Experimental investigation of shock-buffet criteria on a pitching airfoil

An experimental investigation of the shock-buffet phenomenon subject to unsteady pitching supercritical airfoil around its quarter chord has been conducted in a transonic wind tunnel. The model was equipped with pressure taps connected to the fast response pressuretransducers. Measurements were conducted at different free-stream Mach number from 0.61 to0.76. The principle goal of this investigation was to experimentally discuss the shock-buffet criterion over a SC(2)-0410 supercritical pitching ...     

Flow characteristics around airfoils near transonic buffet onset conditions

In transonic flow, buffet is a phenomenon of flow instability caused by shock wave/boundary layer interaction and flow separation. The phenomenon is common in transonic flow, and it has serious impact on the structural strength and fatigue life of aircraft. In this paper, three typical airfoils: the supercritical OAT15A, the high-speed symmetrical NACA64A010, and the thin, transonic/supersonic NACA64A204 are selected as the research objects. The flow fields of these airfoils under pre-buffet and buffet onset conditions are simulated by Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) method, and the mode analysis of numerical results is carried out by Dynamic Mode Decomposition (DMD). Qualitative and quantitative analysis of the shock wave motion, shock wave intensity, shock foot bubble and trailing edge separation, and pressure coefficient fluctuation were performed to attain deep insight of transonic buffet flow features of different airfoils near buffet onset conditions. The results of DMD analysis show that the energy proportion of the steady mode of these airfoils decreases dramatically when approaching the buffet onset angle of attack, while the growth rate of the primary mode increases inversely. It was found that at the onset of buffet, there exist different degrees of merging behavior between shock foot bubble and trailing edge separation during one buffet cycle, and the instability of shock wave and separation induced shear layer are closely related to the merging behavior.     

Transonic buffet control research with two types of shock control bump based on RAE2822 airfoil

Current research shows that the traditional shock control bump (SCB) can weaken the intensity of shock and better the transonic buffet performance.The author finds that when SCB is placed downstream of the shock,it can decrease the adverse pressure gradient.This may prevent the shock foot separation bubble to merge with the trailing edge separation and finally improve the buffet performance.Based on RAE2822 airfoil,two types of SCB are designed according to the two different mechanisms.By using Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) methods to analyze the properties of RAE2822 airfoil with and without SCB,the results show that the downstream SCB can better the buffet performance under a wide range of freestream Mach number and the steady aerodynamics characteristic is similar to that of RAE2822 airfoil.The traditional SCB can only weaken the intensity of the shock under the design condition.Under the off-design conditions,the SCB does not do much to or even worsen the buffet performance.Indeed,the use of backward bump can flatten the leeward side of the airfoil,and this is similar to the mechanism that supercritical airfoil can weaken the recompression of shock wave.     

开缝空腔抑制翼型跨声速抖振的数值模拟

采用非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(URANS)方法计算了18%双圆弧翼型的跨声速抖振特性,分析了翼面激波振荡及流场结构演化的特点,研究了在翼型表面开通气空腔抑制跨声速抖振的可行性,对空腔深度、开缝数目对激波振荡的抑制效果进行了对比分析。计算发现,18%双圆弧翼型的跨声速激波自激振荡只有向前的运动,没有向后的运动,开缝空腔能够抑制翼型跨声速抖振,但对抖振频率影响不大;空腔深度大,抑制效果好,但空腔深度变化对振荡频率影响不大;开2、3、4个槽缝抑制抖振的效果差别不大,开缝数量对抖振频率影响不大。     

基于POD和DMD方法的跨声速抖振模态分析

跨声速抖振现象是由于非定常跨声速流动中激波的自激振荡而引起的结构强迫振荡,这种现象在跨声速飞行器中普遍存在,对飞机的结构强度和疲劳寿命有不利影响。基于模态分解的分析方法是进一步发展抖振控制手段的有效工具。本文通过两类典型模态分析方法（本征正交分解（POD）和动态模态分解（DMD））对OAT15A翼型的跨声速抖振现象进行分析,通过对模态频率、翼面压力分布、流场重构误差等方面的研究,将两种模态分解方法进行对比。发现基于频率特征的DMD方法能够准确捕捉抖振的临界稳定特征和抖振主频的典型模态,同时能够更准确反映流场变量在激波间断附近随时间的变化过程;而POD方法尽管在流场重构时具有较小的总体误差,但对激波附近压强随时间的变化历程拟合较差。     

NPU翼型的气动力分析和改进设计

 在飞行器设计中用计算方法设计超临面翼型已完全取代了选用现成翼型的设计方法。为考察已设计出的NPU翼型是否满足飞行器设计要求我们对其进行了全面气动分析,发现这些翼型尚有不足之处,有必要进行改进设计。     

激波控制鼓包提高翼型跨声速抖振边界

翼型抖振边界是仅次于升阻比的一项重要气动指标.采用定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,以升力线斜率平缓及激波位置振荡作为基本判据确定了RAE2822翼型在指定跨声速来流条件下的抖振边界.通过大量计算流体力学(CFD)验证,针对RAE2822翼型设计了一种特定外形的激波控制鼓包并确定了其具体安装位置.该激波控制鼓...     

超临界翼型尾缘噪声影响因素研究

使用大涡模拟(LES)和FW-H相结合的方法对超临界翼型尾缘噪声进行了研究。针对超临界翼型后缘的不同设计参数(后缘厚度、后缘角和几何形状)对尾缘噪声的影响,使用ANSYS FLUENT的LES湍流模型计算声源,采用FW-H积分方法求解远场噪声总声压级。首先完成二维非定常流圆柱绕流的流场及其噪声的验证计算,计算结果与实验值符合,证明了求解器设置和网格生成的合理性。然后基于此正确的求解器设置和网格生成,使用LES/FWH对比了典型超临界翼型的不同后缘设计参数对远场总声压级的影响,所得结论对低噪声超临界翼型优化设计有参考意义,同时为进一步的噪声控制优化设计提供了基础。     

时间推进积分方程法求解非定常跨声速流动

本文提出了一种求解非定常跨声速流动的新方法——时间推进积分方程法,此法克服了时间线化积分方程法的限制,能较好地模拟激波的运动。本文首先用一维波(?)问题——模型问题阐明此法的基本思想,然后将它应用于二维非定常跨声速流动中。本文还首次引入拟速度位的概念,使时间推进积分方程式得到简化,尾涡条件和Kutta条件更易处理。数值计算表明时间推进积分方程法是合理可靠的。     

Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Wind Tunnel Model Vibrations on the Measured Aerodynamic Properties of Airfoils and Wings

This paper presents a numerical prediction of the unsteady flow field around oscillating airfoils at high angles of attack by solving unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations with SST turbulence model in order to simulate the effects of wind tunnel model vibrations on the aerodynamic properties of airfoils,especially high-aspect-ratio wings in a wind tunnel.The effects of the phase lagging between different modes of oscillations,i.e.,the airfoil plunging oscillation mode,the pitching oscillation mode,and the forward-backward oscillation mode,are also studied.It is shown that the vibrations (oscillations) of airfoils can cause the unsteady shedding of large-size separated vortex to precede the stationary stall incidence,hence lead to a stall onset at some earlier (lower) incidence than that in the steady sense.The different phase lagging has different effect on the flow field.When the pitching oscillation mode has small phase lagging behind the plunging oscillation mode,the effect of vibrations is large.Besides,if the amplitude of the oscillations is large enough,and the different modes of vibrations match or combine appropriately,the unsteady stall may occur 2° earlier in angle of attack than the case where airfoils keep stationary.     

二维机翼二自由度跨音速颤振分析

 <正> On the assumption that airfoils take small amplitude ha-rmonic oscillating and middle reduced frequency, the two-dimensional, inviscid, small-disturbance nonlinear unsteady transonic flow equation can be split into two parts. One is the nonlinear steady small-disturbance equation, the other is the time-linearized unsteady small-disturbance equation. The steady equation is solved by Carlson code. The unsteady equation is solved by integral method. The standard v-g method is used to solve the flutter eigenvalue equations. A transonic flutter analysis is performed for a NACA 64A006 airfoil with pitching and plunging degrees of freedom.The Mach numbers considered are 0.7, 0.8, and 0.85. The aerodynamic coefficients are obtained by the above method. For each Mach number, the flutter speed and the corresponding flutter reduced frequencies are achieved by varying the airfoil-airmass ratio, plunge-pitch frequency ratio. The results are compared with other computational method and good agreement has been observe     

复合振动翼型跨声速非定常流计算

在文献[1]、[2]的基础上,本文把绕翼弦中点作旋转振动的翼型跨声速流计算推广到翼型作水平、垂直方向的平移振动以及平移与旋转振动的叠加。本方法主要特点是网格与翼型一起运动,对无穷远及翼面边界条件作了精确的处理以及计算网格数很少。本文结果对进一步研究旋翼、叶轮转子等的非定常气动力将有重要的意义。     

多重网格法求二元跨声速流在一种半自适应网格上的欧拉解

本文采用MacCormack两步显式格式,用有限体积法求解了二元跨声速欧拉流。推导了物面边界条件,采用了特征远场边界条件及远场环量修正。利用保角变换方法生成O型贴体网格,并修改得到了一种在激波处局部加密的半自适应贴体网格。采用多重网格及焓阻尼加速收敛技术计算了NACA0012翼型的跨声速气动特性,得到了十分满意的收敛过程和计算结果。     

高超声速飞行器宽速域翼型/机翼设计与分析

对于现代高超声速飞行器的设计而言,除了需要保证高超声速的性能外,还必须兼顾满足工程需求的亚跨超声速特性。首先,采用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes（RANS）方程流动求解器,结合基于Kriging模型的代理优化算法,开展了高超声速飞行器宽速域翼型的优化设计研究,设计出了一种下表面具有双"S"形特征的新翼型。综合性能评估结果表明,该翼型相比于常规的高超声速翼型,在跨声速和高超声速下具有更加优良的气动特性;其跨声速状态下的升阻比达到78.9,高超声速状态下的升阻比达到5.94,能够实现宽速域内良好的综合气动性能。其次,开展了仿德国"桑格尔号"（SANGER）空天飞机运载机机翼的气动特性研究,对配置宽速域翼型与常规高超声速翼型的机翼进行了气动力特性综合对比分析。结果表明,配置新翼型的机翼在宽速域范围内整体气动性能更优,说明所设计的宽速域翼型在三维机翼上也具有一定的实用价值。     

任意翼型有小分离气泡跨音速绕流的迭代算法

 本文给出一种带小分离气泡的任意翼型粘性跨音速绕流的计算方法,采用有粘-无粘干扰迭代的概念。无粘流的全速势方程用AF差分格式在保角变换法生成的计算网格中求解,粘流附面层方程用C-S盒式法求解,用逆算法消除分离点处的奇性。本文对Ma_∞=0.8,Re_∞=2×10~6,迎角α=3.5°和4°的NACA64A010翼型粘性绕流进行了计算,结果与实验相比较,吻合良好。     

振荡叶栅气动性能实验研究(英文)

为了提供双凸翼型叶栅在所有叶间相位角及实际折合频率下高亚音和跨音定常和振荡气动性能的基本数据,在 NASA路易斯研究中心的跨音振荡叶栅试验设备上进行了一系列试验。为了进行该试验,研制出并使用了非定常气动影响系数法,即叶栅中一次只有一个翼型振荡,测出该振荡翼型与邻近静止翼型上非定常压力的矢量和,藉此就能确定在特定叶间相位角下相当于全部叶片振荡的叶栅的非定常气动性能。      

跨声速翼型多目标优化设计方法

本文通过采用多目标分级优化方法并基于求解全速势方程的跨声速粘流翼型计算方法，研究发展了一种多参数、多约束和多目标的跨声速翼型数值优化设计方法，应用该方法可以从普通低速翼型和超临界民办型出发通过多目标优化后得到在跨声速区的多个马赫数下阻力系数最小化的翼型几何外形，设计实践表明，该方法具有收敛快，调用目标函数次数少等优点。     

全速位积分方程跨音速绕流的数值解

从全速位方程出发,利用Green公式将其化为激波捕获积分方程和激波装配积分方程,然后离散进行数值解。流场出现激波时,对激波捕获积分方程应用上风技术捕捉到激波,然后应用激波装配技术计算,得到了满意的结果。经算例考核,该方法具有计算区域小,收敛快和CPU时间较少等优点。     

Dynamic stall on a supercritical airfoil

For the present investigations of dynamic stall a supercritical airfoil was chosen. This new airfoil designed by DLR will be used in dynamic stall control research activities (project ADASYS) planned for the near future: the leading edge portion of the airfoil will be drooped down dynamically to improve dynamic stall characteristics on the retreating side during blade motion. The optimised transonic properties of the airfoil, i.e., reduction of shock strength over a Mach number range will improve in addition the performance of the advancing rotor blade. Dynamic stall experiments on the rigid supercritical airfoil have first been carried out in the DNW-TWG transonic wind tunnel with a 1 m × 1 m cross section of the test section and adaptive top and bottom – walls. This tunnel has the advantage to cover the speed range of both retreating and advancing blade. Emphasis has been placed on unsteady pressure measurements along the adaptive walls simultaneously with the unsteady pressure measurements on the pitching model. In addition to the experiments corresponding numerical simulations with a RANS-code have been carried out and their results are compared with the experimental data. Of main concern are the influence of laminar-turbulent boundary-layer transition as well as wind-tunnel-wall interference effects on the unsteady results.     

超临界自然层流机翼设计及基于TSP技术的边界层转捩风洞试验

为了实现绿色航空节能减排的目标,层流设计技术成为飞行器设计者的研究热点。对于跨声速客机而言,超临界自然层流机翼设计技术将显著减小飞行阻力,提升气动性能,减少燃油消耗和污染物排放。首先,基于高精度边界层转捩预测技术耦合翼型优化设计系统,实现超临界自然层流翼型设计;经过合理的翼型配置,形成超临界自然层流机翼。转捩数值模拟分析结果表明,超临界自然层流机翼的层流流动特性良好。然后,以比例为1：10.4的试验模型在荷兰高速低湍流度风洞进行边界层转捩风洞试验,使用温度敏感材料涂层（TSP）技术拍照获得机翼表面在不同马赫数、雷诺数和迎角工况下的层流-湍流分布。最后,通过超临界自然层流机翼边界层转捩试验结果,探讨了该类型机翼的转捩特性随来流参数的变化规律,总结了超临界自然层流机翼设计的关键因素。此外,该模型也可用来验证边界层转捩预测技术在超临界、高雷诺数工况下的预测精度。