刀具偏心跳动下侧铣硬脆材料的瞬时铣削力模型

以侧铣可加工微晶陶瓷为对象,建立了瞬时整体铣削力模型,研究了刀具偏心跳动状态下立铣刀侧刃铣削瞬时铣削力。通过铣削刀具与工件的次摆线运动,获得了其瞬时切削厚度、瞬时切削面积。通过线性搜索法确定了刀具偏心量和偏心角的最优解,利用一维搜索算法进行了瞬时铣削力作用点的精确求解,并以刀具偏心跳动状态下的瞬时转角予以表达。以Martellotti模型为基础,建立了新的瞬时铣削力模型。以最小二乘法进行了瞬时铣削力模型系数辨识。并从铣削力作用点（瞬时转角）视角,研究了瞬时铣削力的变化特性。铣削实验验证结果表明,铣削力模型预测值与实验值吻合程度较高,平均相对误差不超过8%,该瞬时铣削力模型具有较高的预测精度。     

高速铣削铝合金7055铣削力和铣削温度的仿真研究

采用有限元分析软件AdvantEdge模拟了航空铝合金7055高速铣削过程,获得了单个刀齿高速加工中铣削力变化曲线,预测了不同切削时间下工件及刀具上的温度分布,获得了刀具前刀面和后刀面的温度分布曲线;建立了高速铣削参数对铝合金7055铣削力和铣削温度的影响曲线,可辅助优化切削加工参数,有助于减小切削过程中刀具的磨损,改善刀具切削状态,提高刀具使用寿命.     

基于Z-map模型的球头铣刀铣削力建模与仿真

对球头铣刀铣削力建模进行了研究。在Z-map仿真模型的基础上,提出了识别加工中参与切削的切削刃单元的方法,通过考虑刀具偏心和刀具变形对瞬时切削厚度的影响,推导出了瞬时切削厚度的表达式,由铣削力和切削负载之间的关系,建立了球头铣刀三轴铣削力仿真模型。铣削力仿真计算与铣削实验的对比表明在考虑刀具偏心和刀具变形后所建立的铣削力模型能够对铣削力进行准确的预测。     

基于响应曲面法的高速内冷铣削AISI304不锈钢铣削力

针对硬质合金刀具高速内冷铣削AISI304不锈钢时,切削力大、切削温度高及加工表面质量低的问题。基于响应曲面中心复合设计方法进行高速内冷铣削实验,建立了铣削力分量二阶回归预测模型,并进行了实验验证。对比了干式与内冷铣削后的加工表面质量,分析了铣削参数对铣削力分量的影响规律,以铣削力分量最小为目标优化了铣削参数。结果表明:进给力和径向力的预测值与实验值的误差分别为4. 77%和6. 16%;内冷铣削的Ra为0. 193～0. 327μm;对铣削力分量的影响是铣削深度转速进给量,随着铣削深度和转速的增加,进给力先升高后降低,径向力逐步增加,铣削深度与转速的交互作用对进给力和径向力的影响显著;转速11 643. 63 r/min、铣削深度1 mm、进给量0. 08 mm/r为最优铣削参数组合。     

基于运动学的高速高精密铣削力建模：综合模型与试验

高速高精密铣削加工中铣削力是最重要的过程参量之一,铣削力信息的准确反馈对保证加工过程中的稳定性具有十分重要的意义。然而,影响铣削力大小的因素有很多种,目前缺乏一种考虑多种因素下的综合铣削力模型。因此,着重研究并综合考虑了刀具磨损、刀具跳动、刀具弹性变形对瞬时切削厚度的影响,同时分析了弹性变形对刀具切入与切出角的影响规律,改进了刀具瞬时切削厚度模型。基于运动学分析,将切削刃位置与预加工工件形态相互统一,建立了综合铣削力模型。为验证所提出综合模型的精确性和通用性,进行铣削实验,实验结果表明,铣削力预测值与实验值吻合较好,铣削力误差值小于1%,并通过分析刀具磨损与铣削力之间的相互变化关系,得出进给方向上的铣削力与Z向的铣削力系数对刀具磨损的影响最大。因此,切向力分量以及Z向的铣削力系数的变化特征可以较好的表征刀具磨损状况,从而提高铣削加工精度和效率。     

单向CFRP螺旋铣削力建模

螺旋铣削加工工艺具有降低轴向力,改善排屑、散热条件等优点,螺旋铣削力是其重要过程指标之一。对单向CFRP螺旋铣削力建模方法展开研究,预测给定加工参数下的螺旋铣削力。首先,通过对螺旋铣削过程进行运动学分析和切屑几何分析,建立了螺旋铣削过程中侧刃、底刃动态切屑层模型,纤维切削方向角度模型和动态切削力计算模型。然后,分别通过侧刃直线槽铣实验和底刃半齿插铣实验,对各个切削方向角度下侧刃、底刃切削力系数进行了标定,并利用人工神经网络对切削力系数进行拟合。最后,将标定所得的切削力系数代入动态切削力计算模型中,建立了单向CFRP螺旋铣削过程动态切削力预测模型,并通过实验验证了模型的准确性。与现有模型相比,该模型不仅能够预测刀具螺旋运动周期内的切削力变化情况,还可以对每个刀具自转周期内的细节进行预测,通过考虑纤维切削方向角度对切削力系数的影响,反映了单向CFRP材料的各向异性,较为准确地预测了螺旋铣削力。     

基于经验公式的铣削加工切削力建模研究现状与展望

铣削加工技术是加工航空航天中薄壁件及复杂曲面零件的关键技术之一,可以实现复杂曲面零件高精度、高质量及高效率成形。作为铣削加工的重要现象之一,切削力直接影响刀具的磨损、变形,以及工件的加工效率和质量,为了能够更好地利用切削技术,有必要对切削力的预测进行回顾分析研究。作为铣削力预测技术的关键手段,基于经验的铣削力模型被广泛应用。因此,本研究总结分析了当前关于基于经验的切削力预测技术,综述了切削力系数、未变形切屑厚度、刀具跳动和变形对切削力的影响规律,以期对切削加工质量提供有益参考,最后对该领域未来研究的方向进行了思考。     

钛合金薄壁件铣削过程有限元仿真分析

钛合金薄壁件铣削过程中,刀具角度对铣削过程中的工件变形、铣削力、铣削振动等影响显著。为减轻刀具磨损延长刀具寿命,通过ABAQUS软件建立钛合金Ti6Al4V薄壁件铣削过程仿真模型,以铣削力和铣削温度为评价指标,采用单因素和正交法分析了刀具前角、后角及螺旋角对铣削力和铣削温度的影响规律,并对铣削力仿真结果进行试验验证。仿真结果表明:前角增大,铣削力减小,铣削温度呈波动趋势变化;后角增大,铣削力减小,铣削温度先减小后增大;螺旋角增大,最大轴向力增大,最大切向力缓慢减小,最大径向力基本不变,铣削温度先减小后增大。通过正交试验和极差分析,明确不同因素对指标影响程度的主次顺序和因素的最优水平组合。     

TC4的铣削加工中铣削力和刀具磨损研究

通过TC4铣削加工时的铣削力试验,研究了干切削时和有氮气介质铣削时影响铣削力大小的几个因素,为提高金属去除率优化了切削参数。同时通过刀具磨损试验,对上述两种铣削方式,比较了在不同的切削速度下铣削时铣刀后刀面的磨损,证实了以氮气为切削介质能够大大地改善刀具的磨损状况和提高刀具的寿命。     

SiC_p/Al复合材料高速铣削切削力模型建立

使用聚晶金刚石(PCD)刀具并采用正交试验设计法,对含不同体分比的碳化硅颗粒增强铝基复合材料(SiCp/2009Al)进行高速铣削试验。在测量切削力和切屑厚度的基础上,建立了剪切角、剪切应力和摩擦角的预测模型,并结合金属切削基本理论公式建立了切削力的预测模型。该模型包含铣削速度、每齿进给量、径向切宽、增强颗粒体分比等重要参数,模型对进给方向最大铣削力预测值的平均误差为5.9%,对铣刀径向切深方向最大铣削力预测值的平均误差为9.2%,皆高于普通经验公式的预测精度,从而可对SiCp/2009Al复合材料高速铣削时的铣削力进行有效预测。     

Cutting tool temperature prediction method using analytical model for end milling

Dramatic tool temperature variation in end milling can cause excessive tool wear and shorten its life, especially in machining of difficult-to-machine materials. In this study, a new analyt-ical model-based method for the prediction of cutting tool temperature in end milling is presented. The cutting cycle is divided into temperature increase and decrease phases. For the temperature increase phase, a temperature prediction model considering real friction state between the chip and tool is proposed, and the heat flux and tool-chip contact length are then obtained through finite element simulation. In the temperature decrease phase, a temperature decrease model based on the one-dimension plate heat convection is proposed. A single wire thermocouple is employed to mea-sure the tool temperature in the conducted milling experiments. Both of the theoretical and experi-mental results are obtained with cutting conditions of the cutting speed ranging from 60 m/min to 100 m/min, feed per tooth from 0.12 mm/z to 0.20 mm/z, and the radial and axial depth of cut respec-tively being 4 mm and 0.5 mm. The comparison results show high agreement between the physical cutting experiments and the proposed cutting tool temperature prediction method.     

航空发动机机匣摆线粗加工轨迹规划方法

针对机匣零件粗加工过程中凸台多、加工余量大、材料难切削、刀具磨损快、加工周期长等特点,提出了一种机匣摆线粗加工刀具轨迹规划方法,该方法能有效控制切削过程中刀具负载的变化,改善刀具切削过程中的加热-冷却循环,减缓刀具的磨损,提高机匣粗加工效率。首先,通过对两种摆线模型的分析,建立了摆线铣数学模型,并分析了摆线铣的优缺点;其次,结合机匣零件特点,将模型在精度范围内离散为点模型,利用圆锥将模型展开并建立展开模型与原始模型间的映射关系。通过对可加工区域的划分和平面逼近,生成了适用于机匣零件的摆线粗加工刀具轨迹。最后,分别通过摆线铣刀具磨损实验、平面型腔摆线铣实验和机匣摆线铣实验,验证了摆线铣在降低刀具磨损、延长刀具寿命方面的有效性,以及本文轨迹生成算法在航空发动机机匣实际加工中的正确性和高效性。研究成果能有效缩短加工周期、降低加工成本,提升机匣零件的粗加工效率。     

微细电解铣削加工模型及实验研究

 对微细电解铣削加工技术进行了深入研究。将分层加工技术应用到微细电解加工过程中,显著改善了加工稳定性;建立了微细电解铣削加工的数学模型;基于电化学刻蚀原理,在线制得直径小至10 μm的圆柱电极;分组实验并验证了加工模型中各参数如：电极直径、加工电压、电解液浓度、铣削层厚度等对微细电解铣削加工精度的影响。通过优化加工参数,成功加工出了深三角结构和四棱台微型腔,形状精度高,加工稳定性好。     

自由曲面侧铣刀具轮廓与轨迹同步优化方法

针对自由曲面侧铣加工中轨迹规划困难、加工精度难保证等问题，提出了一种自由曲线母线类刀具的外形轮廓设计方法。该方法在优化刀具轮廓的同时，充分考虑了加工过程中的工件精度和刀轴光顺性问题，实现了自由曲线母线类刀具的形状设计和对应侧铣加工轨迹的生成。首先，通过分别定义刀具轮廓母线和刀轴轨迹面实现对刀具形状和侧铣加工轨迹的表达，并由此计算切削行上刀具工件干涉量来评价加工误差，以刀轴轨迹面能量评价刀轴光顺性，建立了基于加工误差和刀轴光顺性的刀具轮廓与加工轨迹的同步优化模型；其次，为实现对同步优化模型的求解，给出了基于序列逼近法的求解策略，以及优化初值中刀轴轨迹面控制参数和刀具轮廓控制参数获取方法；最后，分别通过加工轨迹规划实验和刀具轮廓设计实验，验证了本文算法在在自由曲面四轴侧铣加工刀具轮廓设计与加工轨迹优化中的正确性及有效性。研究成果为提高自由曲面类零件侧铣加工精度、实现侧铣加工刀具轮廓设计及侧铣加工轨迹规划提供了一种有效的方法和手段。     

Tool Life and Surface Integrity in High-speed Milling of Titanium Alloy TA15 with PCD/PCBN Tools

Titanium alloys are widely used in aeronautics that demand a good combination of high strength, good corrosion resistance and low mass. The mechanical properties lead to challenges in machining operations such as high process temperature as well as rapidly increasing tool wear. The conventional tool materials are not able to maintain their hardness and other mechanical properties at higher cutting temperatures encountered in high speed machining. In this work, the new material tools, which are polycrystalline diamond (PCD) and polycrystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) tools, are used in high-speed milling of Ti-6.5Al-2Zr-1Mo-1V (TA15) alloy. The performance and wear mechanism of the tools are investigated. Compared to PCBN tool, PCD tool has a much longer tool life, especially at higher cutting speeds. Analyses based on the SEM and EDX suggest that attrition, adhesion and diffusion are the main wear mechanisms of PCD and PCBN tools in high-speed milling of TA15. Oxidation wear is also observed at PCBN tool/workpiece interface. Roughness, defects, micro-hardness and microstructure of the machined surface are investigated. The recorded surface roughness values with PCD/PCBN tools are bellow 0.3 μm at initial and steady cutting stage. Micro-hardness analysis shows that the machined surface hardening depth with PCD and PCBN tools is small. There is no evidence of sub-surface defects with PCD and PCBN tools. It is concluded that for TA15 alloy, high-speed milling can be carried out with PCD/PCBN tools.     

Four-axis trochoidal toolpath planning for rough milling of aero-engine blisks

The Blade Integrated Disk (Blisk) is one of the key components in the aero-engine, it is generally manufactured by the multi-axis milling and almost 90% raw materials are removed. To avoid the full immersion of a cutter in the rough machining of a blisk channel, the trochoidal milling is a promising strategy since it can keep a small immersion angle in the rough milling process while maintaining the high machining efficiency. However, while toolpaths are being planned for the trochoidal milling process, the conventional methods are mainly for the planar machining area with fixed tool orientations, which cannot be used for complex channels where the multi-axis machining should be employed. To this end, this paper presents a four-axis trochoidal toolpath planning method with a ball-end cutter, and thus the blisk channel can be machined efficiently. For this to happen, the trochoidal paths are planned in the parametric domain and then mapped into the physical domain, with tool orientations controlled by the quaternion interpolation method to have smooth tool movement along the toolpaths. Both geometric simulation and physical milling experiments of the proposed method have convincingly demonstrated the validation of the proposed method.     

航空铝合金铣削加工中切削力的数值模拟研究

为了弥补当前斜角切削数值模拟多采用直线刀刃的不足,结合立铣加工的实际情况,提出了适合立铣加工的螺旋齿单刃斜角切削有限元模型,进而对航空铝合金7050-T7451进行了铣削加工切削力的数值模拟研究,得到了切削力值。通过铣削力实验测得了同样切削条件下的铣削力值,数值模拟结果与实验值比较吻合,从而证明所建立的有限元模型是正确的,可用于预报铣削力值。铣削加工切削力的数值模拟研究为航空铝合金切削加工的工艺参数优化、刀具的合理选择及其优化设计奠定了基础,同时也为进一步有效控制整体结构件的加工变形提供了新的研究手段。     

基于中轴变换的型腔高速铣削刀具轨迹生成方法

框、梁、壁板、蒙皮等飞机关键零部件中包含大量型腔特征,其加工效率直接影响零件的整体加工效率。高速铣削机床的发展为此类零件的高效加工奠定了很好的硬件基础,也给型腔铣削刀具轨迹生成带来了新的问题。例如蒙皮镜像铣由于其特殊的设计,对刀具轨迹提出平滑无抬刀、步距变化严格控制在一定范围内等更严苛的要求,从而保证蒙皮高质量加工。结构件高速加工中为了保持刀具的高进给和高转速,也要求刀具轨迹平滑且步距平稳变化。然而现有的型腔铣削刀轨生成方法大多基于局部优化解决加工残余和刀轨不平滑问题,难以生成同时满足多工艺约束尤其是步距约束的刀具轨迹,无法完全发挥高速机床的性能。针对此问题,本文提出基于中轴变换的型腔高速铣削刀具轨迹生成及优化方法。该方法首先基于中轴变换提取型腔骨架线,并进一步修正从而生成刀轨偏置基准和初始刀轨。其次利用图像变形算法对初始刀轨进行迭代变形优化,使最终优化刀轨与目标型腔区域吻合,且满足高速加工的工艺约束条件。该方法在离散的图像域内从整体角度优化刀具轨迹,不仅保证轨迹平滑无抬刀,还能保证步距在容许范围内平稳变化。实验证明本文提出的方法在保证轨迹平滑和步距平稳变化等方面的有效性,能够满足高性能加工的要求。     

Experimental investigation of rotary sinking electrochemical discharge milling with high-conductivity salt solution and non-pulsed direct current

Electrochemical milling is a modified technique of traditional electrochemical machining (ECM) that can be used to manufacture some helicopter transmission system parts. The use of rotary tools and an inner-jet electrolyte supply pattern can greatly improve the material removal rate (MRR) in a single pass. However, the feed speed is generally limited to minimize the tool wear. To increase the MRR, electrical discharge machining (EDM) is introduced into the electrochemical milling process. The tool rotation is employed to interrupt the discharge and the high-conductivity salt solution and non-pulsed direct current power supply are also adopted to increase ECM, eventually, a new machining method is proposed, which can be called rotary sinking electrochemical discharge milling (RSECD milling). The mechanism of it is explored in this study by analyzing the machined current, MRR, surface morphology, and tool wear at different applied voltages and feed speeds. Besides, the RSECD milling using the tool with a larger diameter is also conducted to further verify the effectiveness. In particular, the MRR can be increased by 742.5% when using the tool with a diameter of 20 mm at the applied voltage of 20 V.