Spreading and break-up of a drop in a gas stream

Based on the expansion of unknown functions in a series of a small parameter, an analytical method is developed for calculating the time-dependent motion and a spreading (up to the break-up) of a plane and axisymmetric drop in a gas stream. It is shown that the zero-order terms of expansion define a clear retardation of a drop as a solid sphere. The next terms of the series characterize deformation and spreading of the drop.Based on the solution of the boundary-value problem of drop spreading the infinite system of linear differential equations with constant coefficients is obtained. It is established that without viscosity the system contains a finite number of equations and permits an exact solution. The spreading of an ideal liquid drop with the surface tension force taken into account was investigated in detail. In the case of a water drop placed in nitrogen a comparison was made between the calculated results on drop shapes and experimental data obtained at different moments of time. The theory agrees with the experiment both qualitatively and quantitatively.     

航天器贮箱大幅液体晃动三维质心面等效模型研究

针对航天器贮箱内的大幅液体晃动建立了三维质心面等效模型,此模型将贮箱内液体等效为位于液体质心处的质点,该质心点可以在质心约束面内任意运动,同时利用质心点动力学方程及接触碰撞模型近似计算液体晃动对贮箱的作用力。质心面等效模型的数值仿真结果与基于VOF方法的流体动力学数值计算结果基本吻合,从而验证了质心面等效模型用于航天器贮箱大幅液体晃动分析的有效性。     

Surface tension driven-flow in non-coalescing liquid drops

A fluid-dynamic model of two non-coalescing liquid drops of the same liquid, pressed against one another in the presence of thermocapillary convection, is proposed to correlate experimental results on the deformation of the drop surfaces, on the pressure distribution and on the thickness of the air film between the drops. The two-point boundary value problem for the Gauss-Laplace hydrostatic equation, subjected to the constant volume constraint, is solved by a shooting method to evaluate the shapes of the drops for different values of the applied pressure jump across the surface exposed to a constant pressure ambient. The flow fields in the liquid drops and in the air layer are obtained by numerical solutions of the dynamic problem. The numerical results which qualitatively agree with the experimental ones, explain why an air film could be created between the two drops and show that film thicknesses of some microns exist with excess pressures of the same order of magnitude of the pressure needed to deform the drops.     

Robust attitude stabilization of spacecraft subject to actuator failures

A robust nonlinear control scheme is developed to stabilize the 3-axis attitude of the spacecraft for cases where there is no control available on either roll or yaw axis. The stability conditions for robustness against unmatched uncertainties and disturbances are derived to establish the regions of asymptotic 3-axis attitude stabilization. The properties of the proposed sliding surface are investigated to obtain the domains of sliding mode for the closed-loop system. Several numerical simulations are presented to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed controller and validate the theoretical results. The control algorithm is shown to compensate for time-varying external disturbances including solar radiation pressure, aerodynamic forces, and magnetic disturbances; and uncertainties in the spacecraft inertia parameters. The numerical results also establish the robustness of the proposed control scheme to negate disturbances caused by orbit eccentricity.     

Flow of a water jet into vacuum

At certain intervals excess water has to be dumped into space overboard of the Spacelab cabin. For the development of a useful nozzle the behaviour of a water jet flowing into vacuum was investigated experimentally and theoretical interpretations of the flow phenomena which were found are given. The influence of parameters like the shape of the nozzle, the temperature and the gas content of water were studied. At certain test conditions, the jet leaves the nozzle exit in bundled form and ends abruptly bursting into droplets and ice-particles. The “bursting”-mechanism is explained by a sudden boiling of the water in the jet causing the growth of vapor bubbles decomposing the jet. The formation of vapor bubbles is initiated by a superheating of the water of the jet caused by a sudden pressure drop and a cooling at the surface of the jet. The expansion of vapor bubbles in the jet is retarded by surface tension forces which results in a relaxation time for the bursting of the jet. The vapor flow in radial directions of the jet is approximately described by a plane radial source flow. The measurement of the pitot-pressure radially to the jet proves that the vapor flow is supersonic.     

潜射导弹大攻角空化流动特性计算研究

潜射导弹水下高速运动时,弹体表面的空化现象对导弹的受力及力学环境有重要影响。通 过数值模拟,对大攻角情况下空化流动的特性进行研究,计算结果与试验值吻合较好, 验证了数值算法的准确性。得到弹体表面的压力分布情况,获取了不同攻角下空泡的不同形 态,分析了不同攻角、空泡数对弹体受力的影响。     

液体大幅晃动情形的航天器刚液耦合动响应仿真分析

基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉有限元(ALE)方法处理液体大幅晃动问题,并系统地建立了航天器刚-液耦合动力学的数值模型.通过液体受惯性力、刚体受流体作用力与力矩来实现系统的耦合,采用交错算法对液体晃动模块与刚体动力学模块进行迭代求解.将刚-液耦合系统的数值计算结果与物理试验及液体刚化计算结果进行了比较,验证了本文方法的适用性和...     

Concave corner flow problem

Many satellites, especially those equipped with solar panels, are of concave shape. The calculation of the aerodynamic forces on concave bodies exposed to a free molecular flow is complicated due to shielding effects of one surface by another and due to the multiple molecular collisions between these surfaces. In this paper the flow into concave corners is treated. It is shown that shielding has an influence on the surface forces, only for certain corner angles and flow incidence angles.     

Mapping orbits with low station keeping costs for constellations of satellites based on the integral over the time of the perturbing forces

The present paper is concerned with the search for orbits that have potential to require low fuel consumption for station-keeping maneuvers for constellations of satellites. The method used to study this problem is based on the integral over the time of the undesired perturbing forces. This integral measures the change of velocity caused by the perturbation forces acting on the satellite, so mapping orbits that are less perturbed, which generates good candidates for orbits that requires low fuel consumption for station-keeping maneuvers. The integral over the time depends only on the orbit of the spacecraft and the dynamical system considered. The type of engine and the control technique applied to the spacecraft are not considered to search for those orbits. It can be a good strategy to be applied for a first mapping of orbits. For this search, it is analyzed the integral of orbits with different values of the Keplerian elements in order to find the best ones with respect to this criterion. The perturbations considered are the ones caused by the third body, which includes the Sun and the Moon, and the J₂ term of the geopotential. The results presented here show numerical simulations to obtain the integral of those perturbing forces for different orbits. The GPS and the Molniya constellations are used as examples for those calculations.     

Heat transfer of thermocapillary convection in a two-layered fluid system under the influence of magnetic field

Heat transfer of a two-layer fluid system has been of great importance in a variety of industrial applications. For example, the phenomena of immiscible fluids can be found in materials processing and heat exchangers. Typically in solidification from a melt, the convective motion is the dominant factor that affects the uniformity of material properties. In the layered flow, thermocapillary forces can come into an important play, which was first emphasized by a previous investigator in 1958. Under extraterrestrial environments without gravity, thermocapillary effects can be a more dominant factor, which alters material properties in processing. Control and optimization of heat transfer in an immiscible fluid system need complete understanding of the flow phenomena that can be induced by surface tension at a fluid interface. The present work is focused on understanding of the magnetic field effects on thermocapillary convection, in order to optimize material processing. That is, it involves the study of the complicated phenomena to alter the flow motion in crystal growth. In this effort, the Marangoni convection in a cavity with differentially heated sidewalls is investigated with and without the influence of a magnetic field. As a first step, numerical analyzes are performed, by thoroughly investigating influences of all pertinent physical parameters. Experiments are then conducted, with preliminary results, for comparison with the numerical analyzes.     

Dynamics of space welding impact and corresponding safety welding study

This study was undertaken in order to be sure that no hazard would exist from impingement of hot molten metal particle detachments upon an astronauts space suit during any future electron beam welding exercises or experiments. The conditions under which molten metal detachments might occur in a space welding environment were analyzed. The safety issue is important during welding with regards to potential molten metal detachments from the weld pool and cold filler wire during electron beam welding in space. Theoretical models were developed to predict the possibility and size of the molten metal detachment hazards during the electron beam welding exercises at low earth orbit. Some possible ways of obtaining molten metal drop detachments would include an impulse force, or bump, to the weld sample, cut surface, or filler wire. Theoretical models were determined for these detachment concerns from principles of impact and kinetic energies, surface tension, drop geometry, surface energies, and particle dynamics. A weld pool detachment parameter for specifying the conditions for metal weld pool detachment by impact was derived and correlated to the experimental results. The experimental results were for the most part consistent with the theoretical analysis and predictions.     

Static-and-dynamic analysis of thin-walled structural members of space radio telescopes

Structural members of space radio telescopes made as large thin shells of revolution are analyzed. A twisting shell structure prestressed by inertia or surface-distributed forces (when in the unperturbed state) is used as the basis for the analysis. Loads due to solar wind, tides, control moments and nonuniform solar heating of the structure are considered as perturbations.A procedure for defining internal forces and moments and a varied structural geometry due to interaction of unperturbed and perturbed forces is given. The results of determining the frequencies of natural oscillations of the structure are also presented. Calculations are made on the basis of the obtained linearized equations reduced to quasi-univariate ones. A matrix factorization procedure allowing for constructing a stable-state numerical algorithm for solving the problem is employed.     

三维药柱燃面的通用积分计算法

在原通用坐标法计算燃面的基础上,提出了一种新的数值积分计算燃面的通用方法.这是一种直接计算燃面的方法。该方法消除了原通用坐标法计算结果随肉厚等份数而变动和计算固有误差的根源.计算结果与原方法、解析解做了比较,表明该方法具有较高的精度.     

轻型球面反射镜面形检测支撑设计仿真分析

文章针对轻量化程度较高的SiC空间反射镜,探讨了其在重力环境下反射镜面形检测所需要的卸载支撑方法。为了使重力对反射镜面形精度的影响降低到可接受范围内,在光轴竖直时,将支撑结构对反射镜的作用简化为卸载力,优化力的数量、位置及大小,使反射镜面形精度达到近似零重力情形,并分析了反射镜水平倾斜0.5°、1°时,反射镜面形对位置误差的敏感程度;光轴水平时,在对反射镜设计支撑结构的同时,加入3点、6点辅助卸载力来降低残余重力影响,使反射镜面形接近无重力情形。通过Patran/Nastran软件建立反射镜模型并进行仿真计算,输出反射面各结点坐标值及变化量,用Matlab程序计算出反射镜面形精度,结果表明优化后的设计结果满足指标要求。     

基于分频段加权的加速振动试验方法

振动环境工程研究现行采用的加速试验方法中,都只考虑了加速因子与频率无关这种情形,这不仅提高了试验设备的推力要求,也增加了位移指标要求。文章提出了一种分频段加权的加速振动试验方法,即通过对低频段加速因子的权重的优化设计,实现较小的位移指标要求,且疲劳损伤累积等效。给出了基于Dirlik方法和TB方法疲劳损伤等效的加速试验设计方法和工程实现流程。针对该方法开展了应用实例的计算,结果表明:在疲劳损伤等效的前提下,显著降低了振动台的位移,且推力基本维持不变。     

Single-Axis Solar Orientation of a Satellite of the Earth

The possibility of using the mode of single-axis solar orientation is considered for a satellite placed into a nearly circular orbit with an altitude of 900 km and bearing a solar sail. The satellite (together with the sail) has an axisymmetric structure, its symmetry axis being the principal central axis of the maximum moment of inertia. The center of the sail pressure lies on this axis and is displaced with respect to the satellite's center of mass. The symmetry axis of the satellite is set to the Sun so that its center of mass would be located between the Sun and the pressure center and would rotate around this axis with an angular velocity of a few degrees per second. The satellite's axis of symmetry makes a slow precession under the action of the gravitational moment and the moment of light pressure forces. Though the maximum magnitudes of these moments are comparable, the moment of the light pressure forces dominates and controls the precession in such a way that the symmetry axis orientation to the Sun remains unchanged.     

多截面细径管结构参数对放气系统压降特性的影响

采用数值模拟方法研究了多截面细径管结构参数对放气系统压降特性的影响,得到了导管几何尺寸、导管内壁粗糙度和出口压力等参数对压降特性影响的变化规律。研究结果表明:缩短容器导管长度或扩大其内径对壅塞状态下的压降影响较小,但可以显著提高层流状态下气体的流动速度,从而减少放气时间;内壁粗糙度对壅塞状态下的压降特性影响较大,随着粗糙度的增大,压力下降速度有所降低,而对层流状态下的压降特性影响较小,在容器压力降至极低的情况下,粗糙度的影响可以忽略不计;出口压力对整个流动过程的放气速度影响较小,出口压力的进一步提高不会明显增加放气速度。该研究可为多截面细径管放气系统的优化设计提供依据。     

航天器避障交会有限时间滑模控制

针对航天器安全交会过程中的避障问题,提出一种基于有限时间滑模变结构控制与人工势函数相结合的控制方法。首先,对斥力势进行修正使得势函数在期望状态的值为零。其次,基于速度偏差和引力梯度设计滑模面,并考虑障碍物的速度设计控制律。利用Lyapunov稳定性定理分析证明在存在外部干扰情况下,系统能够在有限时间内收敛到期望状态并保持渐近稳定。最后,利用数值仿真来验证所设计的控制律的正确性和有效性。仿真结果表明,该方法能够有效实现规避动态障碍物,满足安全交会的要求。     

微重力环境中重力梯度加速度引起的流体晃动运动

本文研究了关于旋转轴在贮箱的非对称轴上且远离贮箱的几何中心情况下，流体在微重力环境中由重力梯度加速度诱发的晃动特性，建立了问题的数学模型并对模型进行了数值模拟。以高级Ｘ射线天文物理实验卫星（简称ＡＸＡＦ─Ｓ）作为研究对象，获得了由旋转运动引起的重力梯度加速度的数学表达式。晃动问题的数值计算以与卫星固连的非惯性坐标系为基础，目的是寻求一种较为易处理且适合于流体力学方程的边界和初始条件。通过数值计算获得了流体作用于卫星贮箱上的力和力矩。     

横向激励下液体大幅晃动建模分析

研究部分充液球形贮箱内的液体在横向推力作用下发生大幅晃动的等效力学模型,建模过程同时考虑平动和转动激励。建立一种新的等效模型,首次提出液体的静平衡表面垂直于等效重力方向的假设,将液体的大幅运动分解为跟随等效重力的整体运动和在此基础上的小幅晃动,该等效模型能够更好地模拟液体大幅晃动情形。将仿真得到的晃动力和力矩与传统等效模型及Flow-3d的结果进行对比,验证了新模型的有效性和准确性。该模型可应用于探月软着陆悬停避障过程等实际工程问题中。