液氦温区预冷型JT制冷机闭式循环实验研究

针对目前空间探测任务对高效可靠的液氦温区制冷技术的需求,介绍了自行研制的液氦温区JT制冷机测试系统及制冷机结构,采用带有进排气阀的单级线性压缩机驱动,由两级GM制冷机预冷,测试了JT制冷机在闭式循环条件下的制冷性能。结果表明,JT制冷机经5.5 h降温至液氦温区,无负荷制冷温度为4.4 K,在4.9 K获得87.98 mW的制冷量,驱动JT侧线性压缩机所耗电功41.6 W。并分析了制冷机闭式循环与开式实验中存在的差异,表明热负荷的改变会影响制冷机的运行状态。     

嫦娥五号轻量化泵驱单相流体回路热总线设计及实现

针对嫦娥五号着陆上升组合体月面无人自动采样任务中面临的热控难题,提出一种轻量化泵驱单相流体回路热总线及设计方法,通过热总线将结构板式固定辐射散热面、消耗型散热装置高温水升华器构建为一套组合式热沉,实现了探测器组合体能量的一体化调度管理与在轨分离重构,热总线系统干重15 kg,占热控系统重量的比例在20%以下。在轨飞行结果表明：轻量化泵驱单相流体回路热总线工作正常,管路沿程温差小于7℃,热排散能力达30 W/kg。上升器月面起飞前热总线分离重构过程中工质排放压力变化曲线与地面实验结果一致。流体回路热总线在轨各项性能指标均符合设计预期,验证了轻量化泵驱单相流体回路热总线技术的合理性与可行性,亦可为其他类型航天器热控设计提供参考。     

微小型航空燃气轮机离心叶轮拓扑优化设计

离心叶轮是微小型航空燃气轮机中的关键部件,要求其在满足气动性能的前提下,尽量减轻结构重量,传统设计制造技术已基本发挥到极致,但增材制造技术及拓扑优化设计方法的发展为其进一步优化设计拓展了新的空间。针对某型航空微型燃气轮机离心叶轮减重设计问题,依托增材制造和拓扑优化设计技术,在现有设计的基础上,首先对离心叶轮进行静强度分析,然后开展基于骨架模型的离心叶轮拓扑优化设计及可实现的工艺设计,最后对优化后的模型进行校核。结果表明：该优化设计模型实现离心叶轮减重8.7%,进一步提高了微小型航空燃气轮机的功重比;同时最大变形减少7.5%,最大等效应力减少0.59%,提升了离心叶轮工作时的安全裕度。     

激波管高温空气绝对辐射功率实验测量

利用激波管加热技术,得到1000K～3000K温度范围内的高温空气,利用宽波段能量计、光电探测器以及滤波片等设备,测量出高温空气在0.3μm～9μm宽波段范围内绝对辐射功率,以及中心波长在4.26μm、5.23μm、8.32μm处、单位波长的绝对辐射功率;实验结果表明,在1000K～2000K温度范围内,高温空气宽波段的辐射功率约为60 W/cm~3·MP,且辐射主要集中在21μm～8μm波段范围内;当温度高于2000K以上,辐射功率随着温度的升高增大较快,且辐射向紫外、可见方向移动;在3000K时,高温空气在0.3μm～9μm宽波段范围内的辐射功率约为150W/(cm~3·MP).     

模拟空间服役环境下低温共烧陶瓷材料特性评价

从航天器产品空间可靠性要求的角度出发,提出了低温共烧陶瓷（LTCC）材料在模拟空间服役环境下材料特性评价的方法,主要包括大温域、温度循环、辐照等试验的条件及试验后力/热性能及电性能评价方法,采用该方法对某国产LTCC材料进行了评价。结果表明,在大温域试验条件下,热导率从-65 ℃时的4.77 W/（m·K）下降到了175 ℃时的2.89 W/（m·K）,弯曲强度从-65 ℃时的445 MPa下降到了0 ℃时的310 MPa并稳定在了310 MPa左右,热膨胀系数虽随温度的升高而增大,但随温度的变化趋势与同类进口材料基本一致,而在温度循环及模拟空间环境辐照试验条件下,各考核项目均变化不大,表明其性能基本可以满足宇航应用的可靠性要求,该研究成果可为LTCC材料的宇航应用提供技术指导。     

The use of closed cycle coolers on space based observatories

Many proposed space based observations will rely on the use of closed cycle and passive cooling systems to provide the thermal environment for high sensitivity. The use of closed cycle mechanical coolers on space telescopes poses particular integration problems; some of these difficulties are discussed in this paper.One of the major problems envisaged is that of exported vibration. This problem, and that of the heat sinking required, can be alleviated by siting the compressors of the Stirling cycle precooler further from the displacer unit. The effect of the separation between the compressors and the displacer on the performance of the Stirling cycle precooler has been measured. Increasing the separation from 170 mm to 565 mm decreases the cooling power at 25 K from 220 mW to 180 mW. In most applications this would be acceptable.The pre-cooler provides cooling at a single point. In situations where refrigeration of extended objects (e.g. telescope mirrors) is required, some distribution method has to be found. A scheme for achieving this is presented together with preliminary calculations on such a system.Temperatures in the region of 2.5 to 4K are required to meet the requirements for long wavelength detectors. We have demonstrated how these temperatures can be achieved in a continuously operating closed cycle cooler that has been engineered for space applications. This cooler consists of a two-stage Stirling cycle precooling a closed cycle Joule-Thomson (JT) stage. Temperatures in the region of 4K are achieved by the use of helium-4 in the JT system. The lighter isotope of helium is used to obtain temperatures down to 2.5 K. Under no-load conditions the precooler reaches a base temperature of 11.3K. The JT system achieves 4.3 K with a 10 mW heat load and 2.5 K with a heat load of over 3 mW. The input power to the cooler is approximately 126 W.The temperature stability of the cooler at low temperatures is important to keep detector drift to a minimum. The temperature of the JT stage has been measured in uncontrolled laboratory conditions and found to vary by only 30 mK over a seventy hour period. The pre-cooler temperature varied by approximately 0.6 K during these measurements.     

AFRL Cryogenic Technology Development Programs

This is an overview of the cryogenic refrigerator and cryogenic integration programs in development and characterization under the Cryogenic Technologies Group, Space Vehicles Directorate of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL). The vision statement for the Air Force Research Laboratory Cryogenic Technologies Group is to support the space community as the center of excellence for developing and transitioning space cryogenic thermal management technologies. The primary customers for the AFRL cryogenic technology development programs are Ballistic Missile Defense Organization (BMDO), the USAF SBIRS (space based infrared) Low program office, and DoD space surveillance programs. This describes a variety of Stirling, pulse tube, Reverse Brayton, Joule-Thomson, and Sorption cycle cryocoolers currently under development to meet current and future Air Force and DoD requirements. The AFRL customer single stage cooling requirements at 10 K, 35 K, 60 K, 150 K, and multi-stage cooling requirements at 35/60 K are addressed. In order to meet these various requirements, the AFRL Cryogenic Technologies Group is pursuing various strategic cryocooler and cryogenic integration options. The Air Force Research Laboratory is also developing several advanced cryogenic integration technologies that will result in the reduction in current cryogenic system integration penalties and design time. These technologies include the continued development of the cryogenic systems integration model (CSIM), 60 K, and 100 K thermal storage units and heat pipes, cryogenic straps, thermal switches, and development of an integrated lightweight cryogenic bus (CRYOBUS).     

Pulse tube refrigerators

Interest in the pulse tube comes from its potential for high reliability and low level of induced vibration.A numerical model has been developed to provide a tool for practical design. It has been successfully validated against the experimental results obtained with a single stage double inlet pulse tube which has achieved a temperature of 28 K at a frequency of a few Hz.Further developments have demonstrated the capability of operating a pulse tube at higher frequencies in association with a Stirling pressure oscillator.Current projects include coaxial geometry for miniature pulse tubes with linear resonant pressure oscillators. A 4K multistaged pulse tube is also in development.     

脉冲爆震燃烧室管壁冲击冷却效果的数值研究

根据实验测量的脉冲爆震燃烧室壁温沿程分布,推算出符合脉冲爆震燃烧室特定频率下的准稳态热流阶梯分布;在此基础上,针对叉排阵列射流冲击冷却的脉冲爆震燃烧室壁面温度分布进行了数值计算.研究表明,由于冷却气流通道端壁效应的影响,靠近爆震燃烧室尾部的射流孔的冲击射流速度较大,热流最大的燃烧室尾部管壁的温度可以得到有效的降低,而燃烧室中部的射流由于受到前排射流形成的横流影响,对管壁的冲击冷却效果较弱,使得壁面温度的峰值向中部转移.在相同的环形冷却通道进口雷诺数下,阵列射流孔宜布置在脉冲爆震燃烧室中部,射流冲击间距比Z_n/d=1.5时,管壁的峰值温度最低而且整体的平均温度最小,较小的冲击孔直径对应的冲击冷却效果较好.      

基于TEC的空间站末端回路温控系统建模及其热力学性能分析

针对空间站中间回路温度波动过大,高温时导致科学载荷工作温度超出允许范围的问题,设计了一种基于热电制冷器(TEC)的末端单向流体回路温控系统。该系统包含一个TEC温控模块,当中间回路温度过高,末端回路冷却功率不足时,该模块可提供额外的制冷量,降低流入冷板的工质温度,形成针对科学载荷的相对低温区域,恢复回路的冷却能力。分别建立了温控系统数学模型与数值仿真模型,并完成了热负载扰动、中间回路温度扰动、末端回路流量扰动和并联支路热扰动等4种扰动对系统热力学特性影响的仿真分析,验证了TEC模块的温控性能。结果表明:在科学载荷发热功率增加30%、中间回路的温度升高5K、末端回路流量减小至0.0015kg/s等多种工况下,所设计的温控系统能够将载荷温度控制在1K以内,实现科学载荷精确温控。      

一种微小型平板式热管的传热性能分析

对一种微小型平板式热管的传热特性在自然对流和强制对流冷却条件下进行了试验研究.并与同尺寸实心铝板的传热性能进行了试验对比.分析了加热功率、冷却强度的变化对平板热管传热性能的影响规律.结果表明:该微小型平板式热管具有良好的启动特性和均温特性.该平板热管的当量导热系数可达到其管壳材料导热系数的12.7倍,强化传热能力的效果相当明显,又克服了传统平板热管抗压能力较差、无法加工较大散热面积的弱点,在电子设备的散热冷却领域具有良好的应用前景.      

激波聚焦诱导气液两相爆震燃烧的数值模拟

对以激波聚焦和增加障碍物方式诱导煤油-空气气液两相爆震燃烧的过程进行了数值模拟.采用欧拉-拉格朗日方法建立了脉冲爆震发动机(PDE)中气液两相流的喷射、雾化、掺混过程.研究发现环形爆震波在爆震管凹腔内经过反射、汇聚后能够引燃可燃混合物.而在障碍物处,激波的反射和再反射聚焦能够形成高温高压点(2700K,25MPa),产生局部爆炸,有助于形成稳定的脉冲爆震燃烧(波面速度为1900m/s,温度为2 950K),有效地缩短由缓燃向爆震转变(DDT)距离至0.45m.     

纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励数值仿真

从纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励对流场的作用机理出发,将其对流场的作用等效为热源对流场的快速加热,建立了纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励的空气动力学模型.应用模型计算了单次纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励下静止流场的响应,计算结果表明:纳秒脉冲等离子体气动激励可在静止流场中形成一个高温升压升区(716K,225.95kPa)和一个低温升压升区(380K,131.7kPa),分别可诱导一强一弱两道压缩波,压缩波后各有一道稀疏波.压缩波与稀疏波同速向外传播,传播速度开始较大(大于400m/s),随着逐渐向外传播,其传播速度逐渐减小(357m/s).压缩波经过的区域可诱导局部速度,初期诱导的局部速度较大,在激励器切向和法向可诱导60m/s以上的局部速度,随着压缩波的衰减,诱导局部速度的能力减弱,最大可诱导10m/s左右的局部速度.      

烧蚀模式激光推进的实验研究

采用CO2激光器和固体推进剂对三种构形的抛物型激光推力器模型进行了烧蚀模式下的单脉冲、多脉冲连续推进的对比实验,单脉冲实验获得的最高冲量耦合系数达到2.7×10-4N/W,对多脉冲连续推进时的冲量耦合系数有较大幅度的下降进行了分析,尝试采用PVDF薄膜传感器,测量了推力器内壁的瞬态压强,并采用热像仪对推力器的外壁温升进行了连续记录,为进一步研究激光能量转化为推力的机理以及热力冲击的影响提供了直接的数据。