H_2O_2/HTPB缩比固液火箭发动机药柱燃速试验研究

对采用90%H2O2/HTPB基推进剂组合的缩比固液火箭发动机开展了药柱燃速试验研究,得到了不同点火方式和不同氧化剂流率下的药柱燃速。试验结果表明,在相同的氧化剂流率下,催化点火方式比点火药点火方式药柱燃速要高,燃烧室压力更为平稳,同时建压时间要长。根据点火药点火方式下不同氧化剂流率的药柱燃速拟合得到了燃速公式,并运用燃速公式对300 mm全尺寸发动机进行了装药设计及内弹道性能计算,得到的理论性能曲线与试验结果吻合很好,验证了本文采用的燃速研究方法及结果。     

含石蜡燃料初步研究

含石蜡燃料具高退移速率特性且成本低,是固液混合发动机理想能源。制取了在气氧矩形燃烧器中燃烧时不发生融化的含石蜡燃料。实验表明：将50％HTPB置换为石蜡,退移速率可提高1．37倍;在燃料中添加金属镁铝合金,可提高燃料密度和退移速率;添加碳黑可提高燃料密度,但退移速率略有下降。     

TMO对铝镁贫氧推进剂低压燃烧性能影响

研究了过渡金属氧化物（TMO）及其复配物对非壅塞固体火箭冲压发动机铝镁贫氧推进剂燃烧特性的影响。研究发现，氧化铁对提高铝镁贫氧推进剂燃速的作用显著。过渡金属氧化物组合（氧化钴／氧化铬和氧化铜／氧化铬）对提高铝镁贫氧推进剂的燃速催化作用显著，且含组合催化剂（氧化钴／氧化铬、氧化铜／氧化铬和氧化铁／氧化铜）的盆氧推进剂具有高的燃速压强指数。     

Experimental investigation of fuel regression rate in a HTPB based lab-scale hybrid rocket motor

The fuel regression rate is an important parameter in the design process of the hybrid rocket motor. Additives in the solid fuel may have influences on the fuel regression rate, which will affect the internal ballistics of the motor. A series of firing experiments have been conducted on lab-scale hybrid rocket motors with 98% hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) oxidizer and hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) based fuels in this paper. An innovative fuel regression rate analysis method is established to diminish the errors caused by start and tailing stages in a short time firing test. The effects of the metal Mg, Al, aromatic hydrocarbon anthracene (C₁₄H₁₀), and carbon black (C) on the fuel regression rate are investigated. The fuel regression rate formulas of different fuel components are fitted according to the experiment data. The results indicate that the influence of C₁₄H₁₀ on the fuel regression rate of HTPB is not evident. However, the metal additives in the HTPB fuel can increase the fuel regression rate significantly.     

Igniter jet dynamics in solid fuel ramjets

The dynamics of a two dimensional plane jet injected at the base of a step, parallel to the wall, in backward facing step flow geometry is numerically studied. The objective of this work is to gain insight into the dynamics of the igniter flow field in solid fuel ramjet motors. Solid fuel ramjets operate by ingestion of air and subsequent combustion with a solid fuel grain such as polyethylene. The system of governing equations is solved with a finite volume approach using a structured grid in which the AUSM⁺ scheme is used to calculate the convective fluxes. The Spalart and Allmaras turbulence model is used in these simulations. Experimental data have been used to validate the flow solver and turbulence model simulation results. The comparison of the numerical results and experimental data has validated the use of the adopted turbulence model for the study of this type of problem. A special attention is paid to the igniter jet exit location. It is shown that the wall jet igniter, issuing from the base of the step, drastically changes the structure of recirculating region of backward facing step flow and produces large and damaging shear stress on the fuel surface. Moving the igniter jet exit location to the top of the backward facing step changes the flow field favorably, by reducing the fuel surface shear stress by an order of magnitude and maintaining the recirculating region behind the step, which can provide proper residence time for the fuel–air mixture chemical reactions.     

Some technical aspects of gaseous detonation

This paper briefly describes two attempts to utilize detonative combustion processes to MHD conversion of thermal energy of fuel to electrical energy and bonding of atmospheric nitrogen. For this purpose a continuous impulse detonation chamber with a frequency up to 200 cps was constructed. Using methane-oxygen-nitrogen mixtures the chamber was maintained in stable operation for several hundred hours. Oil was also employed as fuel.Estimates based on experimental data showed that up to 2% of chemical energy of the fuel may be converted into electrical energy. The use of an accelerating nozzle may improve this result.The concentration of nitrogen oxide in combustion products of the detonation wave was higher by 14% than that expected under usual combustion conditions.The advantages of this type of apparatus are: absence of compressors for fuel and oxidant, impulse current generation, low temperatures of chamber walls, and operation over a large range of operating conditions.Problems associated with the effect of the magnetic field on the propagation of the detonation wave are discussed and the possibility of applying the Zeldovich theory to the case of MHD interaction is described. It is shown that the detonation velocity may either increase or decrease depending on the relative orientation of the direction of magnetic field with respect to the detonation wave.     

Combustion performance and scale effect from N2O/HTPB hybrid rocket motor simulations

HRM code for the simulation of N₂O/HTPB hybrid rocket motor operation and scale effect analysis has been developed. This code can be used to calculate motor thrust and distributions of physical properties inside the combustion chamber and nozzle during the operational phase by solving the unsteady Navier–Stokes equations using a corrected compressible difference scheme and a two-step, five species combustion model. A dynamic fuel surface regression technique and a two-step calculation method together with the gas–solid coupling are applied in the calculation of fuel regression and the determination of combustion chamber wall profile as fuel regresses. Both the calculated motor thrust from start-up to shut-down mode and the combustion chamber wall profile after motor operation are in good agreements with experimental data. The fuel regression rate equation and the relation between fuel regression rate and axial distance have been derived. Analysis of results suggests improvements in combustion performance to the current hybrid rocket motor design and explains scale effects in the variation of fuel regression rate with combustion chamber diameter.     

基于流-固耦合的混合火箭发动机固体燃料表面退移速率计算

基于流-固耦合的方法,在充分考虑混合火箭发动机工作过程中诸多复杂物理过程的基础上,建立了一个可适用于不同工作状况下混合火箭发动机固体燃料表面退移速率预示的计算模型。计算结果与实验数据的对比验证了所建立计算模型的准确性。对模型发动机进行模拟的结果表明,混合火箭发动机中的燃烧、流动及固体燃料表面的退移速率具有明显的不均匀性,发动机中的固体燃料表面的退移速率沿轴向近似地呈“W”形状的曲线变化;在混合发动机中,突扩形状的预燃室和补燃室有利于燃料热解气体和氧化剂气体的扩散混合,可以强化对固体燃料表面的换热,提高固体燃为表面的退移速率。     

固体燃料热分解特性分析

为了认清固液火箭发动机混合燃烧过程,采用热平板导热方式对固体燃料进行热分解实验,得到了固体燃料的化学动力学参数。在热平板导热实验中,观察了固体燃料在不同温度条件下的热分解残药情形,绘制了典型的燃料表面热分解温度-时间曲线,进一步得到Arrhenius类型的燃面退移速率-燃料表面温度关系曲线,并得出固体燃料的活化能强烈依赖于燃料的表面温度,"燃速-温度"曲线明显地展现了2个活化能区域,为固液火箭发动机燃料表面退移速率理论计算提供实验依据。     

固体燃料冲压发动机推力平稳性及飞行稳定性分析

分析了固体燃料冲压发动机中燃面退移速率的影响因素,建立了燃面退移速率仿真模型。在此基础上,建立了固体燃料冲压发动机工作过程仿真模型。采用该模型对固体燃料冲压发动机超音速巡航导弹的推力平稳性和飞行稳定性进行了分析。分析结果表明,选择适当的发动机设计参数能确保推力随时间的变化最小;发动机能根据巡航导弹飞行高度和速度的变化进行调整,使巡航导弹维持在设计点飞行。     

Combustion characteristics of the end burning hybrid rockets in laminar flow

In this study, we aim to clarify the blowoff mechanism for flame spreading in an opposed laminar flow in narrow solid fuel ducts. To clarify this mechanism we conducted two experiments. First, we observed the changes of the flame spread rate at various oxygen velocities, ambient pressures, and port diameters. For flame spreading in laminar flow, combustion modes could be classified into 3 distinct regimes based on the strength of the opposed flow, i.e., chemical regime, thermal regime, and stabilized regime. This result is consistent with the result in turbulent flow. In the stabilized regime, quenching distance is almost constant despite oxygen velocity. In order to investigate the effect of ambient pressure and port diameter of fuels on blowoff limit, transition oxygen velocity is observed. As a result, transition oxygen velocity is proportional to the logarithm of the ambient pressure and port diameter. This relation is applicable despite the flow condition. Furthermore, we calculated velocity gradient at the fuel surface to reveal the determining factor of the blowoff limit in laminar flow. Consequently, velocity gradient, which is considered to dominate flow separation in laminar flow, would not be constant. This is because the velocity gradient at the fuel surface could not be evaluated by only the assumption of Hagen–Poiseuille flow but other parameters, such as vaporized fuel gas and natural convection by buoyancy should be included.     

氧气/醇类燃气发生器启动过程试验研究

对氧气/醇类燃气发生器进行了热态试验,对启动过程进行了描述和分析,并引入点火时间和着火延迟两个参数深入研究了燃气发生器的启动规律。研究表明,燃烧室流量密度的增加对燃气发生器的点火时间影响不大,但会引起着火延迟的明显增加;时序中氧气与燃料两种组元进入燃烧室的时刻对启动过程有较大的影响,二者存在一个最优的时间间隔,可以保证燃气发生器快速、平稳、安全的启动。     

Hybrid rocket engine,theoretical model and experiment

The purpose of this paper is to build a theoretical model for the hybrid rocket engine/motor and to validate it using experimental results. The work approaches the main problems of the hybrid motor: the scalability, the stability/controllability of the operating parameters and the increasing of the solid fuel regression rate. At first, we focus on theoretical models for hybrid rocket motor and compare the results with already available experimental data from various research groups. A primary computation model is presented together with results from a numerical algorithm based on a computational model. We present theoretical predictions for several commercial hybrid rocket motors, having different scales and compare them with experimental measurements of those hybrid rocket motors. Next the paper focuses on tribrid rocket motor concept, which by supplementary liquid fuel injection can improve the thrust controllability. A complementary computation model is also presented to estimate regression rate increase of solid fuel doped with oxidizer. Finally, the stability of the hybrid rocket motor is investigated using Liapunov theory. Stability coefficients obtained are dependent on burning parameters while the stability and command matrixes are identified. The paper presents thoroughly the input data of the model, which ensures the reproducibility of the numerical results by independent researchers.     

碳纤维复合材料贮箱内压和低温承载行为研究

碳纤维增强聚合物复合材料具有轻质高强的优异特性,是液氢液氧燃料贮箱的理想材料。然而液氢液氧燃料贮箱在服役时要承受极低温度载荷,复合材料贮箱箱体的低温结构可靠性尚未可知。开展了碳纤维/环氧复合材料缠绕贮箱结构在温度和内压载荷下的变形及损伤研究,分别进行了常温/低温抗渗漏测试,结合应变测量、声发射监测、氦质谱检漏等方法分别研究了内压以及低温工况对复合材料贮箱的应变分布及损伤泄漏状态影响机制。研究结果表明,封头与圆筒区域交界处易产生应变集中,低温载荷导致复合材料局部小幅度基体损伤及纤维/基体界面脱粘,但并未影响贮箱箱体承压性能和气密性。本研究可为未来大型航天器减质设计提供参考。     

补燃循环发动机起动过程涡轮功率控制

分析了采用富氧燃气发生器的补燃循环发动机起动过程中涡轮功率的控制方法,指出起动过程中涡轮功率的主要控制参数为发生器温度和涡轮压比。起动过程中发生器温度的控制依靠选择合适的流量调节器起动流量、转级时间和转级速率来实现。起动过程中涡轮压比的控制需要控制推力室的建压时间和建压幅度,这需要选择合适的推力室燃料主阀打开时间、燃料节流阀转大流量的时间。通过数值仿真,分析了上述控制方法对发动机起动过程的影响机理。     

MMH/NTO双组元自燃推进剂反应机理简化

采用反应流分析结合灵敏度分析的简化方法,对MMH/NTO详细燃烧化学反应机理进行了简化,获得包含25个组分和43个基元反应的MMH/NTO简化反应动力学模型.并从着火延迟时间和燃烧火焰温度两方面,通过对比理论结果、详细机理和简化机理预测结果,在较宽范围参数内对简化机理进行了验证.验证结果表明简化机理和详细机理预测的MM...     

含硼富燃固体推进剂药浆粘度调节

介绍了硼、ＡＰ包覆硼和ＨＴＰＢ胶混合过程中粘度随时间变化情况；讨论了镁粉、键合剂对含硼富燃固体推剂药浆粘度的影响。进行了一系列的试验处理，降低了含硼富燃固体推进剂药浆粘度，使含硼富燃固体推进剂浇注工艺获得成功。     

涡流对固体燃料冲压发动机性能影响分析

通过对固体燃料冲压发动机内流动和燃烧过程的数值模拟,研究了涡流对发动机性能的影响。主要讨论了发动机推力和比冲、固体燃料的平均后退速率和燃烧效率对旋流强度的依赖关系,还对推进剂燃速沿轴向的分布进行了考察,并与无旋条件进行了比较分析。结果表明,小强度的涡流能明显提高固体燃料燃速和发动机推力,但强度过大,涡流反而会给发动机性能带来不利影响;涡流增强燃烧作用主要体现在装药后段。     

Thrust modulation of solid propellant rockets by a fluidic vortex valve with secondary combustion

An analytical model for calculation of the thrust and pressure modulation of a solid propellant rocket by means of a fluidic vortex valve with secondary combustion has been developed. Thrust control by the vortex valve method was found superior to the axial injection of control flow. Addition of oxygen in the injected flow improves the energetic performance of the system as well as the thrust modulation capability. Experiments have been conducted using a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen as the injection gas. The two main parameters investigated in a series of experiments were the oxygen percentage in the injection gas and the ratio between the mass flow rates of the control gas and the solid propellant combustion products. The results show an increase of thrust by a factor of 2 for a 25% addition in mass flow rate by secondary injection at optimal conditions.     

RDX/AMMO-BAMO推进剂燃烧模型

以详细的气相基元反应机理为基础,建立了RDX和RDX/AMMO-BAMO(80∶20)推进剂的一维、稳态燃烧模型.计算了0.1～10 MPa压强下RDX和RDX/AMMO-BAMO推进剂的燃速、燃烧波结构、气相热反馈等燃烧特性参数.预估的燃速值与实验值吻合得很好,相对误差都在10%以内.计算结果显示,20%AMMO-BAMO共聚物的加入,降低了RDX推进剂的燃速,降低幅度约为42%.