacity within a wider range of countries, ensuring new actors in space act responsibly, and increasing public awareness and engagement are concrete steps that can provide a broader interest in space exploration, worldwide, and build a solid basis for program sustainability. By engaging developing countries and emerging space nations in an international space exploration program, it will be possible to create a critical bottom-up support structure to support program continuity in the development and execution of future global space exploration frameworks. With a focus on stepping stones, COSPAR can support a global space exploration program that stimulates scientists in current and emerging spacefaring nations, and that will invite those in developing countries to participate—pursuing research aimed at answering outstanding questions about the origins and evolution of our solar system and life on Earth (and possibly elsewhere). COSPAR, in cooperation with national and international science foundations and space-related organizations, will advocate this stepping stone approach to enhance future cooperative space exploration efforts.     

Towards a scientific understanding of the risk from extreme space weather

Like all natural hazards, space weather exhibits occasional extreme events over timescales of decades to centuries. Historical events provoked much interest, and sometimes alarm, because bright aurora becomes visible at mid-latitudes. However, they had little economic impact because the major technologies of those eras were not sensitive to space weather. This is no longer true. The widespread adoption of advanced technological infrastructures over the past 40 years has created significant sensitivity. So these events now have the potential to disrupt those infrastructures – and thus have profound economic and societal impact. However, like all extreme hazards, such events are rare, so we have limited data on which to build our understanding of the events. This limitation is uniquely serious for space weather since it is a global phenomenon. Many other natural hazards (e.g. flash floods) are highly localised, so statistically significant datasets can be assembled by combining data from independent instances of the hazard recorded over a few decades. Such datasets are the foundation on which reliable risk assessment methodologies are built. But we have a single instance of space weather so we would have to make observations for many centuries in order to build a statistically significant dataset. We show that it is not practicable to assess the risk from extreme events using simple statistical methods. Instead we must exploit our knowledge of solar-terrestrial physics to find other ways to assess these risks. We discuss three alternative approaches: (a) use of proxy data, (b) studies of other solar systems, and (c) use of physics-based modelling. We note that the proxy data approach is already well-established as a technique for assessing the long-term risk from radiation storms, but does not yet provide any means to assess the risk from severe geomagnetic storms. This latter risk is more suited to the other approaches, but significant research is needed to make progress. We need to develop and expand techniques to monitoring key space weather features in other solar systems (stellar flares, radio emissions from planetary aurorae). And to make progress in modelling severe space weather, we need to focus on the physics that controls severe geomagnetic storms, e.g. how can dayside and tail reconnection be modulated to expand the region of open flux to envelop mid-latitudes?     

天基X射线掠入射式成像望远镜发展现状

阐述了太阳X射线成像观测在空间天气预报中的地位和作用，叙述了掠入射式X射线聚焦成像的基本原理，简要介绍了在轨成功运行的天体X射线成像望远镜和太阳X射线成像望远镜的基本设计和技术指标，并介绍了国内正开发研制的专门服务于空间天气预报的太阳X射线成像望远镜基本设计和主要特点．     

Space weather center in Japan

Progress in information technology has enabled to collecting data in near real-time. This significantly improves our ability to monitor space weather conditions. We deliver information on near real-time space weather conditions via the internet. We have started two collaborations with space weather users. One is a measurement of geomagnetically induced current (GIC) of power grids in collaboration with a Japanese power company. The other concerns radiation hazards for aircrews. The radiation exposure level for aircrews was been determined by the Japanese government by the end of 2005. The proposed upper limit is 5 mSV a year. We are actively seeking ways to contribute to this subject. Our activities at the Japanese space weather center are reported in this paper.     

空间通信协议分析与一体化网络安全问题探讨

目前国际互联网体系结构及其协议虽然取得了巨大成功，但是当面对诸如长延时、多丢失、网络分区或节点生存周期短等环境时运行却不尽人意，尤其在缺乏基础设施或有限电源功率严格约束的空间环境下运行性能大为降低。文章在定量分析的基础上，讨论了空间通信网络的特点，对CCSDS的SCPS协议进行了简要综合分析，并且提出空间网络与地面网络互连时解决安全问题的一种可能途径。     

Space weather and commercial airlines

Space weather phenomena can effect many areas of commercial airline operations including avionics, communications and GPS navigation systems. Of particular importance at present is the recently introduced EU legislation requiring the monitoring of aircrew radiation exposure, including any variations at aircraft altitudes due to solar activity. With the introduction of new ultra-long-haul “over-the-pole” routes, “more-electric” aircraft in the future, and the increasing use of satellites in the operation, the need for a better understanding of the space weather impacts on future airline operations becomes all the more compelling. This paper will present the various space weather effects, some provisional results of an ongoing 3-year study to monitor cosmic radiation in aircraft, and conclude by summarising some of the identified key operational issues, which must be addressed, with the help of the science community, if the airlines want to benefit from the availability of space weather services.     

Proposal for a United Nations Basic Space Technology Initiative

The United Nations Programme on Space Applications, implemented by the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, promotes the benefits of space-based solutions for sustainable economic and social development. The Programme assists Member States of the United Nations to establish indigenous capacities for the use of space technology and its applications. In the past the Programme has primarily been focusing on the use of space applications and on basic space science activities. However, in recent years there has been a strong interest in a growing number of space-using countries to build space technology capacities, for example, the ability to develop and operate small satellites. In reaction to this development, the United Nations in cooperation with the International Academy of Astronautics has been organizing annual workshops on small satellites in the service of developing countries. Space technology related issues have also been addressed as part of various other activities of the Programme on Space Applications. Building on these experiences, the Office for Outer Space Affairs is now considering the launch of a new initiative, preliminarily titled the United Nations Basic Space Technology Initiative (UNBSTI), to promote basic space technology development. The initiative would be implemented in the framework of the Programme on Space Applications and its aim would be to help building sustainable capacities for basic space technology education and development, thereby advancing the operational use of space technology and its applications.     

空间技术系统的讨论

从社会需求出发和以满足空间任务目标的角度, 依据一般系统论的原则, 提出了建立空间技术系统的新概念。将空间技术系统划分为航天器进入空间技术、空间功能运用技术、空间防护技术和空间武器技术四大分系统组成的技术系统, 这有别于以发展运载器和航天器为主要目标而建立的空间技术系统体系