基于CFD方法的大型客机高速气动设计

大型客机高速气动设计需融入型号的设计经验、准确的数值分析方法以及高效的全局优化流程。将型号研制积累的设计经验及准则与现有数值计算工具、优化算法和计算机硬件资源相结合,探索发展了基于CFD的大型客机气动优化设计综合方法,该方法系统综合全局优化与局部寻优、人工经验与数值优化、参数化方法和参数控制以及自动化网格生成等方法和技术,大幅提升了气动设计效率。同时,完善了工程中实用的大型客机高速气动设计方法和流程,设计过程中融入了气动、结冰、静气动弹性等多专业的综合约束,反映了机翼设计多学科综合的本质特征,有助于形成综合最优的设计方案。以大型客机的超临界机翼优化设计为例,叙述了其在高速气动设计工作中的应用。     

飞行器气动与隐身性能一体化优化设计方法研究

首先根据多学科综合优化设计理论 ,针对飞行器外形布局设计特点 ,开展飞行器气动与隐身性能综合优化设计方法研究。分别采用线化格林函数法与粘性修正相结合以及物理光学法与等效电流法相结合的方法 ,建立了飞行器气动力特性与隐身特性的计算方法。利用多学科优化设计理论和遗传优化算法 ,开展了关于飞行器气动与隐身性能的协同优化设计方法研究。取得了初步的研究结果。     

基于代理模型的高效全局气动优化设计方法研究进展

基于高可信度计算流体力学的数值优化设计方法，在提高飞行器气动与综合性能方面正发挥着越来越重要的作用。基于代理模型的优化算法（SBO），由于能够实现高效全局优化，逐渐成为了气动优化设计领域的研究热点之一。近20年来，代理优化算法研究已取得了长足进步，多种先进的新型代理模型被提出，优化理论和算法也不断完善和发展。以飞行器精细化气动优化设计为背景，综述了基于代理模型的高效全局气动优化设计方法研究进展。首先，介绍了基于变可信度代理模型的气动优化设计方法、结合代理模型和伴随方法的气动优化设计方法以及基于非生物进化的并行气动优化设计方法的研究现状和最新进展。然后，针对飞行器气动优化设计学科领域的前沿问题，介绍了基于代理模型的多目标气动优化设计方法、混合反设计/优化设计方法、稳健气动优化设计方法的研究进展，以及基于代理模型的多学科优化设计方法的研究进展。文献综述表明，代理优化算法在设计效率、全局性以及鲁棒性等方面性能优良，已经发展到可以解决100维（100个设计变量）以内的气动优化设计问题，具有良好的工程应用前景。最后，探讨了基于代理模型的高效全局气动优化设计在理论、方法及飞行器设计应用方面所面临的问题和挑战，给出了未来研究方向的建议。     

飞翼无人机平面外形气动隐身优化设计

对一种双后掠飞翼布局隐身无人机(UAV)平面外形,基于参数化模型和网格自动划分技术,采用气动无黏/黏性数值求解模型和隐身工程评估方法结合单/多目标优化算法,在给定的变量设计空间中完成了气动隐身综合优化设计研究。通过多目标优化给出了布局气动升阻性能相对隐身性能的最优设计边界,指出了外形气动与隐身设计之间存在的冲突关系,即一方性能提升必会使另一方性能降低,不存在双方同时最优的解,飞翼外形设计时需要在气动与隐身间进行权衡折中。计算表明,在飞翼布局外形优化中应采用精度高的黏性气动计算模型。所建立的气动隐身一体化优化设计方法,为飞翼布局无人机外形精细设计奠定了基础。     

通用飞行器气动优化设计数字化集成平台——DIPasda

未来航空工业的发展,需要解决多学科综合设计的关键问题,为新型高性能飞行器的设计提供有力的设计方法和设计工具。DIPasda作为复杂外形设计的通用飞行器多学科优化设计平台,研制目的主要是提供一套新型通用、鲁棒、高效的优化设计架构,应用于通用飞行器工业设计环境,改善传统设计耗时低效的状况,提高新型飞行器设计的效率和精度。DIPasda平台系统包含了优化设计过程中所需用到的各类方法,主要包括数值优化算法、几何模型参数化方法、代理模型方法、高精度的学科分析工具等。通过详细介绍平台的系统架构、主要的功能模块、伴随优化设计和多目标优化设计流程,展现了DIPasda平台系统架构设计的灵活性和功能模块的完备性。最后通过优化算例展示了系统的综合优化设计能力。     

联翼布局传感器飞机多目标优化设计

针对联翼布局传感器飞机的任务需求特点,建立了专用于该类无人机的能够综合考虑气动、结构和雷达性能的多目标优化设计模型。利用改进的类函数/形函数参数化方法完成整机外形进行参数化,利用风洞试验进行了气动分析模型的验证,基于工程梁理论搭建了联翼布局结构重量估算模型。在雷达距离方程的基础上,建立了机翼内部雷达天线性能估算的数学模型。利用该模型,能够在优化过程中考虑到内置机载预警天线安装位置和性能评估对翼型选择、结构重量和气动特性的影响,最终得到全局最优设计。对某方案的优化结果表明,相较于优化前,多目标优化结果能够明显提升整机升阻比和前后视雷达探测范围,同时减轻结构重量。优化结果和敏感性分析表明了该多目标优化模型的可行性和必要性。     

Surrogate-based analysis and optimization

A major challenge to the successful full-scale development of modern aerospace systems is to address competing objectives such as improved performance, reduced costs, and enhanced safety. Accurate, high-fidelity models are typically time consuming and computationally expensive. Furthermore, informed decisions should be made with an understanding of the impact (global sensitivity) of the design variables on the different objectives. In this context, the so-called surrogate-based approach for analysis and optimization can play a very valuable role. The surrogates are constructed using data drawn from high-fidelity models, and provide fast approximations of the objectives and constraints at new design points, thereby making sensitivity and optimization studies feasible. This paper provides a comprehensive discussion of the fundamental issues that arise in surrogate-based analysis and optimization (SBAO), highlighting concepts, methods, techniques, as well as practical implications. The issues addressed include the selection of the loss function and regularization criteria for constructing the surrogates, design of experiments, surrogate selection and construction, sensitivity analysis, convergence, and optimization. The multi-objective optimal design of a liquid rocket injector is presented to highlight the state of the art and to help guide future efforts.     

涡轮盘低循环疲劳的概率设计

基于涡轮盘结构的低循环疲劳设计流程,将概率设计理念融入设计过程中,提出了涡轮盘低循环疲劳的概率设计流程。首先进行涡轮盘结构的优化分析,其中以确定性设计准则作为约束条件;以优化结构方案为基础,考虑参数的随机性,对涡轮盘低循环疲劳进行可靠性分析;以低循环疲劳寿命的可靠度为概率设计准则,对涡轮盘进行反复的设计和计算验证,通过修改结构尺寸完成涡轮盘低循环疲劳的概率设计。同时,根据灵敏度分析结果,讨论了设计变量的分散性对涡轮盘寿命的影响,为进一步提高结构的可靠性提供了新的研究思路。结果表明,按照概率设计观点确定的涡轮盘结构兼顾性能和可靠性,在满足可靠度的前提下降低涡轮盘的重量。同时该概率设计流程简单方便,易于工程的推广应用。     

基于多岛遗传-模拟退火算法的气动外形优化

针对超声速翼型滑翔机的气动外形优化问题,提出了一种多岛遗传算法与模拟退火算法相结合的混合优化算法。首先,通过多岛遗传算法产生一个随机的初始种群,找到全局最优点附近区域的一个次优解;然后,将此次优解作为模拟退火算法的初值启动退火进程,缩小设计空间的范围,找到全局最优解。优化结果表明,所提混合算法可以有效地解决飞行器外形优化问题;在数量巨大的设计空间中,滑翔机的最优气动外形能够以较低的计算资源代价快速得到;双弧形翼型的气动特性较六边形翼型更有优势,叉形尾翼的静稳定性和控制效率高于十字形;优化后的外形极大地增加了滑翔机的滑翔距离。     

喷气客机总体参数优化计算环境的开发

为了满足喷气客机多方面的设计要求和目标,开发了总体参数优化计算环境.基于工程算法,研究了几何、动力、重量、气动、性能、操稳和成本的分析模型,并开发了相应的计算模块;通过集成各专业分析模块,建立了喷气客机总体综合分析模型;在探讨了喷气客机总体参数优化模型的基础上,应用iSIGHT平台集成喷气客机总体综合分析模型,建立了喷...     

多学科设计优化在非常规布局飞机总体设计中的应用

以飞翼布局飞机总体设计为例,展示如何将多学科设计优化(MDO)方法有效地应用于非常规布局飞机总体设计.基于二级优化方法,提出一种飞机总体MDO实施流程.该流程包括系统级优化、子系统级优化(或评估)和多学科模型生成器3个部分.系统级优化的任务是优化全局设计变量,使系统目标最优.子系统级优化涉及的学科包括气动、隐身、结构、...     

并行计算性能可视化方法研究

分布式并行系统中,并行程序通常表现出比传统串行程序复杂得多的行为。影响并行程序性能的各种因素的交互作用,使得获得好的并行计算性能成为系统设计者和用户所面临的极大挑战。近年来的研究表明,并行程序的性能可视化方法和工具在帮助用户理解并行程序行为和优化性能等方面起到了很大的作用,成为各种并行性能分析优化工具不可缺少的一部分。本文较为系统全面地综述了并行计算性能可视化方法研究的发展状况,讨论了其面临的主要困难及可能的解决方法,并指出了未来的若干研究方向。     

翼身融合布局客机总体参数分析与优化

在翼身融合布局客机总体设计阶段,为评估设计方案的总体性能,建立了翼身融合布局客机总体参数综合分析与优化平台,该平台以翼身融合布局客机的几何参数为输入,完成动力、几何、重量、气动、性能和经济性等模块分析,并以此为基础建立优化设计模型。为快速评估设计方案的性能及优化设计效果,动力分析模块采用了部件级分析模型,重量分析模块采用半经验估算方法,气动分析模块采用面元法结合工程估算方法,性能分析模块采用简化运动学方法,优化模型采用可并行计算的子集模拟优化算法。以某555座级翼身融合布局客机方案为例,应用开发的分析与优化平台,完成了总体参数分析,结果表明分析模型合理。在此方案的基础上,以客机的外形参数和发动机海平面最大推力为设计变量,分别建立了以最大起飞重量最小为目标的单目标优化,以及同时以直接使用成本和进场速度最小为目标的多目标优化,单目标优化结果最大起飞重量降低了约7.17%,多目标优化结果表明直接使用成本降低8.77%的同时进场速度会增加3.32%。     

基于工程环境的气动多目标优化设计平台研究

工程环境中,飞机气动力设计面临在多个目标和多种约束条件下寻找最优值,需在较短时限内完成设计优化,并保证最终方案可靠。基于高性能计算环境,采用现代计算流体力学(CFD)数值模拟技术和优化技术等构建了面向实际工程的飞行器气动多目标优化设计平台:采用基于非均匀有理B样条(NURBS)方法的自由曲面变形技术,实现对工程复杂气动外形的参数化表达;采用网格变形技术,实现优化过程中计算网格的自动更新;采用基于有限体积方法和多块结构网格的雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程并行解算器进行气动力求解;采用基于精英保留策略的非支配排序的多目标遗传算法(NSGA-II)进行多目标全局优化求解;采用非线性单纯形算法进行局部优化求解,优化过程中,通过人工调整优化种群,引入人工经验,构建"人在回路"的设计流程。以某翼型/机翼气动力优化设计为例对该平台技术进行验证:多目标优化设计可得到清晰的Pareto前沿解分布;优化后的翼型/机翼在满足各项约束的前提下,具备更高的综合气动性能。结果表明:所发展的气动多目标优化设计平台具有很好的工程适用性。     

机动式再入弹头小滚转气动力风洞试验技术

基于气浮轴承的自由滚转式小滚转力矩测量系统的风洞试验技术,针对传统的惯性再入武器向再入机动武器发展需求,利用多孔光栅及高灵敏度光电传感器测量带小突起（如边条,小配平翼）的非轴对称模型自由滚转状态下的角速度随时间的变化过程。采用理论验证、最小二乘拟合、动力学仿真计算等方法,建立相应滚转力矩气动力模型进行试验数据处理和分析。风洞试验结果显示,数据大小合理,规律性好,同时可获得试验模型在滚转运动中的滚转气动力随时间的变化曲线,以及任意滚转角位置的小滚转静力矩,能够满足机动式再入弹头小滚转气动力测量试验的发展需求。     

Theories and methods for designing hypersonic high-enthalpy flow nozzles

Hypersonic high-enthalpy wind tunnels have been a challenge to ground tests in aerospace research area for decades and its test flow uniformity is one of the most important parameters for evaluating wind tunnel performances. Regarding to the performance requirement, theories and methods for designing hypersonic flow nozzles at high enthalpy conditions are quite difficult, but very interesting topics, especially when air molecule dissociations take place in wind tunnel test gas reservoirs. In thi...     

多段翼型气动力优化设计的多标准高效进化算法

本文分别结合基因算法与博弈论中的竞争型Nash对策及分级型Stackelberg对策构造了多标准高效进化算法,并对二维三段翼型成功地进行了多标准位置增升优化。基因算法在合适地选择了基因操作算子后可以得到全局最优解,博弈论的引入使得传统基因算法具备了无人工干预的多标准优化算法,并且这一优化过程接近于实际翼型工程气动力设计情况。应用本文的方法成功地对三段翼型进行了不同气动条件下的缝翼与襟翼的位置组合优化,最后给出了优化算例,并对两种算法进行了对比。     

High-order accurate,low numerical diffusion methods for aerodynamics

In recent years numerical methods have been widely used to effectively resolve complex flow features of aerodynamics flows with meshes that are reasonable for today's computers. High-order numerical methods were used mainly in direct numerical simulations and aeroacoustics. For many aeronautical applications, accurate computation of vortex-dominated flows is important because the vorticity in the flow field and the wake of swept wings at an incidence and rotor blades largely determines the distribution of loading. The main deficiency of widely available, second-order accurate methods for the accurate computation of these flows is the numerical diffusion of vorticity to unacceptable levels. Application of high-order accurate, low-diffusion numerical methods can significantly alleviate this deficiency of traditional second order methods. Furthermore, higher-order space discretizations have the potential to improve detached eddy simulation predictions of separated flows with significant unsteadiness. Recently developed high-order accurate finite-difference, finite-volume, and finite-element methods are reviewed. These methods can be used as an attractive alternative of traditional low-order central and upwind computational fluid dynamics methods for improved predictions of vortical and other complex, separated, unsteady flows. The main features of these methods are summarized, from a practical user's point of view, their applicability and relative strength is indicated, and examples from recent applications are presented to illustrate their performance on selected problems.     

Navigation system design using time-varying complementary filters

A new methodology for the design of navigation systems for autonomous vehicles is introduced. Using simple kinematic relationships, the problem of estimating the velocity and position of an autonomous vehicle is solved by resorting to special bilinear time-varying filters. These are the natural generalization of linear time-invariant complementary filters that are commonly used to properly merge sensor information available at low frequency with that available in the complementary region. Complementary filters lend themselves to frequency domain interpretations that provide valuable insight into the filtering design process. This work extends these properties to the time-varying setting by resorting to the theory of linear differential inclusions and by converting the problem of weighted filter performance analysis into that of determining the feasibility of a related set of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs). Using this set-up, the stability of the resulting filters as well as their "frequency-like" performance can be assessed using efficient numerical analysis tools that borrow from convex optimization techniques. The mathematical background that is required for complementary time-varying filter analysis and design is introduced. Its application to the design of a navigation system that estimates position and velocity of an autonomous vehicle by complementing position information available from GPS with the velocity information provided by a Doppler sonar system is described.     

Computational modeling for multiphase flows with spacecraft application

Many engineering applications involve interactions between solid, gas and liquid phases under normal or micro-gravity conditions. Numerical simulations of such fluid flows need to track the location and the shape of the fluid interface as part of the solution. The merits and basic characteristics of various approaches for numerical computations of interfacial fluid dynamics are reviewed. The computational challenges include: (i) the algorithmic complexity for handling irregularly shaped moving boundaries that can experience merger and break-up; (ii) resolution refinement techniques to maintain desirable resolution of length scales, in accordance with the evolving fluid dynamics; (iii) data structure needed to support identification of the interface and satisfaction of the physical laws in the bulk fluids as well as around the phase boundaries; and (iv) efficient parallel processing techniques required for practical engineering analysis. The present review focuses on these issues related to the Lagrangian–Eulerian approach, utilizing the immersed boundary method with marker-based tracking, as the main framework for interfacial flow computations on Cartesian grids. Specifically, we offer in-depth discussion of the organization and layout of the mesh systems for both fluid and interface representations, local adaptive refinement on two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) Cartesian grids, and multi-level domain decomposition method that utilizes Hilbert space filling curves for parallel processing strategy. The effectiveness of individual components and overall algorithm are presented using various tests such as, binary drop-collision computations to highlight grid adaptation and interface tracking algorithms to handle complex interface behavior, and bubble/droplet placed in a vortex field with various density/viscosity ratios across interfaces to address load balancing and scalability aspects of parallel computing. A time-dependent draining flow problem motivated by spacecraft applications is presented to aid spacecraft design efforts.