太阳极紫外多波段成像仪

在目前仪器特点和性能的基础上, 结合中国现有卫星特点和技术基础, 提出了一种新型太阳极紫外多波段成像仪, 采用小型化设计, 利用一台仪器实现对日冕和色球层4个不同波段的高分辨率成像, 不仅能有效利用卫星资源, 提高空间探测水平, 还能实现对日冕和色球的同时观测, 推动空间天气研究, 提高空间天气预报水平.     

太阳极紫外光谱仪无缝成像技术研究

传统极紫外成像光谱仪无法实时观测大范围的太阳活动.无缝成像技术使得光谱仪能够获得大视场范围内的太阳空间信息和光谱信息.通过无缝成像光谱仪成果分析,提出了一种改进的光学设计思路,并通过模拟数据重建证明其能够大幅提高多普勒速度反演的准确性,从而极大提高了观测数据的可信度.     

太阳极紫外光谱探测的历史与展望

围绕国际一流科学目标,发展顶级探测设备是中国太阳物理位列国际先进行列的立足点。70多年的空间太阳探测历程中,极紫外波段探测发挥了极其重要的作用,极紫外观测设备也几乎成为了太阳探测卫星的必备载荷之一。中国在极紫外探测,尤其是光谱探测方面的基础非常薄弱,导致相关科学研究几乎全部依赖国外数据,从而严重制约了中国太阳物理学科的发展。本文根据太阳极紫外探测的特点,系统分析了国外光谱探测的历史、现状以及未来发展趋势,并归纳了三类主要探测方式,即全日面积分光谱探测、低速光谱成像探测、快速光谱成像探测的当前水平,包括其技术方案及取得的部分科学成果。在此基础上,提出中国太阳极紫外光谱探测“三步走”的发展思路,并对每一步的科学目标、指标需求和候选探测方案提出建议。同时,展望了在太阳极紫外成像探测方面开展创新性尝试的思路。     

第23太阳活动周太阳极紫外辐射与磁暴相关性分析

统计第23个太阳活动周内中等及以上强度（Dst_min<-50nT）的磁暴事件,线性拟合分析磁暴主相DDst_min和达到DDst_min前一个表征太阳极紫外辐射强度的F_10.7之间的相关性.结果表明：随着太阳极紫外辐射增强,DDst_min<-50nT的磁暴出现的总数增多,在弱、中等和强太阳极紫外辐射条件下,其数量分别为56,84和85;随着太阳极紫外辐射增强,强磁暴（-200nT ≤ Dst_min<-100nT）和大磁暴（Dst_min<-200nT）发生的数量和相对发生率呈增长趋势,尤其是大磁暴数目（1,4,12）和相对发生率（1.79%,4.76%,14.12%）明显呈增长趋势;大磁暴（|Dst_min|）与太阳极紫外辐射（F_10.7）之间存在中度正相关关系,其相关系数为0.532,并且主要体现在大磁暴（|Dst_min|）与强太阳极紫外辐射（F_10.7）之间的中度正相关性,其相关系数为0.582.大磁暴与强太阳极紫外辐射之间的相关性可为空间天气预报提供参考依据.     

太阳极紫外辐射对热层大气密度的影响

对2001－2021年SOHO卫星的极紫外辐射测量数据,以及CHAMP,GRACE-A和SWARM-C卫星资料推导出的高分辨率大气密度数据进行统计分析,发现大气密度与极紫外测量值的相关系数大于密度与F_10.7指数的相关系数,证实极紫外辐射在不同地方时的影响程度存在显著差异,从而驱动大气密度的周日变化。利用三颗卫星的高度差异揭示极紫外辐射对大气密度的加热效应在350～500 km范围随着高度增加而减弱。统计得到极紫外辐射影响在地方时和纬度上的空间差异：对夏季半球的影响大于冬季半球;在白天,对中纬度地区的影响高于赤道和高纬度地区;在夜间,密度对辐射的斜率在夏季半球高纬度地区存在峰值,在冬季半球中纬度存在谷值,模型DTM2000和NRLMSISE00未能准确刻画。为了改进经验模型,提出基于球谐函数的拟合方法,优于主流模型周日效应采用的表达式,对周日效应建模和修正提供有益借鉴。利用昼夜间能量传输和热层大气经向环流机制探讨了统计结果的物理机制。     

“慧眼”识地球——天宫一号有效载荷高光谱成像仪多领域应用

2011年9月29日,天宫一号目标飞行器在酒泉卫星发射中心发射升空,与相继发射的神舟八号、神舟九号飞船成功实施了无人、载人交会对接试验,标志着我国在突破和掌握空间交会对接技术上迈出了重要一步。这是我国载人航天事业发展史上的又一个重要里程碑,是中华民族为人类探索利用外层空间作出的又一卓越贡献。天宫一号作为我国空间实验室雏形,已在轨运行近两年,各搭载设备状     

空间天气监测新计划

中国和美国的两个新计划将监测太阳爆发、射电闪烁和地磁暴。     

空间甚低频太阳射电Ⅲ型爆研究进展

太阳非热高能粒子流是产生灾害性空间天气事件最主要的驱动源之一,其主要观测特征是具有快速频率漂移特征的射电Ⅲ型爆.主要介绍了国际上在空间甚低频波段(<30 MHz)太阳射电Ⅲ型爆的主要观测设备和研究进展,包括具备高时间–频率分辨能力的空间和月基甚低频频谱仪等,对存在的主要问题进行了详细讨论,系统分析了空间甚低频射电探测器...     

欧美发射太阳轨道探测器推动抵近太阳观测

在历时20余年的立项和研制进程后,2020年2月10日由欧空局（ESA）主导、美国参加的太阳轨道探测器任务在美国发射升空,这是人类首个对太阳极区成像的空间太阳物理任务。太阳轨道探测器将用约3年时间在水星轨道以内的大椭圆日心轨道开展近距离太阳观测,用7年（包括3年延寿期）时间在黄道面外开展太阳极区高分辨率成像及探测。该任务有望进一步揭示太阳磁场,太阳活动爆发,太阳风起源、加速及其行星际传播和对地球空间天气的驱动等重要前沿问题的本质,加深对太阳活动周以及日地联系的理解。该任务启示中国空间科学要重视太阳深空观测任务的前瞻布局与立项实施。     

2 AU以内的“渐进型”太阳高能粒子事件模拟

太阳高能粒子（Solar Energetic Particle,SEP）事件是影响地球空间以及深空辐射环境的主要因素之一。“渐进型”太阳高能粒子事件中的高能粒子主要来自于日冕物质抛射（Coronal Mass Ejection,CME）所驱动的激波扩散加速（Diffusive Shock Acceleration,DSA）过程。CME驱动的激波在行星际的传播过程中,其结构不断演化,进而影响到高能粒子的加速过程。本文利用二维太阳高能粒子加速和传播模型,对发生于2014年4月18日的太阳高能粒子事件实例进行了数值模拟。模型考察了黄道面上2 AU的距离以内包含地球所在位置的4个不同点,分别计算了每个点上高能粒子的通量。数值模拟的结果表明：黄道面内不同位置的观察点,与激波波前的磁力线连接不同,从而导致观察点处高能粒子的通量有着显著的差异。该模型的计算结果可以为深空探测计划开展辐射环境研究提供必要的输入。     

Comparison of solar soft X-ray irradiance from broadband photometers to a high spectral resolution rocket observation

The solar soft X-ray (XUV; 1–30 nm) radiation is highly variable on all time scales and strongly affects the ionosphere and upper atmosphere of Earth, Mars, as well as the atmospheres and surfaces of other planets and moons in the solar system; consequently, the solar XUV irradiance is important for atmospheric studies and for space weather applications. While there have been several recent measurements of the solar XUV irradiance, detailed understanding of the solar XUV irradiance, especially its variability during flares, has been hampered by the lack of high spectral resolution measurements in this wavelength range. The conversion of the XUV photometer signal into irradiance requires the use of a solar spectral model, but there has not been direct validation of these spectral models for the XUV range. For example, the irradiance algorithm for the XUV Photometer System (XPS) measurements uses multiple CHIANTI spectral models, but validation has been limited to other solar broadband measurements or with comparisons of the atmospheric response to solar variations. A new rocket observation of the solar XUV irradiance with 0.1 nm resolution above 6 nm was obtained on 14 April 2008, and these new results provide a first direct validation of the spectral models used in the XPS data processing. The rocket observation indicates very large differences for the spectral model for many individual emission features, but the differences are significantly smaller at lower resolution, as expected since the spectral models are scaled to match the broadband measurements. While this rocket measurement can help improve a spectral model for quiet Sun conditions, many additional measurements over a wide range of solar activity are needed to fully address the spectral model variations. Such measurements are planned with a similar instrument included on NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO), whose launch is expected in 2009.     

天基X射线掠入射式成像望远镜发展现状

阐述了太阳X射线成像观测在空间天气预报中的地位和作用,叙述了掠入射式X射线聚焦成像的基本原理,简要介绍了在轨成功运行的天体X射线成像望远镜和太阳X射线成像望远镜的基本设计和技术指标,并介绍了国内正开发研制的专门服务于空间天气预报的太阳X射线成像望远镜基本设计和主要特点．     

Turbulence,complexity, and solar flares

The issue of predicting solar flares is one of the most fundamental in physics, addressing issues of plasma physics, high-energy physics, and modelling of complex systems. It also poses societal consequences, with our ever-increasing need for accurate space weather forecasts. Solar flares arise naturally as a competition between an input (flux emergence and rearrangement) in the photosphere and an output (electrical current build up and resistive dissipation) in the corona. Although initially localised, this redistribution affects neighbouring regions and an avalanche occurs resulting in large scale eruptions of plasma, particles, and magnetic field. As flares are powered from the stressed field rooted in the photosphere, a study of the photospheric magnetic complexity can be used to both predict activity and understand the physics of the magnetic field. The magnetic energy spectrum and multifractal spectrum are highlighted as two possible approaches to this.     

Correlations between neutral and ionized solar wind

We report results of a statistical study correlating ionized solar wind (ISW) fluxes observed by ACE during late 2000 and throughout 2001 with neutral solar wind (NSW) fluxes observed by IMAGE/LENA over the same period. The average correlation coefficient between the neutral and ionized solar wind is 0.66 with correlations greater than 0.80 occurring about 29% of the time. Correlations appear to be driven by high solar wind flux variability, similar to results obtained by in situ multi-spacecraft correlation studies. In this study, however, IMAGE remains inside the magnetosphere on over 95% of its orbits. As a function of day of year, or equivalently ecliptic longitude, the slope of the relationship between the neutral solar wind flux and the ionized solar wind flux shows an enhancement near the upstream direction, but the symmetry point appears shifted toward higher ecliptic longitudes than the interstellar neutral (ISN) flow direction by about 20°. The estimated peak interstellar neutral upstream density inside of 1 AU is about 7 × 10⁻³ cm⁻³.