一种新型充气式重力梯度杆的研制和在轨展开试验

文章对中国“新技术验证一号”卫星搭载的一种新型充气式重力梯度杆的研制和在轨试验情况进行了介绍。重力梯度杆在小卫星控制领域中具有较好的应用前景,而充气结构具有轻质、占用空间小、发射成本低的特点,采用充气式重力梯度杆可避免传统机械式重力梯度杆质量重、尺寸大和机构复杂的缺点,它以充气伸展臂为主要结构形式,通过充气展开伸直成为重力梯度杆,既作为卫星重力梯度杆又通过在轨试验验证空间充气展开结构的性能。在轨试验结果表明充气式重力梯度杆展开稳定、有序、性能可靠,可以满足小卫星的性能和功能要求。该试验也是中国首个成功的充气展开结构在轨技术验证试验,标志着中国的充气展开结构技术初步具备了工程化能力。     

The dive and ascent satellite program for lower ionosphere research

Lower ionosphere is a transition region from outer-space to low atmosphere and had been unexplored on a continuous basis before Atmosphere Explorer satellites flew in the region. Purpose of a new aeronomy satellite, DAS (Dive and Ascent Satellite) having a capability to control orbits and flying at the very low perigee altitude less than 130 km is to explore the bottomside of ionosphere spreading over between 100 and 300 km altitudes. Preliminary study on the new aeronomy satellite is conducted at National Aerospace Laboratory in cooperation with Radio Research Laboratories and Meteorological Research Institute.This paper reviews the mission design, orbit decay and transfer analysis, typical orbit profile, aerodynamic characteristics and satellite configuration study, aerodynamic heating and thermal control analysis, attitude control analysis, on-board propulsion and power subsystems, and operation analysis with emphasis on their technical feasibility.     

Global measurement of the Earth gravity field using a gradiometric satellite

Two techniques are able to permit a significant progress in the global measurement of the Earth gravity field: satellite to satellite tracking and gradiometry. The preliminary results concerning the study of a gradiometric satellite to be launched by Ariane are presented.After stating the scientific objectives and the mission specifications, one focuses on the definition of the gradiometer and the gradiometric satellite. After analysis of the problems associated with gradiometry based upon differential accelerometry, one presents the Cactus accelerometer design evolution and the implications on the satellite configuration and interfaces with the gradiometer. Finally a short mission analysis is presented.     

Biaxial Mode of Rotation of a Satellite in the Orbit Plane

A mode of motion of a satellite with respect to its center of mass is studied, which is called the biaxial rotation in the orbit plane. In this mode of rotation, an elongated and nearly dynamically symmetric satellite rotates around the longitudinal axis, which, in turn, rotates around the normal to the plane of an orbit; the angular velocity of rotation around the longitudinal axis is several times larger than the orbital angular velocity, deviations of this axis from the orbit plane are small. Such a rotation is convenient in the case when it is required to secure a sufficiently uniform illumination of the satellite's surface by the Sun at a comparatively small angular velocity of the satellite. The investigation consists of the numerical integration of equations of the satellite's motion, which take into account gravitational and restoring aerodynamic moments, as well as the evolution of the orbit. At high orbits, the mode of the biaxial rotation is conserved for an appreciable length of time, and at low orbits it is destroyed due to the impact of the aerodynamic moment. The orbit altitudes and the method of constructing the initial conditions of motion that guarantee a sufficiently prolonged period of existence of this mode are specified.     

Stability of motion of a space vehicle under constantly acting disturbances

The attitude stability of an Earth-orbiting satellite experiencing aerodynamic torque is studied. This is accomplished by applying the theory of total stability (or, stability under constantly acting disturbances) to the equations of motion. The satellite is gravity-gradient stabilized and a damping torque is incorporated. The aerodynamic torque results from the presence of two flat panels attached to the cylindrical body of the vehicle. This perturbing torque is treated as an additive disturbance in Euler's equations of motion. A Lyapunov function is constructed and then used in an appropriate theorem on stability under constantly acting disturbances. Explicit expressions are thereby found for bounds on a hypothetical initial condition (a rotation from the Earth-pointing equilibrium) and on the aerodynamic torque, so that if these disturbances are less than their respective bounds then the resulting attitude motion of the satellite will not exceed a pre-assigned value. These bounds depend on that pre-assigned value, and on the physical parameters of the satellite. The design implications of these bounds are then discussed.     

Analysis of Low-Frequency Microaccelerations onboard the Foton-11Satellite

The method and the results of investigating the low-frequency component of microaccelerations onboard the Foton-11satellite are presented. The investigation was based on the processing of data of the angular velocity measurements made by the German system QSAM, as well as the data of measurements of microaccelerations performed by the QSAM system and by the French accelerometer BETA. The processing was carried out in the following manner. A low-frequency (frequencies less than 0.01 Hz) component was selected from the data of measurements of each component of the angular velocity vector or of the microacceleration, and an approximation was constructed of the obtained vector function by a similar function that was calculated along the solutions to the differential equations of motion of the satellite with respect to its center of mass. The construction was carried out by the least squares method. The initial conditions of the satellite motion, its aerodynamic parameters, and constant biases in the measurement data were used as fitting parameters. The time intervals on which the approximation was constructed were from one to five hours long. The processing of the measurements performed with three different instruments produced sufficiently close results. It turned out to be that the rotational motion of the satellite during nearly the entire flight was close to the regular Eulerian precession of the axially symmetric rigid body. The angular velocity of the satellite with respect to its longitudinal axis was about 1 deg/s, while the projection of the angular velocity onto the plane perpendicular to this axis had an absolute value of about 0.2 deg/s. The magnitude of the quasistatic component of microaccelerations in the locations of the accelerometers QSAM and BETA did not exceed 5 × 10^–5–10^–4m/s²for the considered motion of the satellite.     

吸气式高超声速飞行器爬升段关键任务点的鲁棒优化

针对吸气式高超声速飞行器爬升段飞行任务,考虑飞行器气动/推进特性及参数不确定性问题,采用鲁棒优化思路,结合巡航性能指标,优选了飞行器爬升段的关键任务点。首先,由能量状态法结合发动机工作约束,确定了飞行器的爬升起始任务点;其次,依据飞行器巡航性能分析方法,提出了兼顾气动/推进效率的性能指标,优化得到了高超声速飞行器爬升末端任务点;最后考虑飞行器质心位置的不确定性,采用鲁棒优化方法确定了爬升段末端的飞行任务窗口。仿真结果表明,设计的优选流程快速可行,飞行任务窗口能同时满足飞行器的巡航飞行性能要求及不确定性最坏情况的约束,具有较强的鲁棒性。     

星座系统的信息网络设计

多星组网、编队飞行是小卫星应用领域的发展趋势。与之相适应,卫星信息系统正从单星向多星网络化发展,形成一个具有优化拓扑结构、完善通信协议和管理调度机制的统一天基信息网络系统,以实现对协同工作的多星系统的飞行任务管理。文章针对星座系统信息网络的技术特点、拓扑结构设计、网络模型设计、协议设计和一体化设计方法进行了论述,并从工程角度出发,分析了设计过程中应着重解决的关键技术问题。     

The earth explorer candidates: Nine focused missions, all satellite classes

The size of a satellite should follow naturally from the mission requirements taking into account implementation constraints, notably the choice of launcher and programmatics. The key concepts are “focused mission” and “maximum return for the investment”. The nine candidates proposed for the ESA Earth Explorer programme of research missions form a good representative set to illustrate a discussion of satellite classes. These focused missions lead to satellites from less than 100 kg and 100 W, to more than 2000 kg and 2 kW of power generation and include flights of opportunity and precursor experiments.     

DFH-4卫星电推进系统的应用可行性研究

DFH-4平台是我国新研制的大容量、长寿命静止轨道卫星平台。为了延长平台寿命、增加平台载荷,需要考虑引入电推进系统执行南北位保任务。针对几种国际上已经得到应用且相对较成熟的电推进系统,从工程角度对其在DFH-4上的应用价值进行了比较和评价,初步设计了电推进系统在DFH-4平台上执行南北位保任务的应用方案,分析了电推进系统对卫星平台、其它轨道和姿态参数、控制策略以及星上其它系统带来或可能带来的影响。     

On-orbit determination and adjustment of electrostatic accelerometer lever arm

In order to ensure the proof mass center of electrostatic accelerometer (EA) is fixed at the center of gravity of satellite as precisely as possible, an on-orbit determination and adjustment strategy of EA lever arm is presented in this paper. The EA lever arm is determined using the observations of EA, gyro and magnetometer first. Then it is adjusted by screw slider mechanism. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed strategy can be carried out several times to yield better accuracy. Meanwhile, the optimal geographic location for EA lever arm determination along each axis is found.     

Rapid model-based inter-disciplinary design of a CubeSat mission

With an increase in the use of small, modular, resource-limited satellites for Earth orbiting applications, the benefit to be had from a model-based architecture that rapidly searches the mission trade-space and identifies near-optimal designs is greater than ever. This work presents an architecture that identifies trends between conflicting objectives (e.g. lifecycle cost and performance) and decision variables (e.g. orbit altitude and inclination) such that informed assessment can be made as to which design/s to take on for further analysis. The models within the architecture exploit analytic methods where possible, in order avoid computationally expensive numerical propagation, and achieve rapid convergence. Two mission cases are studied; the first is an Earth observation satellite and presents a trade-off between ground sample distance and revisit time over a ground target, given altitude as the decision variable. The second is a satellite with a generic scientific payload and shows a more involved trade-off, between data return to a ground station and cost of the mission, given variations in the orbit altitude, inclination and ground station latitude. Results of each case are presented graphically and it is clear that non-intuitive results are captured that would typically be missed using traditional, point-design methods, where only discrete scenarios are examined.     

A DLR small satellite mission for the investigation of hot spots, vegetation and clouds

Starting from their FIRES proposal [1]the DLR makes a new approach in the design of a small satellite mission dedicated to hot spot detection and evaluation: the BIRD mission. The new approach is characterized by a strict design-to-cost philosophy. A two-channel infrared sensor system in combination with a Wide-Angle Optoelectronic Stereo Scanner (WAOSS) shall be the payload of a small satellite (80kg) considered for piggyback launch. So the launch is not a main cost driver as for other small satellite missions with dedicated launchers. The paper describes the mission objectives, the scientific payload, the spacecraft bus, and the mission architecture of a small satellite mission dedicated to the investigation of hot spots (forest fires, volcanic activities, burning oil wells or coal seams), of vegetation condition and changes and of clouds. The paper represents some results of a phase A study and of the progressing phase B.     

采用双目视觉的非合作空间目标相对导航与惯性参数辨识方法

针对面向在轨服务的非合作空间目标测量感知问题,提出了一种基于双目视觉的相对导航与惯性参数辨识方法。利用目标表面的特征点建立几何坐标系,并分别设计了姿态测量和相对导航滤波器,实现了目标姿态、角速度、轨道,质心位置与惯量比的高精度估计。在此基础上,通过黏附卫星与非合作目标形成组合体,利用相对导航算法获得的质心位置和惯量比在黏附前后的变化,实现了目标质量和转动惯量的辨识。数值仿真试验证明了算法的有效性。     

Development of a scheduling algorithm and GUI for autonomous satellite missions

In this paper, a scheduling optimization algorithm is developed and verified for autonomous satellite mission operations. As satellite control and operational techniques continue to develop, satellite missions become more complicated and the overall quantity of tasks within the missions also increases. These changes require more specific consideration and a huge amount of computational resources, for scheduling the satellite missions. In addition, there is a certain level of repetition in satellite mission scheduling activities, and hence it is highly recommended that the operation manager carefully considers and builds some appropriate strategy for performing the operations autonomously. A good strategy to adopt is to develop scheduling optimization algorithms, because it is difficult for humans to consider the many mission parameters and constraints simultaneously. In this paper, a new genetic algorithm is applied to simulations of an actual satellite mission scheduling problem, and an appropriate GUI design is considered for an autonomous satellite mission operation. It is expected that the scheduling optimization algorithm and the GUI can improve the overall efficiency in practical satellite mission operations.     

卫星导电铜箔接地性能退化机理研究

接地网的接地性能关系整星电磁兼容性的优劣。文章从接地网导电铜箔的搭接现状入手,分析铜箔本身和导电胶的电阻以及铜箔接地电阻退化的机理;通过温湿度加速试验验证指出,在导电铜箔接地性能退化中导电胶的性能退化起主导作用;通过工艺试验得出电焊可以显著改善铜箔接地性能,以满足型号任务需求。     

Estimation of residual microaccelerations on board an artificial earth satellite in the monoaxial solar orientation mode

The mode of monoaxial solar orientation of a designed artificial Earth satellite (AES), intended for microgravitational investigations, is studied. In this mode the normal line to the plane of satellite’s solar batteries is permanently directed at the Sun, the absolute angular velocity of a satellite is virtually equal to zero. The mode is implemented by means of an electromechanical system of powered flywheels or gyrodynes. The calculation of the level of microaccelerations arising on board in such a mode, was carried out by mathematical modeling of satellite motion with respect to the center of masses under an effect of gravitational and restoring aerodynamic moments, as well as of the moment produced by the gyrosystem. Two versions of a law for controlling the characteristic angular momentum of a gyrosystem are considered. The first version provides only attenuation of satellite’s perturbed motion in the vicinity of the position of rest with the required velocity. The second version restricts, in addition, the increase in the accumulated angular momentum of a gyrosystem by controlling the angle of rotation of the satellite around the normal to the light-sensitive side of the solar batteries. Both control law versions are shown to maintain the monoaxial orientation mode to a required accuracy and provide a very low level of quasistatic microaccelerations on board the satellite.     

基于变质心控制导弹的运动分析

导弹变质心机动控制通过改变弹头的质心,利用气动配平力矩改变弹头飞行姿态和攻角,从而实现导弹机动控制.本文首次详细推导了基于变质心控制导弹的空间六自由度的动力学方程,并建立了一套完整的仿真系统,针对导弹在垂直平面内运动情况进行仿真,为深入探讨变质心控制弹头的控制机理奠定基础.     

SST-LL重力测量卫星轨道分析

论述了SST-LL重力测量卫星科学任务对轨道寿命、地面覆盖性能、轨道高度单圈波动、星间距离变化范围的需求。根据需求,计算了轨道的自然衰减情况,得出轨道初始高度为500km;综合考虑地面覆盖要求及运载火箭能力,得出了最佳轨道倾角为89°;得出了0.002 0偏心率下轨道高度波动范围不超过50km;分析得出星间距离的长周期变化主要受大气阻力影响,初步确定了轨道控制方案,即定期对受大气阻力较大的卫星进行轨道机动。     

Space solar array reliability: A study and recommendations

Providing reliable power over the anticipated mission life is critical to all satellites; therefore solar arrays are one of the most vital links to satellite mission success. Furthermore, solar arrays are exposed to the harshest environment of virtually any satellite component. In the past 10 years 117 satellite solar array anomalies have been recorded with 12 resulting in total satellite failure. Through an in-depth analysis of satellite anomalies listed in the Airclaim's Ascend SpaceTrak database, it is clear that solar array reliability is a serious, industry-wide issue. Solar array reliability directly affects the cost of future satellites through increased insurance premiums and a lack of confidence by investors. Recommendations for improving reliability through careful ground testing, standardization of testing procedures such as the emerging AIAA standards, and data sharing across the industry will be discussed. The benefits of creating a certified module and array testing facility that would certify in-space reliability will also be briefly examined. Solar array reliability is an issue that must be addressed to both reduce costs and ensure continued viability of the commercial and government assets on orbit.