Impact Cratering Theory and Modeling for the Deep Impact Mission: From Mission Planning to Data Analysis

The cratering event produced by the Deep Impact mission is a unique experimental opportunity, beyond the capability of Earth-based laboratories with regard to the impacting energy, target material, space environment, and extremely low-gravity field. Consequently, impact cratering theory and modeling play an important role in this mission, from initial inception to final data analysis. Experimentally derived impact cratering scaling laws provide us with our best estimates for the crater diameter, depth, and formation time: critical in the mission planning stage for producing the flight plan and instrument specifications. Cratering theory has strongly influenced the impactor design, producing a probe that should produce the largest possible crater on the surface of Tempel 1 under a wide range of scenarios. Numerical hydrocode modeling allows us to estimate the volume and thermodynamic characteristics of the material vaporized in the early stages of the impact. Hydrocode modeling will also aid us in understanding the observed crater excavation process, especially in the area of impacts into porous materials. Finally, experimentally derived ejecta scaling laws and modeling provide us with a means to predict and analyze the observed behavior of the material launched from the comet during crater excavation, and may provide us with a unique means of estimating the magnitude of the comet’s gravity field and by extension the mass and density of comet Tempel 1.     

基于虚拟领弹的攻击时间和攻击角度控制

构造一枚虚拟领弹按指定的攻击时间和攻击角度以直线飞向目标。实际导弹通过机动以"等待"虚拟领弹的到来,导弹与虚拟领弹相遇后随其一起飞向目标,从而实现导弹的攻击时间和攻击角度控制。对于这种导弹对虚拟领弹的轨迹跟踪问题,建立了控制设计模型并采用了分阶段控制设计方法。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

Deep Impact Mission Design

The Deep Impact mission is designed to provide the first opportunity to probe below the surface of a comet nucleus by a high-speed impact. This requires finding a suitable comet with launch and encounter conditions that allow a meaningful scientific experiment. The overall design requires the consideration of many factors ranging from environmental characteristics of the comet (nucleus size, dust levels, etc.), to launch dates fitting within the NASA Discovery program opportunities, to launch vehicle capability for a large impactor, to the observational conditions for the two approaching spacecraft and for telescopes on Earth.     

Expectations for Crater Size and Photometric Evolution from the Deep Impact Collision

The NASA Discovery Deep Impact mission involves a unique experiment designed to excavate pristine materials from below the surface of comet. In July 2005, the Deep Impact (DI) spacecraft, will release a 360 kg probe that will collide with comet 9P/Tempel 1. This collision will excavate pristine materials from depth and produce a crater whose size and appearance will provide fundamental insights into the nature and physical properties of the upper 20 to 40 m. Laboratory impact experiments performed at the NASA Ames Vertical Gun Range at NASA Ames Research Center were designed to assess the range of possible outcomes for a wide range of target types and impact angles. Although all experiments were performed under terrestrial gravity, key scaling relations and processes allow first-order extrapolations to Tempel 1. If gravity-scaling relations apply (weakly bonded particulate near-surface), the DI impact could create a crater 70 m to 140 m in diameter, depending on the scaling relation applied. Smaller than expected craters can be attributed either to the effect of strength limiting crater growth or to collapse of an unstable (deep) transient crater as a result of very high porosity and compressibility. Larger then expected craters could indicate unusually low density (< 0.3 g cm⁻³) or backpressures from expanding vapor. Consequently, final crater size or depth may not uniquely establish the physical nature of the upper 20 m of the comet. But the observed ejecta curtain angles and crater morphology will help resolve this ambiguity. Moreover, the intensity and decay of the impact “flash” as observed from Earth, space probes, or the accompanying DI flyby instruments should provide critical data that will further resolve ambiguities.     

激光深熔焊熔池动力学特性理论分析

探讨了激光深熔焊过程中焊接熔池流体流动的各种驱动力,分析了熔池流动热边界层和固液界面粘性边界层的作用,研究了激光小孔出口的等离子体焰流对熔池Marangoni流的影响.     

基于分层控制免疫遗传算法的多卫星联合任务规划方法

 研究面向复杂任务需求的多卫星联合下的任务规划技术,对于提高对地观测系统的保障能力具有重要意义。各种类型的复杂任务需求由于需求特点的差异,使得相对于针对点观测任务的规划更加复杂。在提炼问题特点的基础上,建立了整数规划问题模型,并提出了分层控制免疫遗传算法。该算法采用双层操作,在父层采用遗传操作算子,在子层采用免疫操作算子,并引入基因重组、自适应免疫更新、小生境等机制改进搜索过程。仿真实验表明,分层控制免疫算法在解决复杂任务的任务规划中是可行有效的。     

Understanding Galaxy Formation with ISO Deep Surveys

We present the results obtained through the various ISO extragalactic deep surveys. Although IRAS revealed the existence of galaxies forming stars at a rate of a few tens (LIRGs) or even hundreds (ULIRGs) solar masses in the local universe, ISO not only discovered that these galaxies were already in place at redshift one, but also that they are not the extreme objects that we once believed them to be. Instead they appear to play a dominant role in shaping present-day galaxies as reflected by their role in the cosmic history of star formation and in producing the cosmic infrared background detected by the COBE satellite in the far infrared to sub-millimeter range. Based on observations with ISO, an ESA project with instruments funded by ESA Member States (especially the PI countries: France, Germany, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom), and with the participation of ISAS and NASA.     

Comet Geology with Deep Impact Remote Sensing

The Deep Impact mission will provide the highest resolution images yet of a comet nucleus. Our knowledge of the makeup and structure of cometary nuclei, and the processes shaping their surfaces, is extremely limited, thus use of the Deep Impact data to show the geological context of the cratering experiment is crucial. This article briefly discusses some of the geological issues of cometary nuclei.     

机匣内间断形深孔机械加工研究

通过优化方案自主设计了一套用于深孔加工的刀具方案,用于某发动机主机匣内部关键件凸轮轴的安装孔的加工,为系列化研制该类机型积累了加工经验.     

地形冲突回避控制原理的研究

地形冲突是指飞行器与地面之间的相对位置发生矛盾,可能导致可控飞行撞地事故(CFIT)发生的潜在危险现象。在飞机飞行过程中,飞行员瞬间丧失知觉是飞行员自身因素导致飞行事故的一个重要问题,这个问题困扰着所有飞高性能战斗机的空军及其飞行员人员。丧失空间方向感又是一个更为严重的问题,它影响着空军和民航的飞行员人员。为了防止由于自身因素引起的飞行员和飞机的巨大损失,研究自动地形冲突回避系统是必要的。通过对地形冲突回避控制原理三种方案的研究分析表明:一种不需要飞行员涉入,一种需要飞行员涉入,即所谓人在回路之中,一种需要对外发射信号。     

钢球对肥皂靶的撞击试验

为研究投射物对生物体的致伤效应,采用肥皂作为生物体模拟物,开展了Φ3．0mm 的钢球高速（0．96和1．88km/s）及超高速（3．52和4．98km/s）撞击肥皂靶的试验,获得了肥皂靶在钢球撞击下的损伤特征及其破坏规律。结果表明：高速试验条件下,钢球对肥皂靶的损伤主要表现为贯穿效果;超高速试验条件下,钢球撞击肥皂靶形成大尺寸半球形弹坑,其对肥皂靶的损伤表现为2个方面：一是大尺寸弹坑导致的“体积移除”,二是受超高速撞击的强烈冲击波影响,肥皂靶的破坏区域大于弹坑区域。     

复合材料低速冲击永久凹坑深度预测方法

基于赫兹接触定律,建立了复合材料层板低速冲击模型,在此基础上提出了复合材料层板冲击后永久凹坑的理论计算方法。通过对T700/5428和T300/5428两种材料层板低速冲击永久凹坑计算结果与试验结果的对比,证实了这种方法在较小冲击损伤情况下的可行性与有效性。通过这种方法,可以为复合材料冲击性能的预测提供一种参考。     

水泥深层搅拌桩的沉降分析

通过对2个工程实例的设计、施工、检测及沉降观测等方面的分析和研究，探讨了水泥深层搅拌桩复合地基的沉降变形特点，为此类工程的设计衣施工提供了有益的经验。     

战役规划中登陆地区的选择

在选择登陆地区这个决策问题中,指标权重的确定与方案在各指标下的值的确定都很困难,文中利用多指标区间决策的TOPSIS法,给出了选择登陆地区决策方案排序的原则。     

复合材料管形件冲击试验仿真

本文采用大型非线性动力学有限元分析程序(MSC/Dytran)建立复合材料管形件有限元模型,对管形件冲击试验过程进行了计算机仿真分析。     

深空测控再生伪码测距技术研究

针对深空测控任务中低信噪比情况下的航天器高精度测距问题,对再生伪码测距技术进行论述.介绍再生伪码测距技术原理,再生伪码测距通过再生方式消除信号上行链路噪声,提高了信噪比,但需要复杂的相关器;分析再生伪码测距采用的陶思沃斯码结构,详细论述再生伪码测距信号的地面上行、星上再生、地面下行处理过程,重点介绍各处理过程中的指标条件,并对再生伪码测距进行误差分析;重点对比分析再生伪码测距与传统透明转发测距,指出前者适合于深空低信噪比条件下的高精度测距,后者适用于近地高信噪比条件下的测距.     

导弹速度时变的攻击时间与攻击角度控制导引律

针对导弹速度非定常情况下的协同制导问题,提出了两种分别满足攻击时间约束、攻击时间与攻击角度约束的导引律.首先通过求解导弹在比例导引(PN)及带攻击角度约束的偏置比例导引(BPNIAC)下的系统微分方程,得到导弹飞行的实际剩余航程,并根据指定的攻击时间与导弹的实际速度曲线构造标称剩余航程,将攻击时间控制问题转化为导弹实际剩余航程对标称剩余航程的跟踪问题.然后,在PN及BPNIAC的基础上附加反馈控制项使导弹实际的剩余航程跟踪标称值,从而实现导弹速度时变情况下攻击时间的控制要求.仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性,实际应用中可根据预测速度曲线及在线更新策略对标称剩余航程进行估算.     

三向测量技术在深空探测中的应用研究

较详细地介绍了三向测量技术(包括三向测距和三向测速),阐述使用三向测量的工程背景和重要意义,给出利用三向测量数据进行实时定位的数学推导,并分别对三向测距和三向测速原始数据的误差进行了分析;最后给出在“嫦娥一号”试验轨道段采用三向测量技术得到的残差分析结果.结果表明,在未进行站间时间同步的情况下,“嫦娥一号”卫星100 km×100 km环月轨道段三向测距误差约200 m,三向测速误差约2 cm/s,利用三向测量数据可以单独进行轨道确定,验证了我国后续深空探测中应用三向测量技术的可行性.     

复合材料层板冲击损伤特性及冲击后压缩强度研究

对两种材料体系(T300/QY8911和T300/5405)/铺层的复合材料层板进行三种支持条件(冲击点无支持、梁凸缘或长桁凸缘支持和肋凸缘支持)、六种冲击能量等级的冲击损伤特性及冲击后压缩强度试验研究。讨论了冲击能量、支持条件等与冲击损伤特性和剩余压缩强度的关系,研究结果表明,冲击表面凹坑深度和冲击损伤面积可用于表征复合材料冲击损伤,而基体裂纹长度不可以用于表征冲击损伤。且随着冲击点背面支持刚度的增加,冲击所造成的损伤随之减小。随着冲击能量的增加,冲击后压缩强度随之减小。在相同的冲击能量作用下,随着冲击点背面支持刚度的增加,冲击后压缩强度也随之增加。     

发动机整体多级转子盘深内腔加工技术

为了提高发动机的推重比和可靠性,目前大型航空发动机的风扇盘和压气机盘大多采用整体多级盘结构,整体锻件多级转子盘便是其中的一类。该盘重量轻、性能好,但其深内腔加工是一大技术难点。本文介绍了一种先进的深内腔加工方法和加工中应特别注意的问题,并提出了应用整体锻件机械加工整体多级转子,该转子不仅可以达到发动机结构减化和减重的目的,还可以利用现有设备加工,从而使我们免受诸如线性磨擦焊加工技术和设备等国外对我们在整体叶盘生产技术上的封锁和限制,为此,发动机整体多级转子盘深内腔加工技术应引起我国航空发动机行业相关人员的重视。