Analytical definition and proposed concept for the manned infrastructure of a lunar outpost

A recent study made by ESA has reviewed the scientific investigations to be only, or best, performed on the Moon (Return to the Moon, ESA SP-1150, June 1992), and has identified the need for a manned lunar outpost to provide support to field geologists in sampling and in-situ observations of the lunar surface, and to allow the refurbishments of surface stations and rovers. Planning and development for a manned outpost on the Moon requires an in-depth understanding and analysis of the functions this outpost is expected to perform. We therefore analyzed the impact of the proposed scientific investigations on the design of a manned lunar outpost. The specific questions raised in our study were: What are the medical, physiological and psychological risks for a crew to stay and to work on the Moon? What transit and lunar surface infrastructures (habitats and vehicles) are needed to minimize those risks?     

Some problems of selection and evaluation of the Martian suit enclosure concept

One of the most important tasks for preparation of a future manned mission to Mars is to create a space suit, which ensures efficient and safe operation of the man on the planet surface.

The concept of space suit (SS) utilisation on the Mars surface will be determined mainly by the Mars mission scenario. Currently the preference is given to utilisation of robotics with the crew driving a Mars rover vehicle, whereby the suit will be used solely as an additional safety means.

However, one cannot exclude the necessity of a durable self-contained stay of the man outside a pressurised compartment, to pick up, for instance, soil samples or do certain repair work in case of an emergency.

The requirements to the Mars suit and especially to the personal self-contained life support system (LSS) will depend in many respects on the Mars environmental conditions, the space vehicle system concept and performance characteristics, the airlock and its interface design, the availability of expendable elements for the LSS, etc.

The paper reviews principal problems, which have to be solved during development of the Martian suit. A special attention is paid to the issue of suited man mobility during traversing on the planet surface.

The paper also reviews the arguments for application of a suit semi-rigid design concept and evaluates potentialities of using certain elements of the existing “Orlan” type suit.

The paper presents results of a number of studies on selection of the planetary SS enclosure concept and on experimental evaluation of mobility of the lower torso and leg enclosures in conjunction with a specially designed prototype model (tentative model) of the SS enclosure.     

Astronaut training for the European ISS contributions Columbus module and ATV

An essential part of increment preparation for the ISS is the training of the flight crews. Each international partner is responsible for the basic training of its own astronauts, where a basic knowledge is taught on space science and engineering, ISS systems and operations and general astronaut skills like flying, diving, survival, language, etc. The main parts of the ISS crew training are the Advanced Training, e.g., generic ISS operations; nominal and malfunction systems operations and emergencies, and the Increment-Specific Training, i.e., operations and tasks specific to a particular increment. The Advanced and Increment-Specific Training is multilateral training, i.e., each partner is training all ISS astronauts on its contributions to the ISS program. Consequently, ESA is responsible for the Basic Training of its own astronauts and the Advanced and Increment-Specific Training of all ISS crews after Columbus activation on Columbus Systems Operations, Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV), and ESA payloads.

This paper gives an overview of the ESA ISS Training Program for Columbus Systems Operations and ATV, for which EADS Space Transportation GmbH is the prime contractor. The key training tasks, the training flow and the training facilities are presented.     

The Columbus Attached Pressurized Module System and management aspects of international cooperation

The technical and management interfaces between the Space Station and the European Attached Pressurized Module are described. An overview is given on the mechanical, thermal, environmental control and life support, electrical power, data management, communication and operational interfaces as well as on the management interfaces on system and subsystem level and in the operation and utilisation domains. The paper describes the status of the APM interface design as reflected by the Phase B-2 activities, which are subject to further definition during the progress of the technical work.     

The Columbus programme : European steps towards the considered development of near-Earth space

The European Space Agency's Columbus Programme is nearing the end of its study phase and European ministers now need to take decisions on proceeding with the development phase. Columbus is directed towards the creation of an autonomous European space capability, and at the same time towards furthering genuine partnership with the USA on the international Space Station. This article reviews the elements which make up the Columbus Programme, and examines their probable developments over the next few years. The need for ESA to ensure coherence among the major European space initiatives is stressed.     

认知雷达系统概念和体系架构研究

认知雷达作为一种全新的智能化雷达概念,可以有效提升雷达在复杂地理和电磁环境中的探测性能,被认为是未来雷达发展的方向。针对认知的基本概念,探讨了认知雷达的基本内涵和概念,并提出了层次化的知识体系和处理流程,给出了认知雷达的系统架构。     

The experience in operation and improving the Orlan-type space suits

Nowadays significant experience has been gained in Russia concerning extravehicular activity (EVA) with cosmonauts wearing a semi-rigid space suit of the "Orlan" type. The conditions for the cosmonauts' vital activities, the operational and ergonomic features of the space suit and its reliability are the most critical factors defining the efficiency of the scheduled operation to be performed by the astronaut and his safety. As the missions performed by the cosmonauts during EVA become more and more elaborate, the requirements for EVA space suits and their systems become more and more demanding, resulting in their consistent advancement. This paper provides certain results of the space suit's operation and analysis of its major problems as applied to the Salyut and MIR orbiting stations. The modification steps of the space suit in the course of operation (Orlan-D, Orlan-DM, Orlan-DMA) and its specific features are presented. The concept of the suited cosmonauts' safety is described as well as trends for future space suit improvements.     

A new concept for the exploration of Europa

The Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) is the major Outer Planet Flagship Mission in preparation by NASA. Although well designed, the current EJSM concept may present problematic issues as a Flagship Mission for a long-term exploration program that will occur over the course of decades. For this reason, the present work reviews the current EJSM concept and presents a new strategy for the exploration of Europa. In this concept, the EJSM is reorganized to comprise three independent missions focused on Europa. The missions are split according to scientific goals, which together will give a complete understanding of the potential habitability of Europa, including in situ life's signal measurements. With this alternative strategy, a complete exploration of Europa would be possible in the next decades, even within a politically and economically constrained environment.     

Recent progress in the prediction and analysis of the operation of solid rocket motors

The development of big segmented solid rocket motors during the nineties has been supported by an important progress in science and computational tools.

This progress is largely related to the solution of various technical problems in the design and processing of the propellant grains and their effect on the motor operation. It has been possible because of the enormous increase in the available computing power.

After a review of the main problems encountered (grain-flow coupling, motor trace shape prediction, pressure oscillations, slag deposit etc...) recent developments in modeling are described in two areas related to the analysis and prediction of motors operation. The first development couples the propellant surface burnback and pressure field computations during the whole operation of the motor: real tune geometry, pressure field and local burning rates are calculated in order to achieve a much more precise prediction of the motor trace. Pressure oscillations and instabilities are also predicted.

The second development is related to the influence of the process, through the rheology of the propellant on the combustion of the propellant. Rheology and particle segregation under shear may explain such effects as the so-called hump and knitlines effects. Experimental and modeling work in the field are described.     

数字定义环境下钣金件测量的误差分析

讨论便携式坐标测量机(PCMM)测量钣金件过程中四种主要误差,分析误差产生的详细理论原因,并提出消除误差的有效方法。     

太空试验场的概念和内涵

针对空间科学、技术、应用各领域试验统筹有限,当前部分核心空间技术攻关过程中面临的机理不清以及空间作为战略制高点对国计民生的拉动力不足等问题,栾恩杰院士2016年首度提出太空试验场的概念,希望通过构建一系列的空间设施,系统地规划并主导后续太空试验任务。文章在调研国内外空间试验现状的基础上,分析空间试验发展趋势,阐述太空试验场的概念——它由空间段、地面段和软环境组成,提出其未来分阶段建设目标和系统服务框架。有关论述可为我国“成体系、分阶段”规划建设空间试验类基础设施,实现“按需求、高效率”的空间试验管理提供决策参考。     

复杂电磁环境问题的产生与研究

简述电磁环境问题的产生历史及研究现状,并针对复杂电磁环境特性与模拟研究提出一些亟待解决的难点.通过分析典型战场电磁环境,对其构成、特性和作用有了初步认知;通过构建可控的电磁环境模型,为解决复杂电磁环境问题提供了一个虚拟研究平台.     

我国宇航元器件保证信息系统的构建及运行

重点调研国外典型宇航企业集团有关EEE元器件信息系统的应用背景、信息范畴和组织架构等方面的内容,对系统特点进行了横向对比和分析,并在总结其成功运作的经验基础上,针对我国宇航元器件标准体系和产品体系建设的实际情况,提出信息系统建设规划和构建运行建议.     

微小卫星的现状及其在空间攻防中的应用

微小卫星正以其独特的优势在越来越多的领域发挥重要作用.主要介绍了现代小卫星的概念、分类和特点,并以美国和欧空局为例分析了微小卫星的发展现状,最后详细介绍了微小卫星在空间攻防中的应用前景.     

FPGA-based operational concept and payload data processing for the Flying Laptop satellite

Flying Laptop is the first small satellite developed by the Institute of Space Systems at the Universität Stuttgart. It is a test bed for an on-board computer with a reconfigurable, redundant and self-controlling high computational ability based on the field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). This Technical Note presents the operational concept and the on-board payload data processing of the satellite. The designed operational concept of Flying Laptop enables the achievement of mission goals such as technical demonstration, scientific Earth observation, and the payload data processing methods. All these capabilities expand its scientific usage and enable new possibilities for real-time applications. Its hierarchical architecture of the operational modes of subsystems and modules are developed in a state-machine diagram and tested by means of MathWorks Simulink-/Stateflow Toolbox. Furthermore, the concept of the on-board payload data processing and its implementation and possible applications are described.     

Simulation model for the operation of space freighters

This paper makes the attempt to illustrate the need for a detailed operational analysis of future space transportation systems with the help of computer-based simulation models. The basic approach deemed suitable for such a systems simulation is explained in some detail. A reference program (100,000 Mg payload per year during 25 years) for a reference mission (heavy cargo transport to GEO for SPS construction) has been selected. A base-line launch vehicle (fully reusable ballistic all chemical three stage vehicle) has been defined, which is considered a serious applicant for such a mission. It was found that the take-off mass of this type of vehicle should be as large as practical from the viewpoint of cost-effectiveness. The example chosen has a GLOW of 10,000 Mg and lifts more than 100 Mg to GEO.With consideration of the operational parameters the simulation model evaluates the annual production rates, inventory of stages, utilization of facilities and operational cost, which amount within this frame of reference to about 96 $/kg net payload delivered to GEO in terms of 1980 dollars and contribute the main share to the total transportation cost.     

The beginning of the Mir station active operation

The Mir station of new generation, that was inserted into the orbit on February 20, 1986, went through its systems check during the automatic and man-controlled modes of flight and entered into a new operation phase being permanently manned.The concept of modular space station with six docking units makes it possible to perform docking with manned spacecraft, cargo vehicles and specialized scientific modules, to increase its functional capabilities and to transform the station into a multipurpose permanent orbital complex. Technical capabilities for performing a wide range of experiments, including joint projects for international cooperation program are extended. The main principles that are realized in the new Mir station, as well as scientific problems that are solved during the station operation, are considered in the article.     

FPGA-based operational concept and payload data processing for the Flying Laptop satellite

Flying Laptop is the first small satellite developed by the Institute of Space Systems at the Universität Stuttgart. It is a test bed for an on-board computer with a reconfigurable, redundant and self-controlling high computational ability based on the field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). This Technical Note presents the operational concept and the on-board payload data processing of the satellite. The designed operational concept of Flying Laptop enables the achievement of mission goals such as technical demonstration, scientific Earth observation, and the payload data processing methods. All these capabilities expand its scientific usage and enable new possibilities for real-time applications. Its hierarchical architecture of the operational modes of subsystems and modules are developed in a state-machine diagram and tested by means of MathWorks Simulink-/Stateflow Toolbox. Furthermore, the concept of the on-board payload data processing and its implementation and possible applications are described.     

企业标准托管服务应注意的问题

指出企业在标准托管服务工作中应注意谨慎选择标准托管机构、加强与其的互动关系和妥善处理两者管理之间的关系等问题,并介绍各项托管服务的做法。     

重庆区域高低扇区运行经验与思考

为了增加重庆区域空域容量,提高空域利用率,保证空中交通安全和畅通,提高航空公司的运行效率。重庆区域管制室于2008年7月31日零时起,正式实施了高低扇区运行。即在原成都01号扇区水平范围内8400米（含）以下空域划分了成都06、07号两个低扇区。