含碳酸钙的负压强指数复合固体推进剂燃烧机理

本文采用激光阴影高速摄影、扫描电子显微镜、X光电子能谱,对含和不含CaCO_(3)的三种夹心件及SO4-5A PU复合推进剂的燃烧过程、燃面形貌、化学成分和覆盖分数分别进行了研究和测定。结果表明:CaCO_(3)在低压下(〈1.96MPa)提高AP的燃速,在高压下(〉1.96MPa)起降速作用;CaCO_(3)与AP反应生成CaCl_2,并促使AP熔化;燃面上CaCl_2含量随压强上升而增加;PU熔化流动对AP表面的覆盖在mesa区内随压强而升高,在非mesa区的低压区也存在。基于以上实验结果,对含CaCO_(3)的PU负压强指数推进剂的燃烧机理进行了讨论。     

AP复合固体推进剂燃烧模型

本文提出了一个复合固体推进剂的综合燃烧模型和相应的数学处理方法。该模型对凝聚相反应作了更细微的分析,特别重视和强调了各种热量传递对燃烧所起的作用,并以推进剂中处于连续相的粘合剂线性分解速度表示推进剂的线性燃速。根据此模型编制程序并进行了大量计算。计算结果与实验符合得很好。对AP/HTPB多级配推进剂的计算结果中,相对误差小于10％的占80％,对Ae/AP/HTPB推进剂则占90％以上。     

氧化剂和团聚硼粒度对富燃料推进剂燃速特性的影响

考察了细AP和团聚硼含量对含硼富燃料推进剂燃速特性的影响.结果表明,随细AP含量和团聚硼含量的增大,推进剂燃速增加,燃速压强指数也呈增加趋势.同时,以BDP模型为基础,将硼粒度对推进剂燃速特性的影响引入燃速表达式,表达式表明细AP和团聚硼有利于提高氧化剂的燃烧表面积在燃面上的比例,从而有利于提高推进剂的燃速.     

氧化剂粒度对复合固体推进剂侵蚀燃烧的影响

本文阐述了利用透明窗发动机——高速摄影装置研究氧化剂粒度对复合固体推进剂侵蚀燃烧影响的方法。对基本配方相同,只是氧化剂粒度不同的三种复合固体推进剂进行了实验研究。经过测试、分析和计算,得出了不同氧化剂粒度推进剂的侵蚀效应对气流速度和压力的关系式,进而得出了氧化剂粒度的大小对复合固体推进剂侵蚀效应的影响关系。     

推进剂中燃烧铝滴直径分布和聚集状态的研究

本文给出了含铝推进剂燃烧时,气相中燃烧铝滴的直径大小与分布,讨论了配方中氧化剂粒度和铝粉粒度对铝的凝聚程度的影响。实验表明,由粗氧化剂组成的推进剂其燃烧时铝的凝聚是很明显的;并且,对应于相同的粗氧化剂,细铝粉比粗铝粉更易凝聚。实验结果支持复合推进剂中铝凝聚的“口袋模型”。本文还用显微密度分析方法对铝的凝聚燃烧机理进行探讨,发现有三种不同类型的光密度分布曲线,文中称之为液滴型,微滴型和液—汽过渡型,它们分別对应于铝的一种聚集状态。此外,还有一种在底片上无铝亮条出现的称之为气相型,它们的燃烧效率是依次升高的。     

HTPB推进剂高压燃烧特性研究(英文)

对HTPB三组元和四组元推进剂在2~20 MPa平均压强范围内的燃烧特性进行了实验研究。结果表明,三组元推进剂可在20 MPa以下稳定工作;压强一旦超过20 MPa,燃速压强指数将趋近于1,发动机将无法正常工作。四组元推进剂在2~20 MPa压强范围内的燃速压强指数实测在0.3左右,满足发动机使用要求。四组元推进剂稳定燃烧的最高压强临界值达到34 MPa。研究结果对超高压强固体发动机工程研制具有一定的指导意义。     

Experimental and theoretical burning of solid rocket propellants near the pressure deflagration limit

Burning of composite solid rocket propellants near the pressure deflagration limit (PDL) was studied experimentally in two different test chambers. The propellant tested was a nonmetallized ammonium perchlorate-based composite propellant (AP 84/CTPB 16). Measurements were taken of the regression rate, oscillations frequency and flame luminosity. Self-sustained oscillations were detected near the PDL that matched reasonably well the predictions of the analytical nonlinear stability theory and of the numerically solved nonlinear mathematical model. Both experimental and numerical results show the burning rate oscillations near the PDL due to statically unstable burning, that is the only combustion regime possible below a certain pressure. When pressure is further reduced the amplitude of the oscillations increases and their frequency decreases, until extinction follows abruptly below a pressure that corresponds to the PDL.     

Ballistic anomalies in solid rocket motors due to migration effects

Double base and composite propellants are generally used for rocket motors, whereby double base propellants basically consist of nitrocellulose plasticized with an explosive plasticizer, mostly nitroglycerine, and in some cases with an additional inert plasticizer and ballistic additives. Composite propellants consist of an oxidizer like ammonium perchlorate and of aluminum, binder and plasticizer and often contain liquid or solid burning rate catalysts. A common feature of both propellants is that they contain smaller or larger amounts of chemically unbonded liquid species which tend to migrate. If these propellants loose part of the plasticizer by migration into the insulation layer, not only will there be a change in mechanical propellant properties but also the bond between propellant and insulation may degrade. However, depending on the severity of these effects, the change in the ballistic properties of the propellant grain caused by plasticizer migration may be of even more importance.In the past, most emphasis was placed on the behaviour of end-burning configurations. However, more recent theoretical and experimental studies revealed that not only for end-burning grain configurations but also for internal burning configurations there is a common effect which is responsible for ballistic anomalies: migration of liquid species from the propellant into the insulation. By using a plasticizer equilibrated insulation in an internal burning configuration the liquid species migration and thus the previously observed ballistic anomalies are avoided. Using this approach for end-burning configurations provides similar positive results. The various factors affecting plasticizer migration are studied and discussed, and several methods to prevent liquid species migration are described as well as methods to obtain plasticizer resistant insulations.     

适应高压燃烧的HTPB/AP/Al推进剂用钙盐降速剂研究

研究了碳酸钙(CaCO_3)和一种自制钙盐(CaOr)对HTPB/AP/Al推进剂燃烧性能和常温力学性能的影响,采用DSC-TG和SEM方法对比研究了CaOr、CaCO_3对AP热分解的影响,及含两种化合物的推进剂熄火表面形貌。结果表明,在3~17 MPa压强范围内,CaCO_3和CaOr均能有效降低HTPB/AP/Al推进剂的燃速和压强指数,CaOr比CaCO_3具有更好的燃速抑制效果,在高压段内的压强指数可降为0.17,达到平台推进剂水平。CaOr的加入使AP两个阶段的分解放热峰均向高温方向移动,CaCO_3对AP的低温分解峰没有影响,使AP的高温分解峰推迟。CaOr的降速效果优于CaCO_3的主要原因是其推迟了AP的低温分解峰,同时改变了AP的热分解历程,且在凝聚相中的分散性更好。     

未固化AP/Al/HTPB推进剂燃速预示法——DSC法

研究了未固化推进剂的燃速预示方法，用DSC法（差示扫描量热法）研究了多种AP／Al/HTPB推进剂的常压热分解特性。根据BDP燃烧模型，考察了推进剂的燃速与热分解参数的关系，提出了未固化推进剂燃速的预示方法。实验结果表明，用DSC法可较准确地预示未固化推进剂的燃速，并成功预示了某配方的基础燃速。     

复合固体推进剂中铝粉凝聚海绵模型

复合固体推进剂可看作充填氧化剂的海绵体,海绵层由粘合剂和铝粉组成,它按氧化剂表面积分数分配给各级份氧化剂。每颗氧化剂与其周围海绵层中粘合剂组成了特殊双元推进剂。由铝粉点火所需能量和双元推进剂提供的能量计算出离开燃面时铝凝滴粒径分布。计算结果与实验规律符合很好。此模型为固体火箭发动机性能预测提供了基本数据。     

微胶囊化在固体推进剂中的应用及展望

介绍了微胶囊化技术的概况、制造方法及其在推进刑领域的相关应用。重点指出固化剂和氧化剂的微胶囊化包覆、复合粒子的制备等对提高推进剂的性能有重要作用。总结了微胶囊化技术在固体推进剂中应用的研究方向。     

推进剂功能组分作用研究——(I)丁羟/AP体系

通过测定药浆稳态和动态流变性的变化 ,研究了一些推进剂功能组分在丁羟粘合剂体系和丁羟 /高氯酸铵体系中的作用。结果表明 ,功能组分MAPO、H、LCM对HTPB粘合剂体系有内润滑作用 ;偶联剂MAPO可改善细高氯酸铵颗粒在体系中的分散性 ,作用效果有时间依赖性 ;TEA·BF3 一方面可改善细高氯酸铵颗粒在体系中的分散性 ,同时也增加颗粒间的吸附作用 ;防老剂H还是细高氯酸铵的优良工艺助剂 ;上述功能组分对包覆球形高氯酸铵的作用效果很小。流变学方法是研究推进剂这种复杂体系结构和功能组分作用的一种有用工具。     

GAP/CL-20高能固体推进剂燃烧性能影响因素

采用水下声发射法测试了推进剂静态燃速,用线性回归法计算了推进剂燃速压强指数;研究了GAP/CL-20高能固体推进剂中增塑比及固体组分AP、CL-20、Al粉粒度等配方组成因素对燃烧性能的影响。研究结果表明,增塑比一定范围内的变化不会对推进剂燃烧性能产生显著影响,其燃速和燃速压强指数基本不变;CL-20粒度减小或AP粒度增加均会导致燃速不同程度的降低,Al粒度减小也会使燃速减小,但在达到一定程度后,燃速又增加;推进剂燃速压强指数随CL-20、Al粉粒度减小和AP粒度增加而减小,并对其燃烧性能的影响机制进行了简单分析。     

高能高密度材料组成的低信号特征固体推进剂

采用含能粘合剂ＴＧＡＰ，ＴＢＡＭＯ，增塑剂ＢＴＴＮ和ＡＺＰＬ－４以及氧化剂ＨＮＩＷ组成一种新型的无铝无氯推进剂，从理论上对这种高能高密度材料的组成的推进剂的能量特性、工艺性能、燃烧性能及安全性能作了分析和评估。结果表明，对于ＨＮＩＷ含量为８４％的配方，ＡＺＰＬ－４或ＢＴＴＮ为７％时，其理论比冲分别为２５５ｓ和２５８ｓ，密度分别为１．８８７ｇ／ｃｍ３和１．９１２ｇ／ｃｍ３，氧系数大于１．１；用少量的铝粉代替ＨＮＩＷ，其理论比冲、密度明显上升；８４％固体含量的推进剂仍可采用现有浇注装药工艺。由此可见，这类仅由Ｃ，Ｈ，Ｏ，Ｎ四种元素组成的推进剂的氧系数较高，可制成有较好综合性能的低信号特征复合团体推进剂。     

Effect of variable thermal properties of the solid phase on composite solid propellant combustion

Effects of variable thermal properties (specific heat and thermal conductivity) of the solid phase on the combustion of composite solid propellants are studied analytically. Both steady and unsteady burning are considered. It is shown that the effects of variable thermal properties are small and can be accounted for by choosing proper average values of specific heat and thermal conductivity.     

低压下镁铝富燃料固体推进剂燃烧性能研究

通过调节氧化剂含量、粒度级配,或加入KP、用硼粉替换部分铗铝及改变催化剂含量,研究了镁铝富燃料固体推进剂燃速和压强指数的变化规律。研究结果表明,燃速随着AP、KP粒度的减小而增加;随AP含量的增加而增加;随催化剂含量的增加而增加;随KP含量的降低而增加。压强指数随AP粒度减小呈先升高后降低再升高的趋势;粒度不同的配方随AP含量增加,压强指数变化趋势不同;催化剂含量对压强指数的影响规律也同AP粒度有关;KP的粒度变化对压强指数几乎无影响。硼粉替换部分镁铝对燃速和压强指数的影响规律与氧化剂的粒度有关。     

超细铝粉的燃烧特性及燃烧模型

运用ＤＴＡ－ＴＧ、ＰＤＳＣ单幅近距摄影、扫描电镜、推进剂爆热的测定等多种实验技术，对超细铝粉燃烧特性及其燃烧模型进行了研究。结果表明，在中压区，推进剂燃面的ＳＡ１直接点火燃烧放热，提高了推进剂燃速，并提出了ＳＡ１在推进剂燃面上直接点火的观战及燃面点火的两个条件；揭示了铝粉在中、高压区内的不同作用，提出了铝焰的概念；绘制了铝和ＳＡ１的燃烧行为图。     

偶氮四唑胍对含催化剂的RDX-CMDB推进剂燃烧性能的影响研究

采用浇注工艺制备了GZT部分取代RDX的系列含催化剂的RDX-CMDB推进剂样品。研究了GZT对含催化剂的RDX-CMDB推进剂的燃速、压强指数及燃烧火焰结构等燃烧性能的影响,对比分析了GZT对含催化剂和不含催化剂的RDX-CMDB推进剂燃烧行为影响不同的原因,并采用DSC实验初步研究了含GZT和催化剂的RDX-CMDB推进剂的热行为。结果发现,GZT对推进剂的火焰温度、火焰的暗区厚度、燃面上的亮点数目、燃烧表面对凝聚相的温度梯度等都呈现一定规律性的影响;在1～10 MPa内,GZT使含催化剂的RDX-CMDB推进剂燃速降低,压强指数升高;热行为研究表明,含催化剂的GZT-RDX-CMDB推进剂的DSC曲线上出现了GZT单独分解峰,且DSC的第一分解峰温随GZT的加入而减小。     

Experimental and theoretical extinction of solid rocket propellants by fast depressurization

Dynamic burning of solid rocket propellants following fast depressurization of the combustion chamber was studied experimentally. Extinction boundaries were constructed for different sets of values of the controlling parameters (such as initial pressure, final pressure and depressurization rate). Most experimental results were collected by testing a nonmetallized, ammonium perchlorate based, composite propellant (AP83/CTPB16/Al₂O₃). Experimental results show that, for a given final pressure, an extinction boundary in terms of maximum depressurization rate vs initial pressure can be constructed by go/no-go testing. The objective was to check experimentally the analytical predictions of dynamic extinction boundaries obtained by this research group for finite size disturbances. A good agreement was found between analytical, numerical, and experimental results.