空间太阳能电站重力姿态-轨道-结构耦合特性

基于结构小变形假设,将太阳帆塔式空间太阳能电站(SSPS)简化为两端自由的Euler-Bernoulli梁模型,并建立在重力作用下,假设只考虑轨道平面内电站的姿态和轨道运动与结构振动的耦合动力学方程。其受到的重力、重力梯度力矩和广义重力将以其结构尺寸与运行轨道半径的比值为变量进行泰勒展开,并保留至四阶项。通过对其动力学方程的分析发现,当假设只考虑轨道平面内的姿态运动和轨道平面内结构的横向振动时,结构振动对姿态和轨道运动的影响只存在于三阶及其以上的重力和重力梯度力矩中。此外,在重力激励下当电站的结构角频率小于某一特定值时,其结构振动将会出现屈曲不稳定的现象。保证电站结构振动稳定的条件也将在文中给出。为了分析重力激励对结构振动的影响,提出了"等效角频率"的概念。数值仿真表明,当电站结构角频率较低时,重力激励将对电站的振动产生很大影响。而且重力引起的姿态-轨道-结构的耦合作用也将对空间太阳能电站的轨道运动产生较大影响,轨道半径误差能达千米量级。     

在轨服务的相对运动耦合动力学建模与分析

研究在轨服务航天器逼近与捕获目标航天器的相对轨道姿态耦合动力学建模问题。考虑航天器姿态与对接位置的运动耦合,建立目标运行在任意轨道下的相对轨道姿态耦合动力学模型,并对模型中的运动耦合进行深入分析。设计一种非线性的输出反馈姿态控制律,将建立耦合动力学模型与CW方程进行仿真比较,验证轨道与姿态的运动耦合对两航天器对接点之间相对位置的运动影响。     

航天器相对运动姿轨耦合动力学建模方法

以空间近距离操作为背景,着重介绍了近年来相对运动姿轨耦合动力学建模方法的研究现状与成果。分别从相对运动动力学的传统建模方法、基于向量代数的姿轨耦合建模方法和基于螺旋理论的姿轨耦合建模方法进行阐述,讨论了各种方法的特点与适用性。研究显示:传统方法将轨道和姿态分开处理,简化了建模过程,但不利于姿轨耦合分析和协同控制设计,应用存在很大的限制性;基于向量代数的建模方法可以得到姿轨耦合模型,但姿轨模型形式不同,增加了协同控制设计的难度,且多种代数系统的使用也增加了问题处理的复杂性;基于螺旋理论的建模方法得到的姿轨动力学模型具有统一形式,耦合项表达式明确,模型参数具有非奇异性,有利于耦合机理分析,便于姿轨协同控制设计,在需要姿轨协同精确控制的近距离复杂操作中具有良好的应用潜力。     

基于螺旋理论描述的空间相对运动姿轨同步控制

对于姿轨运动存在严重耦合的空间相对接近操作,必须解决相对运动的姿轨同步控制问题。传统的相对姿轨分开建模串行控制方法,忽略了姿轨耦合,控制周期长且姿轨同步性差,显然不能满足要求。基于螺旋理论中的对偶数描述,建立了航天器六自由度相对运动模型,不仅包含了姿轨耦合项,而且形式统一有利于同步控制律的设计。针对模型中的耦合项进行分析,给出了相对姿轨耦合产生的成因。建立了相对姿轨同步误差,考虑模型的非线性,基于非线性反馈设计了一种同步控制律以消除该误差,并利用Lyapunov理论证明了控制律的稳定性。以两航天器交会接近的最后逼近段进行数字仿真,并与PD控制相对比,验证了所提方法的有效性,同时验证了所提方法可以实现姿轨控制的同步收敛,对于空间相对运动的姿轨同步操作具有重要意义。     

任意拓扑结构的耦合振荡器阵列及其在共形阵中的应用

提出了一种利用耦合振荡器阵列实现共形相控阵天线波束扫描的新方法。建立了任意拓扑结构的耦合振荡器阵列幅度和相位动力学方程,采用图论的方法分析了稳态相位方程解的唯一存在性和稳定性,通过控制振荡器每个单元的自由振荡频率,对相位进行加权,实现了共形相控阵天线无移相器的波束扫描,最后对圆柱形耦合振荡器阵列天线进行了数值仿真,验证了该方法的可行性。     

机动飞行时发动机转子系统动力学统一模型

利用Lagrange方程建立了飞机在任意空间机动飞行时发动机安装在飞机上任意位置条件下不平衡多盘、多质量和多轴承线性及非线性柔性转子系统动力学的统一模型,讨论了飞机的空间机动飞行对发动机转子系统动力特性的影响.结果表明飞机的空间机动飞行不仅在发动机的转子系统上产生了非周期性的附加外激励力,而且还会产生附加的阻尼和刚度效应,这些效应不仅会影响转子系统运动轨道的大小而且会使转子系统运动轨道的中心发生偏移,从而可能使发动机转子与定子之间发生局部的碰磨.因此,在分析航空发动机转子系统的动力特性时,必须考虑飞机机动飞行因素对转子系统动力特性的影响.      

初始运行条件对空间飞行器飞行影响研究

某试验型微小空间飞行器用于检测空间探测技术,通过对该飞行器运动轨迹及姿态变化的研究,对比分析空间探测技术的实时响应和检测精度。针对发射过程中,扰动会改变空间飞行器自由飞行过程的初始运行条件的问题,建立计及环境因素的空间飞行器轨道动力学和基于欧拉方程的姿态动力学模型,并对飞行器在不同初始运行条件下的运动过程进行数值研究。结果表明:改变初始条件,飞行器运动过程将产生不同程度的变化;入轨初速度越大,飞行器轨道离心率和周期越大;非零发射角将引起轨道偏移和旋转,俯仰发射角主要引起俯仰角变化,偏航发射角主要影响滚转角和偏航角,并且角度越大,幅度越大;自转角速度越大,姿态角变化越小。     

地球同步轨道薄膜太阳帆的姿态轨道控制方法

薄膜太阳帆（FSS）是集推进、发电和姿轨控功能于一体化的超大型挠性太阳帆式航天器,通过调整薄膜反射率产生可变推力和力矩,实现其姿态和轨道运动控制。结合薄膜太阳帆在地球同步轨道运行时的受力特性进行了轨道漂移分析。通过建立薄膜太阳帆动力学模型及受力模型,提出了调整帆面角度轨道修正方法以及基于薄膜光压力矩角动量卸载的长期在轨对日定向面内双轴动量轮稳定控制方法。通过系统仿真验证表明所提的轨道修正和对日定向控制方法是合理有效的,可使薄膜太阳帆长期在定点位置维持对日定向。     

北斗星座仿真的单天线姿态确定技术研究

载体姿态测量的实际需要和多天线姿态测量的局限性决定了单天线姿态测量系统拥有广泛的发展前景。分析了单天线测姿的应用价值和基本原理,从我国的具体国情出发,提出了基于北斗卫星星座仿真的单天线姿态确定技术研究的方法。利用STK平台对目前组网运行的北斗卫星星座和理想的北斗满卫星星座进行了仿真,利用Matlab平台进行了实验,仿真实验结果和误差分析表明,北斗卫星星座仿真的单天线姿态确定技术在适用条件和测姿准确性等方面效果理想,在一定精度要求下满足应用需要,对建立实用可靠的单天线测姿具有积极的推动作用。     

子阵级应用延迟线对相控阵天线带宽改善的分析

采用频率无关移相器的相控阵天线的波束指向会随频率发生变化.实时延迟线是提高宽带相控阵天线指向精度的重要方法.分析了平面相控阵天线波束指向随频率改变而产生漂移的现象,理论分析和仿真结果均表明,当频率改变时,平面相控阵天线的波束指向仅在俯仰角面发生漂移,而在方位角的指向不变.详细讨论采用子阵分割技术,并在子阵级别用实时延迟线,单元内采用移相器的混合波束控制技术.结果表明,这种方法可以有效扩展相控阵天线的带宽.     

空间站太阳能吸热器蓄热性能地面模拟试验

利用相变材料 (PCM)的熔化潜热来蓄热可以保证空间站太阳能热动力系统在轨道的阴影期内仍能连续发电。针对这一核心技术 ,建立了空间太阳能吸热 -储热器单元换热器地面模拟实验台。在模拟轨道条件下 ,对不同入射热流、不同工质进口温度及不同工质流量进行了多种组合测试。结果表明 ,单管工质气体的出口温升在轨道的日照期和阴影期都达到了预期的要求 ,相变材料容器的最高温度和平均温度都处于材料的安全范围内。     

Deployment dynamics for flexible deployable primary mirror of space telescope with paraboloidal and laminated structure by using absolute node coordinate method

A nonlinear dynamic modeling method for primary mirror of Flower-like Deployable Space Telescope (F-DST) undergoing large deployment motion is proposed in this paper. To ensure pointing accuracy and attitude stability of the paraboloidal primary mirror, the mirror is discretized into equal thickness shell elements by considering shell curvature. And the material nonlinear constitutive relation of flexible mirror is acquired using Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation (ANCF). Furthermore, the primary mirror of F-DST can be regarded as a clustered multi-body system, and its dynamic equations of elastic deformation and deployment motion are established by virtual work principle. Finally, the deployment motion of primary mirror by different driving conditions are simulated, the results show that the vibrations of mirrors that driven by elastic hinge device are more than that driven by servo motor. In addition, single sub-mirror deployment process will perturb the pointing accuracy of primary mirror, and the multiple sub-mirrors simultaneously deploying will seriously affect all the sub-mirrors surface accuracy because of the coupling effect. Thus, there are theoretical value and practical significance for the controlling surface accuracy and attitude accuracy of space telescope.     

Earth-moon Trajectory Optimization Using Solar Electric Propulsion

The optimization of the Earth-moon trajectory using solar electric propulsion is presented. A feasible method is proposed to optimize the transfer trajectory starting from a low Earth circular orbit (500 km altitude) to a low lunar circular orbit (200 km altitude). Due to the use of low-thrust solar electric propulsion, the entire transfer trajectory consists of hundreds or even thousands of orbital revolutions around the Earth and the moon. The Earth-orbit ascending (from low Earth orbit to high Earth orbit) and lunar descending (from high lunar orbit to low lunar orbit) trajectories in the presence of J2 perturbations and shadowing effect are computed by an analytic orbital averaging technique. A direct/indirect method is used to optimize the control steering for the trans-lunar trajectory segment, a segment from a high Earth orbit to a high lunar orbit, with a fixed thrust-coast-thrust engine sequence. For the trans-lunar trajectory segment, the equations of motion are expressed in the inertial coordinates about the Earth and the moon using a set of nonsingular equinoctial elements inclusive of the gravitational forces of the sun, the Earth, and the moon. By way of the analytic orbital averaging technique and the direct/indirect method, the Earth-moon transfer problem is converted to a parameter optimization problem, and the entire transfer trajectory is formulated and optimized in the form of a single nonlinear optimization problem with a small number of variables and constraints. Finally, an example of an Earth-moon transfer trajectory using solar electric propulsion is demonstrated.     

摄动对编队飞行星座相对构型的影响分析

在近圆轨道编队飞行的假设条件下，根据动力学关系推导出了环绕卫星相对参考卫星的运动学简化模型，并以此简化模型为基础，分别研究了大气阻力摄动、日月引力摄动、太阳光压摄动和地球扁率摄动对编队飞行星座的构型影响，着重分析了地球扁率摄动周期项和长期项对构型的影响，并以此对编队轨道设计提出建议。     

Electric space propulsion systems

Active development of electric thrustors began 10 years ago. Today, several kinds of thrustors have achieved efficiencies above 90 % and lifetimes of several thousand hours. The following article derives the basic theory of electric thrust production at constant exhaust velocity, and at variable exhaust velocity programmed for optimum vehicle performance. Electrothermal or arcjet; electrostatic or ion; and electrodynamic or plasma thrustors are described. At the present time, ion thrustors of the electron bombardment and of the surface ionization types are the most promising systems. Electric power in space may be generated by solar cells or nuclear-electric generators. It is expected that the incore thermionic converter will eventually be the preferred system. A variety of missions with electric propulsion systems appear feasible and highly desirable, among them orbital station keeping, attitude control, planetary probes, solar and out-of-the-ecliptic probes, deep-space probes, and manned Mars and Venus exploration. For each mission, a careful systems-design study must be made, which will provide the optimum selection of thrustor type, thrust level, exhaust velocity, thrust program, power source, trajectory, and flight plan.     

空间站柔性展开机构仿真方法研究

空间站展开机构是典型的大型多柔体系统,其展开收拢过程涉及非线性大变形以及接触碰撞问题。首先采用绝对节点坐标法作为柔性体的建模方法,建立了梁单元的有限元单元格式,然后基于拉格朗日方法和Hertz接触理论建立了考虑接触碰撞问题的柔性多体系统动力学方程,采用向后差分方法数值求解柔性多体系统的微分代数方程,最后以自由梁、简支梁和柔性单摆进行数学仿真验证。结果表明,该方法可用作我国空间站大型柔性太阳电池翼的设计分析参考。     

Analysis of array errors and a short-time processor in airbornephased array radars

Array errors are inherent in a realistic phased array radar system. The influence of array errors on the clutter degrees of freedom and the clutter subspace in an airborne phased array radar is analyzed. Based on the presented theoretic results, a method of short-time processing followed by coherent integration is proposed for clutter suppression in airborne phased array radars. It can approximate the two-dimensional optimal processor well even in the presence of array errors, clutter fluctuations and aircraft drift, with a considerable saving in computations     

Integration of Large Power Systems into Manned Space Stations

Essential design factors and system characteristics are explored for integration of large power systems into manned space stations. The impact of the type of power system selected upon the space station is outlined, as is the impact of the mission requirements upon the selection of power systems. Criteria for resolving the selection/application/ integration problems are provided. Comparisons between systems are based on recently defined space-station models for 90-day to five-year mission durations in the 1970' s, with four-to nine-man crews. Power systems encompass power levels from 3 to 50 kWe and include solar cell/battery. fuel cell, hybrid fuel cell/solar cell, radioisotope, and nuclear reactor systems. Thermoelectric, Brayton cycle, organic Rankine, and liquid-metal Rankine power conversion systems are considered for the nuclear energy sources. Both rigid and roll-out photovoltaic array configurations are analyzed with respect to the solar energy source.