基于近场散射的颗粒粒径分布测量

针对传统的前向小角散射粒径测量系统中心光过强、杂散光干扰、散射角过小等缺点,本文采用一种新型的近场散射(NFS)方法测量前向小角散射光,研究并搭建了基于近场散射的颗粒粒径测量系统,将最大散射角提高到40.5°;在无需空白测量的情况下采用差分方法对透射光和散射光干涉成的散斑图像进行处理,有效去除中心光和杂散光的影响;对差分散斑图像进行快速傅里叶变换(FFT)频谱处理得到散射光强分布,利用Chahine算法对颗粒粒径进行了反演。最后,利用已知粒径(39.2μm和67.3μm)的标准颗粒对测量系统的准确性进行了单峰分布的验证,测量误差在5%之内;对于粒径为39.2μm和67.3μm的混合颗粒进行了双峰分布验证,在43.3μm和74.1μm处出现峰值,测量误差在10%左右。     

测量表面粗糙度参数的反散射计算研究

用光的角散射分布技术测量工件表面的粗糙度参数是近几年来发展起来的新的测量技术。它具有分辨力高、非接触、区域平均和快速测量等优点,可获得多个表面粗糙度参数。采用该技术测量的实验装置角分辨力为0.1°,测量范围为0.6328μm<λ_s(空间平均波长)<40μm,0.0001<△_a(轮廓的算术平均斜率)<0.0088,2nm相似文献   

三维表面粗糙度的均方根波长评定

基于分形几何理论,通过分析随机粗糙表面的轮廓谱矩和表面谱矩的特性,提出了具有均一性和随机性的三维表面的均方根波长评定方法,并给出了理论推导及计算公式.还通过仿真模拟和对平面磨削试件的实测,验证了该方法的正确性.结论表明,对于不满足均一和随机性的表面,一般其加工纹理比较明显,可直接在垂直于加工纹理的方向上进行测量和评定,以此来表示三维表面的均方根波长.     

用光纤半圆阵列测量准二维工件表面粗糙度参数的仿真研究

提出了一种反散射计算的简单、快速方法,用于用光纤半圆阵列的光散射技术测量准二维工件表面的粗糙度参数。这些参数包括高度特性参数 R_a、间距特性参数λ_a 和混合参数△_a。我们的研究证明了上述测量方法的正确性。因而,这种测量方法可用于测量工件表面粗糙度参数仪器的设计。     

美国的宇载雷达遥感试验及未来计划

雷达遥感是一种有源微波遥感技术。它包括合成孔径雷达(SAR),雷达散射计、雷达高度计及地基有源微波频谱仪等。美国的雷达遥感计划始于1966年。目的主要是利用宇载、机载和地基(包括车载)的雷达设备,研究地球和其它行星表面的微波频率响应特性。SAR用于军事侦察与测绘、地质、地理、水文、海洋和农业等部门的遥感测量;高度计用于海洋地貌和海洋大地水准面的测量;散射计用于海洋表面风场和海流的测量;宽带的有源微波频谱仪主要用于地物散射特性曲线的测量。     

锥形腔高能量激光能量计后向散射问题研究

高能量激光能量的准确计量对于相关研究至关重要。量热法是测量高能量激光能量的一种有效方法,其中涉及到的入射激光在能量计吸收腔内的后向散射总能量,是一个关键参量,它的准确测定与计量,将大大提高高能量激光能量计量的准确性。依据能量计内表面与入射激光相互作用的光学定律,详细推导了锥形吸收腔内入射激光光束能量的分布函数,并结合复化辛普森数值计算方法,分析和讨论了吸收腔结构一定时,环形和矩形两种不同光斑形状的高能量激光在锥形能量计吸收腔开口处的后向散射光功率密度分布和后向散射总功率以及它们对能量测量结果的影响。     

随机粗糙面的双站散射模型分析

以先进积分方程模型(AIEM)为工作模型,从理论上系统分析了随机粗糙面的双站散射特征,探讨了不同粗糙程度下散射系数在方位平面上的谷点位置,并利用数值仿真模拟、实测值对理论预测的散射系数进行了说明与验证.结果显示,散射系数在方位向上的谷点位置与粗糙程度和极化特征密切相关.利用数值仿真模拟,可从物理的角度更系统深入地分析统计粗糙表面的散射特性,从而有利于设计以后的更有效的双站探测模式.      

用准单色光散射法测量中等以上精度表面粗糙度

提出一种通过对远场散射光分布的统计分析来测量中等以上精度表面粗糙度的新方法。采用半导体激光器作为光源,并使用一维 CCD 器件来探测散射光分布。实验结果表明,在 R_a≤2.2μm 的范围内,远场归一化散射光分布的标准偏差(σ)与标准粗糙度参数 R_a 之间有很好的相关关系。     

一种方形腔体的目标散射特性及测量方法

雷达散射截面(RCS)是评价飞机隐身性能的重要指标，进气道对飞机的RCS有较大贡献，研究飞机进气道的散射有重要意义。相对于普通凸表面类型目标，进气道属于腔体，在远场条件计算、测量系统配置方面都需根据自身特有的散射机理做相应调整。借鉴矩形波导与远场关系理论，分析进气道等腔体类型目标的散射规律，判断进气道散射只与口面场有关。以一种方形腔体为例，采用几何光学法进行定量回波分析，通过电磁仿真软件FEKO进行仿真计算验证理论推导的正确性。在紧缩场和普通远场2种环境下，对腔体目标进行RCS对比测量研究。数值计算和实验测量的结果表明:对进气道等腔体类目标进行散射测量时，测试场仅需保证口面尺寸满足远场条件即可，但是测量系统需要具备2~5倍进气道长度的测量能力。      

随机粗糙面的双站散射模型分析（英文）

以先进积分方程模型(AIEM)为工作模型,从理论上系统分析了随机粗糙面的双站散射特征,探讨了不同粗糙程度下散射系数在方位平面上的谷点位置,并利用数值仿真模拟、实测值对理论预测的散射系数进行了说明与验证.结果显示,散射系数在方位向上的谷点位置与粗糙程度和极化特征密切相关.利用数值仿真模拟,可从物理的角度更系统深入地分析统计粗糙表面的散射特性,从而有利于设计以后的更有效的双站探测模式.     

Coastal sea level measurements using a single geodetic GPS receiver

This paper presents a method to derive local sea level variations using data from a single geodetic-quality Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver using GPS (Global Positioning System) signals. This method is based on multipath theory for specular reflections and the use of Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) data. The technique could be valuable for altimeter calibration and validation. Data from two test sites, a dedicated GPS tide gauge at the Onsala Space Observatory (OSO) in Sweden and the Friday Harbor GPS site of the EarthScope Plate Boundary Observatory (PBO) in USA, are analyzed. The sea level results are compared to independently observed sea level data from nearby and in situ tide gauges. For OSO, the Root-Mean-Square (RMS) agreement is better than 5 cm, while it is in the order of 10 cm for Friday Harbor. The correlation coefficients are better than 0.97 for both sites. For OSO, the SNR-based results are also compared with results from a geodetic analysis of GPS data of a two receivers/antennae tide gauge installation. The SNR-based analysis results in a slightly worse RMS agreement with respect to the independent tide gauge data than the geodetic analysis (4.8 cm and 4.0 cm, respectively). However, it provides results even for rough sea surface conditions when the two receivers/antennae installation no longer records the necessary data for a geodetic analysis.     

武汉中层、低热层大气角谱中频雷达观测

武汉中频雷达是利用中层、低热层中电子密度不均匀体的散射来测量大气的水平风场和电子密度剖面。雷达在计算风场的过程中可得到一些该层大气中电子密度不均匀体的寿命和空间尺度等参量值。结合这些参量和大气风场值可计算得到大气的角谱。其计算方法包括全相关分析技术的谱宽法和空间相关法。前者计算的值被认为是大气角谱的上限值。应用这两种方法,利用2001年2月9日武汉中频雷达的观测数据,对武昌上空中层、低热层大气的角谱进行了计算。结果得到大气角谱随高度增加略微增加,如在68km为6°,90km达最大为11°,其平均值为9.2°。利用2001年2月4—10日86km高度上的数据,得到一个7天平均的日变化曲线,发现大气角谱值在本地夜晚最小。     

基于GNSS-R的裸土圆极化散射特性研究

GNSS-R是利用导航卫星的反射信号对地物参数进行遥感的新兴对地观测方式。针对其特有的圆极化散射方式,以双站散射的高级积分方程模型为工具,利用极化合成的方法将随机粗糙地表面圆极化散射模型转换为可以计算各种极化的微波散射模型。重点模拟分析了不同土壤水分含量下,裸土在不同观测几何时的圆极化散射特性。随机粗糙地表面圆极化散射模型的发展在某种程度上填补了GNSS-R领域机理模型的空缺,为后续土壤水分的进一步反演提供了机理工具。      

Ionosphere tomography based on spaceborne SAR

Two models of ionosphere tomography based on spaceborne SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) are proposed. For HF-SAR the signal with sweeping frequency lower than the characteristic frequency of ionosphere will be scatted during the ionosphere propagation and completely reflected at a corresponding height. The ionospheric electron density isolines looked as series of random surfaces can be reconstructed from the HF-SAR echoes by using the inverse scattering technique for layered rough surfaces and the method of moment (MoM). The numerical simulation show that due to the MoM can provide a full wave solution, the ionosphere tomography with high resolution can be obtained as long as enough sampling data of HF-SAR echoes are used. For VHF/UHF/P/L-band SAR the TEC (Total Electron Content) can be obtained from the SAR echoes scattered by some strong point targets (such as the calibrators, etc.) appeared in the SAR imaged ground region, and the ionosphere tomography can be performed by CT technique.     

The photometric study of light scattering from the surface of alumina powder and interpretations by Hapke formula

A laboratory experiment helps to understand the light scattering property of regolith like samples with known compositions and other physical parameters. The laboratory data so obtained can be compared with the existing in situ data on celestial objects like asteroids. Further, it may be analyzed with the help of various theoretical models to understand the light scattering processes from regolith more clearly. In this work we have performed laboratory based photometry of the light scattered from the surfaces of powdered alumina (Al₂O₃) at various tilt angles of the sample and at large phase angles, with the particles having diameter 0.3 μm. The wavelength of observation was 632.8 nm. These data have been fitted by a surface scattering model originally suggested by Hapke. Instead of using empirical Henyey–Greenstein phase function to fix the values of albedo and phase function to be used within Hapke formula, we have used Mie theory for the same. This approach helped us to determine the single particle properties such as particle diameter and complex refractive index from surface scattering phase curve alone. Mie theory depends only on the size parameter X(=2π(radius/wavelength)) and complex refractive index (n, k) of the material. Since the absorption coefficient (k) for alumina is known to be very low but not exactly zero, the best fit to the experimental data was obtained by least square technique with k as a free parameter, as the other parameters are known. Finally, we compare our results with other published results and discuss the scope of application of the method we adopted.     

基于GPS遥感的延迟映射接收机关键技术

全球卫星定位系统GPS(Global Positioning System)广泛应用于定位和导航,还可利用海面对GPS信号产生的散射效应进行微波遥感,是一种新型微波遥感手段.首先介绍了GPS海洋遥感测风技术产生背景及特点,给出了GPS散射信号测量技术理论基础,重点分析了延迟映射接收机设计中提高采样信号信噪比、双射频前端电路设计、计算反射点延迟、接收机工作模式、内嵌软件处理等5项关键技术.设计的延迟映射接收机样机在天津近海完成了首次搭载飞行试验,试验结果表明,延迟映射接收机可同时接收直射和海面散射卫星信号并输出导航定位解,正确计算镜面散射点码延迟,准确接收海面散射的GPS卫星信号,且散射信号信噪比达到了14.9 dB以上,接收机输出为反演海面风场提供了准确的基础数据,这种方式可推广到遥感探测陆地土壤湿度、海冰厚度、海浪高度等领域.      

First evidence of anisotropy of GPS phase slips caused by the mid-latitude field-aligned ionospheric irregularities

The mid-latitude field-aligned irregularity (FAI) along the magnetic field line is a common phenomenon in the ionosphere. However, few data reveal the field-aligned ionospheric irregularities. They are insufficient to identify FAIs effects so far, particularly effect on global positioning system (GPS) signals. In this paper, the mid-latitude FAIs by line-of-sight angular scanning relative to the local magnetic field vector are investigated using the denser GPS network observations in Japan. It has been the first found that total GPS L2 phase slips over Japan, during the recovery phase of the 12 Feb 2000 geomagnetic storm were caused by GPS signal scattering on FAIs both for the lines-of-sight aligned to the magnetic field line (the field of aligned scattering, FALS) and across the magnetic field line (the field of across scattering, FACS). The FALS results are also in a good agreement with the data of the magnetic field orientation control of GPS occultation observations of equatorial scintillation during thorough low earth orbit (LEO) satellites measurements, e.g. Challenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP) and Satellite de Aplicaciones Cientificas-C (SAC-C). The role of large-angle scattering almost along the normal to the magnetic field line in GPS scintillation is determined by attenuation of the irregularity anisotropy factor as compared with the other factors.