串并混联空间机械臂全自由度轨迹规划算法

目前,国内外对串并混联空间机械臂的研究较少;而且大多在舍弃冗余自由度的情况下进行轨迹规划.针对7自由度串并混联空间机械臂,提出了一种基于解析解、并且充分放开全部7个自由度的机械臂轨迹规划算法.该规划算法既扩大了串并混联空间机械臂的规划可达空间,又保证了规划的实时性,同时还保留了结构承载能力强的优点,可以充分发挥其作为空间抓捕用臂的优势.通过仿真和地面空间操作抓捕试验,验证了算法的有效性.     

多目标位姿约束下空间机器人载体姿态扰动优化

通过运行轨迹的优化设计来减小空间机械臂运动对其基座姿态产生的扰动影响是一种经济有效的方式, 然而针对笛卡儿空间内多个离散位姿约束条件下空间机械臂运动轨迹的优化设计研究相对较少. 通过改进样条函数对机械臂末端运行轨迹进行参数化设计, 将基座姿态的扰动量表达为关于样条函数控制点与相邻约束点之间运行时间的目标函数, 利用遗传算法对目标函数进行全局优化处理, 完成空间机械臂运行轨迹的优化设计. 仿真结果表明, 该方法能有效降低机械臂运动对基座姿态产生的扰动, 并且规划的关节运动轨迹二次连续可微.      

基于阻抗控制的机械臂末端工具的柔顺控制

当空间机械臂执行任务时与环境相接触，机械臂末端工具和目标之间可能存在很大的接触力.为了将接触力限制在一定范围内，本文提出了基于位置控制内环的阻抗控制对机械臂末端精细工具进行柔顺控制的方法.该方法建立了机械臂末端工具的位姿与接触力/力矩之间的动态关系，使用关节位置/速度传感器和腕力传感器的测量来得到关节角、关节角速度和末端接触力反馈，使得机械臂末端执行器根据反馈作出相应的顺应性运动.研究将阻抗控制应用在复杂精细的末端工具上，将位置和姿态同时纳入柔顺控制器的设计中，实现了末端位置和姿态的综合控制.最后本文以螺钉拆卸为例，对提出的末端柔顺控制律进行位姿控制和接触力控制的仿真验证.仿真结果表明，本文设计的柔顺控制器可以有效控制接触力在合理范围内，并在误差很小的范围内实现位置和姿态的综合控制，对实际工程应用中，机械臂末端的精细操作具有指导意义.     

基于TEASER算法的空间非合作目标位姿估计

基于点云的空间非合作目标位姿估计,常受到噪声影响.提出截断最小二乘估计与半定松弛(truncated least squares estimation and semidefinite relaxation, TEASER)与迭代最近点(iterative closest point, ICP)的结合算法,提升空间非合作目标位姿估计精度与鲁棒性.该方法包括粗配准与精配准两个环节：在粗配准环节中,基于局部点云与模型点云的方向直方图特征(signature of histogram of orientation, SHOT)确定匹配对,利用TEASER算法求解初始位姿;在精配准环节中,可结合ICP算法优化位姿估计结果.北斗卫星仿真实验表明：在连续帧位姿估计中,噪声标准差为3倍点云分辨率时,基于TEASER的周期关键帧配准方法的平移误差小于3.33 cm,旋转误差小于2.18°;与传统ICP方法相比,平均平移误差与平均旋转误差均有所降低.这表明所提出的空间非合作目标位姿估计方法具有良好的精度和鲁棒性.     

基于深度强化学习的机器人推拨优化装箱问题研究

三维装箱问题是指在满足容积限制、稳定性限制等条件下,将一定数量的物体放入较大容量的箱子中并使空间利用率最大的组合优化问题.三维装箱问题是典型的NP完全问题,通常采用启发式算法规划物体放置的位姿.在使用机器人完成装箱任务时,还要额外考虑机器人操作限制,如机械臂或末端执行器与物体或箱子之间的碰撞、机械臂运动轨迹的规划等,使得部分最优位姿不可行,只能将物体从更高处落下或者将物体放在最优位姿的附近.机器人在抓取、识别和放置时的不确定性也会导致最终放置位置与规划产生偏差.因此,本文提出基于深度强化学习的机器人三维装箱推拨优化方法,以最小化包装箱中物体放置位置的启发式算法分数为目标,通过推拨动作对于已放置的物体位置进行调整、归集,将物体朝角落中压缩,以腾出更多空间,提高装箱空间利用率,减小由于机器人操作不确定性对装箱结果的影响.     

基于深度强化学习的机器人推拨优化装箱问题研究

三维装箱问题是指在满足容积限制、稳定性限制等条件下,将一定数量的物体放入较大容量的箱子中并使空间利用率最大的组合优化问题.三维装箱问题是典型的NP完全问题,通常采用启发式算法规划物体放置的位姿.在使用机器人完成装箱任务时,还要额外考虑机器人操作限制,如机械臂或末端执行器与物体或箱子之间的碰撞、机械臂运动轨迹的规划等,使得部分最优位姿不可行,只能将物体从更高处落下或者将物体放在最优位姿的附近.机器人在抓取、识别和放置时的不确定性也会导致最终放置位置与规划产生偏差.因此,本文提出基于深度强化学习的机器人三维装箱推拨优化方法,以最小化包装箱中物体放置位置的启发式算法分数为目标,通过推拨动作对于已放置的物体位置进行调整、归集,将物体朝角落中压缩,以腾出更多空间,提高装箱空间利用率,减小由于机器人操作不确定性对装箱结果的影响.     

面向未知目标的柔性关节空间机器人滑模控制

针对载荷捕获的空间机器人控制问题,同时考虑机械臂关节柔性和非合作目标质量未知等因素影响,提出一种基于目标质量观测器的滑模变结构控制方法.首先,针对空间非合作目标质量未知问题,设计基于改进的最小二乘迭代算法实现对非合作目标质量在线辨识.进而,采用拉格朗日方法和动量矩守恒原理,建立漂浮基座柔性关节空间机器人动力学模型;针对...     

基于构形平面的冗余机械臂轨迹规划方法

针对冗余机械臂在空间轨迹规划过程中构形多样但不唯一的问题,提出了一种快速求解冗余机械臂在空间轨迹规划过程中的最优构形的方法。受机械臂关节约束和空间障碍的限制,冗余机械臂的轨迹规划是一个复杂的过程。而为了保证机械臂运动的平稳性,冗余机械臂工作构形由多个机械臂关节轴线依次连接形成的构形平面组成。从构形平面入手,利用空间几何的方法,对冗余机器人进行空间轨迹规划,通过空间矢量引导、避障路径的比较,快速找到空间优化的路径,实现多目标轨迹规划方法。该方法用于一个7自由度冗余机械臂,结果表明该技术能够快速直观解决路径规划问题,不依赖具体的机械臂工作构形,适用于更多自由度的冗余机械臂。      

冗余空间机械臂粗捕获段无碰撞轨迹规划算法

现有的基于C空间的无碰撞轨迹规划算法需要求解C空间以获得C空间障碍边界。对于多自由度的冗余机械臂,求解过程需要消耗很大的计算量和内存,不适用于计算资源紧张的空间机械臂轨迹的快速规划。文章提出了一种不需要求解C空间的试探性规划算法,包含4个子算法：碰撞检测算法、无碰撞目标构型求解算法、无碰撞路径搜索算法和路径平滑算法。已知期望的末端作用器位置和姿态,利用目标构型求解算法得到无碰撞的目标构型,然后由路径搜索算法在C空间障碍边界未知的情况下,利用碰撞检测算法,采用一定的试探规律,在C空间中搜索出一条无碰撞路径,最终由路径平滑算法使该路径平滑,易于实现。仿真算例表明,该算法是快速有效的,适用于冗余空间机械臂粗捕获段的快速轨迹规划。     

七自由度机械臂逆运动学求解方法

针对SRS (spherical-roll-spherical-joint)结构的机械臂,提出了一种基于臂型角规划的逆运动学求解方法.根据目标位置设置臂型角,将臂型角作为冗余参数,利用机械臂的几何特征求出逆运动学解析解.同时,针对机械臂运动过程中可能产生的臂型角奇异位形工况,引入肘部位置约束获得运动学逆解.通过UG-Simulink联合仿真及物理试验,验证了方法的有效性.当机械臂位于肩关节奇异位形,可避免采用关节角参数化求解时产生无数组解的结果.在重力卸载环境下的抓捕和释放物理试验中,有效解决了空间运动受限时的空间奇异解问题.     

Scaling analysis and model estimation of solar corona index

A monthly average solar green coronal index time series for the period from January 1939 to December 2008 collected from NOAA (The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) has been analysed in this paper in perspective of scaling analysis and modelling. Smoothed and de-noising have been done using suitable mother wavelet as a pre-requisite. The Finite Variance Scaling Method (FVSM), Higuchi method, rescaled range (R/S) and a generalized method have been applied to calculate the scaling exponents and fractal dimensions of the time series. Autocorrelation function (ACF) is used to find autoregressive (AR) process and Partial autocorrelation function (PACF) has been used to get the order of AR model. Finally a best fit model has been proposed using Yule-Walker Method with supporting results of goodness of fit and wavelet spectrum. The results reveal an anti-persistent, Short Range Dependent (SRD), self-similar property with signatures of non-causality, non-stationarity and nonlinearity in the data series. The model shows the best fit to the data under observation.     

Stochastic particle acceleration by the forced interaction of relativistic current sheets

We address the problem of interacting relativistic current sheets in self-consistent kinetic plasma simulations within the framework of the Particle-In-Cell model. The interaction is enforced in head-on collisions of up to 10 current sheets at relativistic bulk speeds. The simulations are motivated by the general problem of Poynting flux dissipation in ‘striped wind’ configurations presumably governing the relativistic outflows pervasive in pulsar winds and gamma-ray bursts. We identify the generation of non-thermal particles and formation of a stable power-law shape in the particle energy distributions f(γ) dγ ∝ γ^−s dγ. In 1D, a spectral index s ∼ 2 is observed and attributed to a stochastic Fermi-type acceleration mechanism. In 2D, the generic index of s ∼ 3–4 is retained as in previous simulations of individual current sheets. Whereas in 2D the high energy cut-off is constrained by the limited dissipation of magnetic energy, in 1D the process converts the bulk motion of current sheets towards directed particle momentum of an exclusive class of non-thermal particles.     

Development of a gas chromatography compatible Sample Processing System (SPS) for the in-situ analysis of refractory organic matter in martian soil: preliminary results

In the frame of the 2009 Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) mission a new sample preparation system (SPS) compatible with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been developed for the in situ analysis of complex organic molecules in the Martian soil. The goal is to detect, if they exist, some of the key compounds that play an important role in life on Earth including carboxylic acids, amino acids and nucleobases.     

Concept options for the aerial survey of Titan

Various aerial platforms intended for long endurance survey of the Titan surface are presented. A few novel concepts are introduced, including a heated methane balloon and a balloon with a tethered wind turbine. All the concept options are predicted to have lower scientific payload fractions than the Huygens probe. It is concluded that the selection of the best aerial platform option depends on more accurate mass estimates and a clear decision on whether, or not, in situ surface composition measurements are required in conjunction with aerial remote sensing.     

Heterogeneous solid/gas chemistry of organic compounds related to comets,meteorites, Titan,and Mars: Laboratory and in lower Earth orbit experiments

To understand the evolution of organic molecules involved in extraterrestrial environments and with exobiological implications, many experimental programs in the laboratory are devoted to photochemical studies in the gaseous phase as well as in the solid state. The validity of such studies and their applications to extraterrestrial environments can be questioned as long as experiments conducted in space conditions, with the full solar spectrum, especially in the short wavelength domain, have not been implemented. The experiments that are described here will be carried out on a FOTON capsule, using the BIOPAN facility, and on the International Space Station, using the EXPOSE facility. Vented and sealed exposition cells will be used, which will allow us to study the chemical evolution in the gaseous phase as well as heterogeneous processes, such as the degradation of solid compounds and the release of gaseous fragments.     

基于LuGre模型的电液加载系统摩擦补偿

为了提高电液加载系统控制精度,针对摩擦问题提出了基于LuGre摩擦模型的前馈补偿方法.建立了用于摩擦仿真分析和补偿器设计的电液加载系统数学模型;通过实验获取并分析了相关的摩擦数据;基于实验数据进行LuGre模型参数辨识,把LuGre模型和辨识结果引入电液加载系统数学模型,并进行仿真结果与实际摩擦数据的对照,证明了LuGre摩擦模型的准确性.设计前馈补偿器,进行了实验对比,实验结果表明前馈补偿器可将摩擦产生的控制误差有效地降至未补偿时的30%左右.      

The ESA scientific programme

The ESA scientific programme has, so far, provided several significant astrophysics experiments and further important missions are scheduled for execution during the next decade. These missions are briefly summarised together with several astrophysics investigations presently under study.     

CoRoT and Kepler results: Solar-like oscillators

The space-borne observatories CoRoT (Convection Rotation and planetary Transits) and Kepler have provided photometric time series data of unprecedented precision for large numbers of stars. These data have revolutionized the fields of transiting exoplanets and asteroseismology. In this review some important asteroseismic results obtained using data from the CoRoT and Kepler space missions concerning stars that show solar-like oscillations are discussed. These results comprise, among others, measurements of the location of the base of the convection zone and helium second-ionization zone in main-sequence stars, the presence (or not) of core-helium burning in red-giant stars, as well as differential rotation in these stars.     

Return to Europa: Overview of the Jupiter Europa orbiter mission

Missions to explore Europa have been imagined ever since the Voyager mission first suggested that Europa was geologically very young. Subsequently, the Galileo spacecraft supplied fascinating new insights into this satellite of Jupiter. Now, an international team is proposing a return to the Jupiter system and Europa with the Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM). Currently, NASA and ESA are designing two orbiters that would explore the Jovian system and then each would settle into orbit around one of Jupiter’s icy satellites, Europa and Ganymede. In addition, the Japanese Aerospace eXploration Agency (JAXA) is considering a Jupiter magnetospheric orbiter and the Russian Space Agency is investigating a Europa lander.     

HELIO: The Heliophysics Integrated Observatory

Heliophysics is a new research field that explores the Sun–Solar System Connection; it requires the joint exploitation of solar, heliospheric, magnetospheric and ionospheric observations.