Fluctuating Target Detection in Clutter Using Sidelobe Blanking Logic

In an earlier paper, Maisel [6] considered two-channel detection systems using a sidelobe blanking logic when a nonfluctuating target was present. This paper is an extension of the earlier work to include fluctuating targets. The Swerling I, II, III, and IV models are considered when single-pulse detection is of interest. An adaptive threshold procedure is also briefly discussed whereby the probability of false alarm at any given resolution cell is maintained constant, even though the input clutter level may vary from cell to cell or from beam position to beam position. Useful data are presented for detection probabilities in the range 0.5 to 0.9, for false alarm probabilities in the range 104 to 10-8, and for a false detection probability of 0.1 for a sidelobe target yielding an apparent signal to total noise power density ratio of 13.0 dB in the main beam receiver.     

Adaptive Detection Probabilities for Fluctuating Target Models in Nonhomogeneous Gaussian Noise

Under the assumption that the average noise power may vary from cell to cell, new, more easily computed expressions are given for the probability of detecting a fluctuating target by means of a cell-averaging CFAR test. The generalized chi-square family of fluctuating targets is considered with the Swerling I and III models given as special cases.     

Probability Densities and Characteristic Functions for Fluctuating Targets

Probability density functions and characteristic functions for the projected area of a tumbling target object are derived together with the densities and characteristic functions for the corresponding signal-plus-noise voltage output of an infrared sensor. Several cases are considered in which the signal pulse arrival time is either known or unknown, a matched filter or a suboptimum filter is used; the signal pulse shape is either Gaussian or is unspecified; and the target orientation angles are either uniformly or nonuniformly distributed.     

Probability of Detecting Aircraft Targets

The statistics of aircraft radar cross section (RCS) are estimated by fitting members of the chi-square family of distributions to empirical distributions obtained from blocks of RCS data, each block of data corresponding to a particular aircraft azimuth aspect. The parameters of the fitted distributions vary with azimuth aspect angle, type of aircraft, and radar frequency. Detection probabilities based on the estimated statistics are calculated and compared with detection probabilities based on Rayleigh statistics. This comparison indicates that the average value of radar cross section has much more effect on probability of detection than the normalized variance of RCS, and in the usual situation tends to mask the effect of the normalized variance on probability of detection.     

Detecting the Presence of Target Multiplicity

A method is discussed for detecting the presence of multiple targets in the radar antenna beam. It is assumed that the targets are unresolvable in range, Doppler, and angle using conventional monopulse resolution techniques. The basic approach taken is a generalization of the "quadrature" method, with significantly enhanced performance in the case when multiple pulses are integrated into a single solution. Detection and false alarm probabilities are derived analytically and the receiver operating characteristics are graphed. This study was performed for application to angle processing in a frequency agile automatic tracking radar, but the underlying concept is general and has applications outside this area.     

探地雷达中目标的自适应检测与跟踪

提出了一种自适应α-β滤波算法，该算法可用于探地雷达对路面结构的自适应检测与分层。仿真实验的结果证明了算法的有效性。     

Probability of Detecting a Swerling I Targetet on Two Correlated Observations

Modern radars characterized by electronically steered beams, frequency agility, and range-ambiguous waveforms can use a processing technique whereby each new detection is followed by a second dwell to verify the initial detection. The second dwell is used to minimize false alarms and to resolve range and/or Doppler ambiguities. Under the assumption of a Swerling I target model, the target cross section remains constant when both dwells occur on the same scan and the same transmission frequency is used. Analytic expressions have been developed for the probability of detecting a Swerling I target on both of the correlated dwells (same target cross section). These expressions are used to calculate the probability of a second dwell detection given a first dwell detection and the probability of at least one detection on two dwells. These probabilities are compared with those of independent dwells (independent target cross sections) which result when two transmission frequencies of sufficient separation are utilized.     

Calculation of Probability of Detection with Target Scintillation

This paper presents a computational method for the calculation of probability of detection using measured radar target cross-section data. The described method can also be used for probability of detection calculations when the radar target cross section follows a specified probability density function. Using the computational procedure of the paper, a number of curves are generated which can be used for probability of detection calculations with exponential and Gaussian radar target cross-section distributions. The results obtained using theoretical distributions are compared with the corresponding results using actual target cross-section measurements. The results of computer runs are compared to the corresponding values in the literature where available.     

基于动态规划的低可观测目标检测与跟踪

动态规划算法用于检测与跟踪低可观测的运动目标,它是一种“检测置前跟踪”技术,在检测到目标的同时得到目标航迹。通过仿真,给出了动态规划算法的处理结果并分析了动态规划算法的性能。结果表明该算法在低信噪比时可以观察到较好的性能,但是当信噪比进一步下降时,其性能会迅速下降。     

Quantization Noise in Digital Moving Target Indication Systems

This paper deals precisely with the effect of quantum or step size in an analog-to-digital converter on the quantization noise in the output of MTI (moving target indication) radar processors. The correlation between quantization errors on successive pulses is considered in the analysis and is shown to have a small quieting effect on the output quantization noise.     

Approximation to Probability of Detection for Log-Normal Target Fluctuation

A relatively simple expression for the approximation to the probability of detection of a log-normally fluctuating target is provided. Absolute errors normally have a magnitude less than 0.01.     

目标指示精度对跟踪雷达截获概率的影响

在分析压制干扰对目标指示精度影响的基础上,研究了目标指示精度对跟踪雷达截获目标概率的影响,将跟踪雷达截获目标的过程分为落入目标探测区域及发现目标两个过程,建立了相应的评价指标与模型,对模型进行了在不同的干扰及抗干扰条件下进行了仿真验证。     

Error Probability for Fading CPSK Signals in Gaussian and Impulsive Atmospheric Noise Environments

Recently the performance of digital communication systems in the presence of impulsive atmospheric noise has been evaluated assuming a noise model which is in excellent agreement with experimental results. We evaluate the bit error probability for coherent phase-shift keying (CPSK) signaling assuming the same atmospheric noise model but considering a more reasonable representation of the communication channel which accounts for the simultaneous presence of Gaussian (always present) atmospheric noise and signal fading.     

Clutter Residues of a Coherent MTI Radar Receiver

In moving target indicator radar receivers a saturation is always present in the IF stages in order to compress the dynamic range of large clutter inputs. This nonlinearity greatly affects the performances of the cancelling circuits, because of the spreading of the spectra. A quantitative analysis of this effect has been conducted, with an analytical expression chosen for the limitation characteristic. A high degradation of both single-and double-canceller improvement factors has been obtained. Losses of 20 dB for the double canceller are not uncommon. Clutter residue levels at the receiver output have also been computed in order to see how the performance compares with ideal constant false alarm rate behavior.     

Clutter and jammer multipath cancellation in airborne adaptiveradar

Airborne surveillance radars must detect and localize targets in diverse interference environments consisting of ground clutter, conventional jamming, and terrain scattered jammer multipath. Multidimensional adaptive filtering techniques have been proposed to adaptively cancel this interference. However, a detailed analysis that includes the effects of multipath nonstationarity has been elusive. This work addresses the nonstationary nature of the jammer multipath and its impact on clutter cancellation and target localization. It is shown that the weight updating needed to track this interference will also modulate sidelobe signals. At the very least, this complicates the localization of targets. At the worst, it also greatly complicates the rejection of clutter. Several techniques for improving cancellation of jammer multipath and clutter are proposed, including 1) weight vector interpolation, extrapolation, and updating; 2) filter architecture, constraint, and beamspace selection; 3) prefilters; 4) 3-D STAP architectures; and 5) multidimensional sidelobe target editing     

Clutter rejection and transmitter-receiver requirements in anairborne radar

Ground clutter rejection requirements imposed on the exciter transmitter-receiver units of multirole airborne radar are examined. Methods are given to determine the characteristics of the units, such as noise, spurious spectral lines level, and analog-to-digital converter (ADC) dynamics, in both high- and medium-pulse-repetition-frequency modes of operation. It is shown that the spectral noise does not depend on either the wave form or the Doppler bandwidth. The reference oscillator spectral noise must be about -155 dB_c/Hz. The level of spurious lines generally depends only on the duty cycle, and the requirement is -80 dB_c for each line. ADC requires 12 to 14 b. The high-frequency mode is the most promising for detecting targets with very low radar cross sections in head-on configuration (free clutter domain)     

Retention Probability in a Track-While-Scan Radar

The probability of maintaining the track file, after acquisition in a track-while-scan (TWS) radar, has been formulated and computed under various conditions of initial range, velocity, and track drop time. All calculations are based on a predetermined update probability versus range characteristic. Results, obtainable with a digital computer in just seconds of computing time, readily demonstrate the relative superiority of retention characteristics achievable for TWS radar with an electronically steerable array antenna.