剪刀式尾桨前飞状态气动噪声特性计算

基于计算流体力学（CFD）建立了适用于剪刀式尾桨的流场计算模型,采用嵌套网格方法模拟尾桨运动,采用双时间方法进行时间推进。针对不同的尾桨构型,采用高效配平策略“差量法”将剪刀式尾桨配平至相同负载状态。在此基础上,采用Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings（FW-H）方程计算剪刀式尾桨的气动噪声特性。应用该方法对不同前飞速度下剪刀式尾桨的气动力和噪声进行计算分析,着重研究了剪刀角和轴向间距两个重要构型参数的影响。计算结果表明:剪刀角对剪刀式尾桨气动力和气动噪声特性均有重要影响,而轴向间距在合理的变化范围内,对尾桨影响较小。与常规尾桨相比,前飞状态下剪刀式尾桨的噪声指向性变化较小,但噪声幅值变化显著。      

悬停状态剪刀式尾桨气动/噪声特性优化分析

建立了一套基于CFD(computational fluid dynamics)方法和FW-H(Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings)方程的剪刀式尾桨气动噪声预估技术和组合优化算法的尾桨外形参数设计方法。基于嵌套网格方法采用雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程作为尾桨流场求解控制方程,采用了一套适用于剪刀式尾桨悬停气动特性模拟的高效CFD方法。在流场分析的基础上,采用FW-H方程预测剪刀式尾桨在典型观察位置处的气动噪声。分别在控制总距以及控制拉力系数不变的情况下,以提高尾桨悬停效率同时降低气动噪声为目标,对剪刀式尾桨的剪刀角和轴间距两个主要外形参数进行优化设计。将基于拉丁超立方(LHS)方法和径向基函数(RBF)的代理模型方法与遗传算法过程相结合,建立了一种有效的组合优化算法。结果表明:剪刀角和轴间距的不同组合可以通过削弱桨-涡干扰现象从而实现降低旋翼桨-涡干扰噪声的目的。在当前的计算状态下,优化得到的剪刀式尾桨的悬停效率比常规尾桨高16%,其平均声压级比常规尾桨降低了2.3 dB。      

基于N-S方程的剪刀式尾桨前飞状态气动力计算研究

建立了一个适用于计算剪刀式尾桨前飞状态气动力的数值方法。在该方法中,采用惯性坐标系下的非定常Navier-Stokes方程作为主控方程,使用低数值耗散的Roe格式进行空间离散,并应用高效的隐式LU-SGS格式进行时间推进;采用双时间法以模拟尾桨前飞时的非定常现象;使用运动嵌套网格方法以计入尾桨桨叶的旋转运动。应用建立的方法,首先对有试验数据可作对比的Lynx直升机尾桨悬停状态气动性能进行了计算,验证了所建立方法对尾桨气动性能计算的有效性;同时,针对Helishape 7A旋翼进行了前飞状态气动载荷计算,验证了该方法对旋翼(尾桨)前飞气动载荷计算的有效性。最后,对剪刀式尾桨前飞状态进行了气动力计算,并分析了构型参数对剪刀式尾桨气动力的影响。计算结果表明,前飞状态时,相同总距下剪刀式尾桨的平均拉力要大于常规尾桨,且剪刀式尾桨在90°-180°-270°方位角内的桨-涡干扰现象较常规尾桨严重。     

基于CFD方法的直升机旋翼/尾桨非定常气动干扰计算

采用CFD方法针对直升机旋翼/尾桨气动干扰问题进行了数值计算研究.建立了一个适用于旋翼/尾桨干扰气动力计算的方法.在该方法中,控制方程采用三维非定常雷诺平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程,网格系统使用嵌套网格技术以计及旋翼和尾桨的相对运动.基于所建立的方法,分别计算研究了悬停状态、低速前飞状态以及巡航平飞状态时干扰状态的旋翼和尾桨气动力,并深入分析了尾桨旋转方向对干扰特性的影响.计算结果表明:旋翼对尾桨的气动干扰在各计算状态都存在,且干扰影响不总是负面的,这取决于飞行状态;而尾桨对旋翼的干扰作用则在悬停状态时较为明显,但在前飞状态时可忽略不计;尾桨旋转方向对尾桨气动力的影响较大,合理地选择尾桨的旋转方向可以改善其气动特性.      

变距四旋翼飞行器气动力及噪声特性计算研究

基于计算流体力学(CFD)建立了适用于多旋翼飞行器的流场计算模型,采用嵌套网格方法模拟旋翼运动、双时间方法进行时间推进,分析变距四旋翼飞行器的气动力特性.在此基础上,采用FW-H(Ffowcs Williams-Hawkings)方程计算了变距四旋翼飞行器的噪声特性(包括考虑和不考虑旋翼间气动干扰两种情况).计算结果表...     

直升机旋翼/尾桨/垂尾气动干扰计算研究

建立了一个基于计算流体力学(CFD)技术的直升机旋翼/尾桨/垂尾气动干扰分析方法。在该方法中,选取Navier-Stokes方程为控制方程,使用二阶迎风的Roe格式进行空间离散,并选取隐式LU-SGS(Lower-Upper Symmetric Gauss-Seidel)格式进行时间推进,湍流模型为B-L(Baldwin-Lomax)模型;为了实现旋翼、尾桨和垂尾网格之间的流场信息交换,采用运动嵌套网格方法。应用所建立的方法,对Helishape 7A旋翼和Lynx直升机尾桨进行了算例计算,并与试验数据进行对比,验证了方法的正确性。着重针对旋翼/尾桨干扰特性进行了计算,并进一步计入垂尾的干扰,对垂尾/尾桨干扰以及旋翼/尾桨/垂尾干扰特性进行了研究,分析了旋翼、尾桨和垂尾相互干扰的规律。结果表明:对于不同的垂尾/尾桨构型,阻塞面积越大,对应的尾桨拉力也较大,但尾桨和垂尾获得的净拉力却减小,且不同阻塞面积下,推力式构型尾桨比拉力式尾桨具有更大的净拉力;然而,在前飞过程中,直升机垂尾对旋翼与尾桨干扰的影响很小。     

基于二维频谱方法的直升机噪声源的分辨与提取

针对直升机飞行时其噪声中多种噪声源相互混叠难以分辨的问题,通过随机信号理论分析,结合直升机噪声信号的特点,发展了基于二维频谱分析的直升机噪声源分辨与提取模型及方法,在此基础上将该方法应用于剪刀式尾桨直升机尾桨噪声信号的频域提取与分析.本文首先推导了这种方法的理论模型,并给出相应的求解方法;然后采用该方法分别对模拟和实测的直升机总体噪声信号进行分析,计算结果表明该方法可以有效地提取出总体噪声中的各谐波成份.最后通过对剪刀式尾桨直升机噪声的分析,获得了剪刀式尾桨降噪的机理.     

应用多块对接结构网格方法的直升机涵道尾桨气动特性分析

基于湍流Navier-Stokes方程,建立了一套直升机涵道尾桨流场及气动特性的CFD分析方法.在该方法中,针对直升机涵道尾桨流场的特点以及动量源方法对网格系统的要求,提出了一种多块对接网格生成方法,分块贴体网格采用求解Poisson方程的方法生成.通过结合涵道尾桨的运动方式、几何特征及气动特征,建立一个包含动量源项的N-S方程的涵道尾桨流场计算方法和迭代流程;为较好地捕捉涵道壁附近存在的旋涡及分离现象,采用了一方程S-A湍流模型.通过对ONERA M6机翼的绕流特性的计算分析,以及对涵道尾桨在悬停状态下的拉力、诱导速度、载荷分布等的计算分析,验证了该CFD方法的有效性.在此基础上,采用该方法进行直升机悬停、侧飞和前飞状态下涵道尾桨流场与气动特性的数值分析,得到了关于涵道尾桨流场和气动特性的一些有意义的结论.     

基于涡限制法的旋翼气动噪声计算

在直升机旋翼流动的数值模拟中,流动求解精度对旋翼气动噪声的预测有着重要影响.采用中心格式有限体积法求解可压缩Euler方程数值模拟旋翼绕流,并采用基于Ffowcs Williams- Hawkings( FW-H)方程的声类比方法计算旋翼气动噪声.为了抑制中心格式的数值耗散,保持机翼翼尖以及旋翼桨尖的尾涡结构,引入了涡...     

旋翼气动力数值模拟准确度影响因素计算

针对旋翼气动力CFD计算时的一些常见影响因素的选择问题,进行了数值计算讨论.计算求解器选择自研代码,该代码采用基于共享内存(OMP)的并行化方法,在嵌套网格系统下求解Navier-Stokes方程,空间方向上使用2阶迎风格式,时间方向采用双时间方法.讨论的问题包括背景网格数目对悬停桨尖涡捕捉、对前飞状态激波捕捉和气动力的影响,远场动量理论修正作用对计算结果影响等.对于讨论的不同网格数目情况下,计算的悬停状态旋翼拉力差异在6%左右,扭矩差异2.6%左右,旋翼前飞阻力和扭矩最大差异为2.58%和3.28%.是否采用动量修正旋翼拉力相差3%~5%.通过计算,给出了针对以上因素计算结果差异的范围,可以为旋翼气动力计算工作提供一定的参考.      

The effect of inlet conditions on the flow and heat transfer in multiple rotating cavity with axial throughflow

This paper discusses experimental results from two different build configurations of a heated multiple rotating cavity test rig.Measurements of heat transfer from the discs and tangential velocities are presented.The test rig is a 70% full scale version of a high pressure compressor stack of an axial gas turbine engine.Of particular interest are the internal cylindrical cavities formed by adjacent discs and the interaction of these with a central axial throughflow of cooling air.Tests were carried out for a range of non-dimensional parameters representative of high pressure compressor internal air system flows(Re up to 5×106 and Rez up to 2×105).Two different builds have been tested.The most significant difference between these two build configurations is the size of the annular gap between the(non-rotating) drive shaft and the bores of the discs.The heat transfer data were obtained from thermocouple measurements of surface temperature and a conduction solution method.The velocity measurements were made using a two component,LDA system.The heat transfer results from the discs show differences between the two builds.This is attributed to the wider annular gap allowing more of the throughflow to penetrate into the cavity.There are also significant differences between the radial distributions of tangential velocity in the two builds of the test rig.For the narrow annular gap,there is an increase of non-dimensional tangential velocity V/Ωr with radial location to solid body rotation V/Ωr=1.For the wider annular gap,the non-dimensional velocities show a decrease with radial location to solid body rotation.      

Research on Auto-detection for Remainder Particles of Aerospace Relay Based on Wavelet Analysis

Aerospace relay is one kind of electronic components which is used widely in national defense system and aerospace system. The existence of remainder particles induces the reliability declining, which has become a severe problem in the development of aerospace relay. Traditional particle impact noise detection (PIND) method for remainder detection is ineffective for small particles, due to its low precision and involvement of subjective factors. An auto-detection method for PIND output signals is proposed in this paper, which is based on direct wavelet de-noising (DWD), cross-correlation analysis (CCA) and homo-filtering (HF), the method enhances the affectiv-ity of PIND test about the small particles. In the end, some practical PIND output signals are analysed, and the validity of this new method is proved.     

Preparation of Highly Dispersed Antimony-doped Tin Oxide Nano-powder via Ion-exchange Hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 and Azeotropic Drying

Antimony-doped tin hydroxide colloid precipitates have been synthesized by hydrolysis of SnCl4 and SbCl3 using: (1) an ion-exchange hydrolysis to remove chlorine ions, and (2) isoamyl acetate as an azeotropic solvent to obviate water. The obtained dried powder is of high dispersivity without any need for further grinding. The size and dispersivity of the final particles are investigated with the aid of TG-DTA, BET, XRD and TEM. After having calcined, the antimony-doped tin oxide nanopowder possesses a tetragonal rutile structure with high dispersivity, uniform particles and low hard agglomeration.     

Effects of Mo on the Microstructure and Hydrogen Sorption Properties of Ti-Mo Getters

The effects of Mo on the microstructure evolution, porosity and hydrogen sorption properties of Ti-Mo getters are investigated in this work. The results show that the addition of Mo prolongs the densification process of Ti-Mo getters and results in a significant amount of sintered pores. With the Mo content increasing, the porosity of getters firstly increases reaching the maximum value as it at- tains about 7.5wt.%, and then drops. At the room temperature, the hydrogen sorption property of getters increases progressively with the Mo content increasing, but the tendency is not very clear before its content lies below 2.5wt.%. When the Mo content achieves about 7.5wt.%, the hydrogen sorption property proves to be the best. The discussion is made about the above mentioned phenomena inclusive of hydrogen sorption properties of getters under different activation conditions (from 500-750 ℃).     

超声速燃烧数值模拟中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型

高精度数值模拟有助于理解超声速湍流燃烧中湍流与化学反应的相互作用,可为发动机燃烧室等工程应用设计提供可靠的预测模型。除直接数值模拟外,目前在湍流燃烧应用中使用的大涡模拟和雷诺平均Navier-Stokes模拟均需要借助模型模化发生在湍流小尺度上的流动与化学反应过程对湍流大尺度运动的影响。现有的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型大致可分为:火焰面类模型和概率密度函数类模型,2类模型在不同的应用中各自具有优势和局限性。此外,现有模型大都基于低马赫数燃烧,而超声速燃烧中通常会伴随快速混合、局部熄火和再着火以及激波等复杂过程,这为发展其中的湍流与化学反应相互作用模型提出了更多的挑战。     

适于低轨卫星IP网络的单核共享树组播算法(英文)

为了解决低轨卫星IP网络中现有典型源组播算法的信道资源浪费问题,本文提出了一套单核共享树组播算法,即核心群合并共享树(CCST)和加权核心群合并共享树(w-CCST)算法。CCST 算法包括动态近似中心(DAC)选核方法和核心群合并组播路径构建方法。DAC方法专为周期、规律运动的低轨卫星网络提出,不需要复杂的星上计算。在核心群合并方法中,以核节点作为初始核心群,通过核心群和剩余组成员的最短路径方法逐步扩展直至整棵组播树构建完成,从而使得组播树的树代价最小,大大提高了网络的带宽利用率和组播传输效率。w-CCST 算法中所提出的加权因子可以调整树代价和端到端传播时延之间的折衷程度,因此,可以通过调整加权因子来适度增大树代价、降低端到端传播时延以支持某些端到端时延要求苛刻的实时组播业务。最后,与低轨卫星 IP 网络中典型算法进行了性能比较,仿真结果说明,CCST 算法的平均树代价比其它算法显著降低,w-CCST 算法的平均端到端传播时延小于 CCST 算法。     

Jet Vectoring Control Using a Novel Synthetic Jet Actuator

A primary air jet vectoring control system with a novel synthetic jet actuator (SJA) is presented and simulated numerically. The results show that, in comparison with an existing traditional synthetic jet actuator, which is able to perform the duty of either “push” or “pull”, one novel synthetic jet actuator can fulfill both “push” and “pull” functions to vector the primary jet by shifting a slide block inside it. Therefore, because the new actuator possesses greater efficiency, it has potentiality to replace the existing one in various appli- cations, such as thrust vectoring and the reduction of thermal signature. Moreover, as the novel actuator can fulfill those functions that the existing one can not, it may well be expected to popularize it into more flow control systems.     

Nonlinear Adaptive Slewing Motion Control of Spacecraft Truss Driven by Synchronous V-gimbaled CMG Precession

The slewing motion control of a truss arm driven by a V-gimbaled control-moment-gyro (CMG) is a nonlinear control problem. The V-gimbaled CMG consists of a pair of gyros that must precess synchronously. The moment of inertia of the system, the angular momentum of the gyros and the external disturbances are not exactly known. With the help of feedback linearization and recursive Lyapunov design method, an adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to deal with the unknown items. Performance of the proposed controller is verified by simulation.     

An SOR Implicit Time-accurate Scheme in Calculating Unsteady Flows

A new time-accurate marching scheme for unsteady flow calculations is proposed in the present work. This method is the combination of classical Successive Over-Relaxation (SOR) iteration method and Jacobian matrix diagonally dominant splitting method of LUSGS. One advantage of this algorithm is the second-order accuracy because of no factorization error. Another advantage is the low computational cost because the Jacobian matrices and fluxes are only calculated once in each physical time step. And, the SOR algorithm has better convergence property than Gauss-Seidel. To investigate its accuracy and convergency, several unsteady flow computa- tional tests are carried out by using the proposed SOR algorithm. Roe’s FDS scheme is used to discritize the inviscid flux terms. Un- steady computational results of SOR are compared with the experiment results and those of Gauss-Seidel. Results reveal that the numerical results agree well with the experimental data and the second-order accuracy can be obtained as the Gauss-Seidel for unsteady flow computations. The impact of SOR factor is investigated for unsteady computations by using different SOR factors in this algorithm to simulate each computational test. Different numbers of inner iterations are needed to converge to the same criterion for different SOR factors and optimal choice of SOR factor can improve the computational efficiency greatly.