An investigation of tip vortices unsteady interaction for Fokker 29 propeller with swirl recovery vane

A numerical study was performed to explore the unsteady interaction between the upstream propeller and the downstream swirl recovery vane (SRV) by transient simulations. Much larger fluctuations of thrust coefficient were observed on the vane, which indicates that the varia-tions of the total efficiency depend mainly on the working performance of the stator. The harmonic loads of the decomposed unsteady blade-surface pressures show that the stator experiences about ten times higher of unsteadiness compared with the rotor. Notable changes appear at the vane lead-ing edge due to the potential disturbance as well as the sweeping effects from the wake of the upstream propeller, whereas more significant unsteadiness occurs at the stator tip region as a result of the interaction between the rotor/stator tip vortices. The visualization of vortex structures addresses that the rotor tip vortex has a dominant effect on the stator tip vortex since the latter one starts right at the impingement location on the vane top in this configuration. Furthermore, a longer and a shorter SRV were investigated based on the original case to explore different inter-action patterns for the rotor/stator tip vortices. Weaker effects have been observed as expected.     

Parametric study of turbine NGV blade lean and vortex design

The effects of blade lean and vortex design on the aerodynamics of a turbine entry nozzle guide vane (NGV) are considered using computational fluid dynamics. The aim of the work is to address some of the uncertainties which have arisen from previous studies where conflicting results have been reported for the effect on the NGV. The configuration was initially based on the energy efficient engine turbine which also served as the validation case for the computational method. A total of 17 NGV configurations were evaluated to study the effects of lean and vortex design on row efficiency and secondary kinetic energy. The distribution of mass flow ratio is introduced as an additional factor in the assessment of blade lean effects. The results show that in the turbine entry NGV, the secondary flow strength is not a dominant factor that determines NGV losses and therefore the changes of loading distribution due to blade lean and the associated loss mecha-nisms should be regarded as a key factor. Radial mass flow redistribution under different NGV lean and twist is demonstrated as an addition key factor influencing row efficiency.     

Schemed Power-augmented Flow for Wing-in-ground Effect Craft in Cruise

To provide detailed insight into schemed power-augmented flow for wing-in-ground effect(WIG) craft in view of the concept of cruising with power assistance,this paper presents a numerical study.The engine installed before the wing for power-augmented flow is replaced by a simplified engine model in the simulations,and is considered to be equipped with a thrust vector nozzle.Flow features with different deflected nozzle angles are studied.Comparisons are made on aerodynamics to evaluate performance of power-augmented ram(PAR) modes in cruise.Considerable schemes of power-augmented flow in cruise are described.The air blown from the PAR engine accelerates the flow around wing and a high-speed attached flow near the trailing edge is recorded for certain deflected nozzle angles.This effect takes place and therefore the separation is prevented not only at the trailing edge but also on the whole upper side.The realization of suction varies with PAR modes.It is also found that scheme of blowing air under the wing for PAR engine is aerodynamically not efficient in cruise.The power-augmented flow is extremely complicated.The numerical results give clear depiction of the flow.Optimal scheme of power-augmented flow with respect to the craft in cruise depends on the specific engines and the flight regimes.     

Numerical design optimization of compressor blade based on ADOP

An aerodynamic design optimization platform(ADOP) has been developed.The numerical optimization method is based on genetic algorithm(GA),Pareto ranking and fitness sharing technique.The platform was used for design optimization of the stator of an advanced transonic stage to seek high adiabatic efficiency.The compressor stage efficiency is increased by 0.502% at optimal point and the stall margin is enlarged by nearly 1.0% at design rotating speed.The flow fields of the transonic stage were simulated with FINE/Turbo software package.The optimization result indicates that the optimization platform is effective in3Dnumerical design optimization problems.      

Aerodynamic optimization design of general parameters for cycloidal propeller in hover based on surrogate model

A surrogate-model-based aerodynamic optimization design method for cycloidal propeller in hover was proposed, in order to improve its aerodynamic efficiency, and analyze the basic criteria for its aerodynamic optimization design. The reliability and applicability of overset mesh method were verified. An optimization method based on Kriging surrogate model was proposed to optimize the geometric parameters for cycloidal propeller in hover with the use of genetic algorithm. The optimization results showed that the thrust coefficient was increased by 3.56%, the torque coefficient reduced by 12.05%, and the figure of merit (FM) increased by 19.93%. The optimization results verified the feasibility of this design idea. Although the optimization was only carried out at a single rotation speed, the aerodynamic efficiency was also significantly improved over a wide range of rotation speeds. The optimal configuration characteristics for micro and small-sized cycloidal propeller were: solidity of 0.2-0.22, maximum pitch angle of 25°-35°, pitch axis locating at 35%-45% of the blade chord length.      

CFD Study of NO_x Emissions in a Model Commercial Aircraft Engine Combustor

Air worthiness requirements of the aircraft engine emission bring new challenges to the combustor research and design. With the motivation to design high performance and clean combustor, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is utilized as the powerful design approach. In this paper, Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations of reactive two-phase flow in an experimental low emission combustor is performed. The numerical approach uses an implicit compressible gas solver together with a Lagrangian liquid-phase tracking method and the extended coherent flamelet model for turbulence-combustion interaction. The NOx formation is modeled by the concept of post-processing, which resolves the NOx transport equation with the assumption of frozen temperature distribution. Both turbulence-combustion interaction model and NOx formation model are firstly evaluated by the comparison of experimental data published in open literature of a lean direct injection (LDI) combustor. The test rig studied in this paper is called low emission stirred swirl (LESS) combustor, which is a two-stage model combustor, fueled with liquid kerosene (RP-3) and designed by Beihang University (BUAA). The main stage of LESS combustor employs the principle of lean prevaporized and premixed (LPP) concept to reduce pollutant, and the pilot stage depends on a diffusion flame for flame stabili-zation. Detailed numerical results including species distribution, turbulence performance and burning performance are qualita-tively and quantitatively evaluated. Numerical prediction of NOx emission shows a good agreement with test data at both idle condition and full power condition of LESS combustor. Preliminary results of the flame structure are shown in this paper. The flame stabilization mechanism and NOx reduction effort are also discussed with in-depth analysis.     

Investigation of the steam-cooled blade in a steam turbine cascade

With the increasing demand for electricity,an efficiency improvement and thereby reduced CO2 emissions of the coal-fired plants are expected in order to reach the goals set in the Kyoto protocol.It can be achieved by a rise of the process parameters.Currently,live steam pressures and temperatures up to 300 bars and 923 K are planned as the next step.Closed circuit steam cooling of blades and vanes in modern steam turbines is a promising technology in order to establish elevated live steam temperatures in future steam turbine cycles.In this paper,a steam-cooled test vane in a cascade with external hot steam flow is analyzed numerically with the in-house code CHTflow.A parametric analysis aiming to improve the cooling effectiveness is carried out by varying the cooling mass flow ratio.The results from two investigated cases show that the steam cooling technique has a good application potential in the steam turbine.The internal part of the vane is cooled homogeneously in both cases.With the increased cooling mass flow rate,there is a significant improvement of cooling efficiency at the leading edge.The results show that the increased cooling mass flow ratio can enhance the cooling effectiveness at the leading edge.With respect to trailing edge,there is no observable improvement of cooling effectiveness with the increased cooling mass flow.This implies that due to the limited dimension at the trailing edge,the thermal stress cannot be decreased by increasing the cooling mass flow rate.Therefore,impingement-cooling configuration at the trailing edge might be a solution to overcome the critical thermal stress there.It is also observed that the performance of the cooling effective differs on pressure side and suction side.It implicates that the equilibrium of the cooling effectiveness on two sides are influenced by a coupled relationship between cooling mass flow ratio and hole geometry.In future work,optimizing the hole geometry and cooling steam supply conditions might be the solutions for an equivalent cooling effectiveness along whole profile.      

Aerodynamic Design and Analysis of a Low-reaction Axial Compressor Stage

There is introduced a new low-reaction, highly-loaded axial compressor design concept which is coupled with boundary layer suction method. The characteristic features of the concept are made clear through its comparison with the MIT boundary layer suction compressor. Also are pointed out the potential applications of this concept as well as its key technological problems. Based on this concept, a single-stage, low-reaction and low-speed axial compressor is constructed in association with analysis and computation of boundary layer suction on vanes with the aid of a three-dimensional numerical approach. The results attest to the effectiveness of this way to control separation in blade cascades by the boundary layer suction and the feasibility of this proposed design concept.     

Numerical analysis for the matching of the core driven compression system in a double bypass engine

The numerical analysis for the matching of the core driven compression system in a double bypass variable cycle engine was presented in this paper.The system consists of a one-stage-core driven fan stage(CDFS),an inner bypass duct and a five-stage high pressure compressor(HPC),providing two basic operating modes: the single bypass mode and the double bypass mode.Variable vanes are necessary to realize the mode switch of the system.The correct matching in the double bypass mode requires a proper combination of the mass flow,total pressure ratio and blade speed.The work capacity of the system decreases in the double bypass mode and the pressure ratio tends to decrease more for the CDFS and the front stages of the HPC.The overall system efficiency is higher in the double bypass mode.The radial distributions of aerodynamic parameters are similar in different modes.The notable redistribution of mass flow downstream the CDFS in the single bypass mode leads to strong radial flows and additional mixing losses.The absolute flow angles into the inner bypass increase for the inner span and decrease for the outer span when the system is switched from the single bypass mode to the double bypass mode.     

Effects of swirler position on flame response and combustion instabilities

This study is concerned with the experimental and theoretical investigation of the combustion instabilities in a premixed swirl combustor. It is focused on the effects of the swirl mixing distance on the intrinsic thermoacoustic mode. The swirler as an origin of the swirling flow is also the source of the flow disturbance, which has effects on the flame response. The location of the swirler is varied in the experiment to study the effect on combustion instabilities and flame transfer functions. ...     

Particle deposition patterns on high-pressure turbine vanes with aggressive inlet swirl

Characteristics of particle migration and deposition were numerically investigated in presence of aggressive swirl at the turbine inlet. The isolated effects of the inlet swirl were considered in detail by shifting the circumferential position of the swirl and by implementing positive and negative swirling directions. Particles were released from the turbine inlet and the resulting deposition on the vanes was determined by using the critical velocity model in a range of particle diameters from 1...     

轴流离心组合压气机性能及流场分析

以某轴流、离心组合式压气机为研究对象,采用数值模拟方法研究了不同转速典型工作状态下该压气机的性能和流场细微结构,为进一步提高压气机的压比、效率,扩大压气机的稳定工作裕度,对压气机进口导流叶片和第一级静子叶片安装角进行优化调节,对改进后压气机的典型工况进行了数值模拟,并进行了相应的试验研究。研究结果表明优化后压气机稳定工作范围增大,在90%设计转速和最大压比不变的情况下,最高效率提升1.05%,典型工况下流场结构也有不同程度的改善。     

脉冲爆震环境下涡轮性能及气热负荷的时序演变规律

针对脉冲爆震发动机涡轮部件对剧烈时变来流条件和爆震波的非定常响应问题,对脉冲爆震发动机典型工况下某单级 涡轮开展了3维非定常数值仿真,详细讨论了脉冲爆震环境对涡轮流通能力、作功能力、流动损失、温度分布及受力等关键气热特 征的影响。结果表明：爆震波在导叶上游的传播和反射会显著影响涡轮的瞬态流通特征,导致涡轮进口流动在正向和逆向间反复 变化;爆震波压缩作功使进口温度大幅升高,而导叶反射波则会使流体温度进一步升高,甚至超过来流温度的峰值;转静子叶片轴 向间隙内呈现复杂的爆震波干涉与反射结构,在此影响下所研究的涡轮转子来流攻角变化范围超过100°,从而引起涡轮流通能 力、流动结构及损失的剧烈时序变化;在爆震波的冲击下,涡轮导叶排瞬态轴向力超过涡轮稳态设计点的120倍,周向负荷超过稳 态设计点的40倍,涡轮动叶轴向力和周向负荷则可达到稳态设计点的6~7倍,给涡轮结构强度造成极大的影响;爆震波和反射波 对工质的压缩作功可使导叶表面流体的最高瞬态温度达到导叶表面流体周期平均温度的3.5倍以上,动叶的也可达到2.8倍以上, 使叶片冷却的难度增大,且可能引发严重的烧蚀问题。     

一种耦合CFD修正的螺旋桨快速设计方法

基于叶素动量理论及涡流理论的螺旋桨快速设计方法，由于设计采用的叶素气动力与真实情况存在差异，设计的螺旋桨存在拉力偏差，且不能保证较高的效率。为解决此问题，采用螺旋桨数值模拟的结果对设计进行修正。假设桨叶叶素最大升阻比对应的气动力沿径向相同，可通过数值模拟结果反解该气动力，再根据所得气动力进行螺旋桨的重新设计，建立耦合CFD修正的螺旋桨快速设计方法。结果表明，对于太阳能无人机小型螺旋桨的设计，本文设计方法一方面能够较好地满足拉力要求，另一方面相比于传统设计方法螺旋桨效率可提高2.75%。在采用代理优化的方法对螺旋桨翼型进行优化后，相比于传统设计方法螺旋桨效率进一步提高了3.95%。且该方法只需进行少量的CFD计算即可，相比于直接采用数值模拟优化螺旋桨的弦长及扭转角分布，设计周期更短。     

基于等效盘模型的滑流对涡桨飞机气动性能的影响

 推导了螺旋桨等效盘模型的相关气动计算公式,建立了考虑螺旋桨桨盘前后压差和滑流旋转速度以及变桨距、螺旋桨转速等因素的较通用的等效盘模型。将等效盘边界条件应用于NAPA软件进行了三维流场计算,分析了流场计算结果和流场特征;并采用某螺旋桨的试验数据对等效盘模型进行了检验,推力和扭矩的计算值与试验结果吻合较好,表明该等效盘模型能较为准确地模拟螺旋桨的推力、扭矩、压力变化和旋转速度变化,能在一定程度上替代真实螺旋桨的气动效应。然后应用该等效盘模型对某四发涡桨飞机的全机三维流场进行了数值模拟研究,分析了螺旋桨滑流对全机流场特征的影响,给出了滑流对全机升、阻力系数的影响量。计算结果表明,螺旋桨后形成的涡能改变下游的流场并使机翼表面流线偏转,螺旋桨滑流能明显改变机翼表面的压力分布,使全机升、阻力系数增大,且滑流强度越大,效果越明显。     

自适应处理机匣在多级轴流压气机中的应用

设计了一种环腔导流片式自适应处理机匣,采用定常数值方法研究了不同导流片形式对亚声多级轴流压气机流场的影响。结果表明:导流片与转子弦向垂直时的处理机匣减弱了叶尖前缘溢流强度,抑制了间隙泄漏流发展,提高了转子叶尖通道的流通能力,使得压气机在0.8倍设计转速以上特性基本保持不变的同时,大幅度提高了低转速的稳定裕度,其中0.7倍设计转速时近失速点总压比增大10.2%,近失速流量拓宽8.5%,体现出较好的自适应扩稳能力。      

等离子体改善平流层螺旋桨气动性能仿真

提出采用介质阻挡放电等离子体提高平流层螺旋桨气动性能的新思路,通过求解三维非定常可压缩N-S方程,考虑介质阻挡放电等离子体体积力模型,仿真研究了这种方法的可行性。研究发现,所研究的螺旋桨工况,对于普通螺旋桨,随着转速的增大,拉力先增大后减小、扭矩和效率逐渐减小;采用等离子体流动控制时,螺旋桨的气动性能得到改善,拉力系数和效率随转速的增大逐渐减小。当螺旋桨前进速度不变,转速逐渐增大时,等离子体对叶素表面流动分离现象的控制效果逐渐减弱,螺旋桨拉力、效率等性能参数的改善效果逐渐减小。     

高空飞艇螺旋桨优化设计与气动性能车载试验

结合某高空飞艇螺旋桨的总体设计方案要求,完成螺旋桨的优化设计以及气动性能车载试验.采用叶素动量理论作为螺旋桨气动性能的计算方法,并通过风洞试验验证了该方法的可靠性.结合遗传算法对螺旋桨的弦长和扭转角进行了优化,使螺旋桨更加高效轻质,优化后螺旋桨设计点的气动效率增加了2.3%.建立螺旋桨车载试验测控系统,可以改变试验海拔高度和大气参数,得到优化设计螺旋桨不同工况的气动性能.试验结果表明,相同转速和来流条件下,海拔越高,螺旋桨的推力和扭矩越小.海拔为3-6km时,全尺寸高空飞艇螺旋桨计算推力和扭矩与试验结果的平均相对误差分别为2.8%和9.2%,两者基本吻合,从而验证了高空飞艇螺旋桨车载试验的准确性.      

非轴对称静子对压气机气动性能的影响

为降低进气畸变对压气机气动性能的影响,设计了 1种压气机非轴对称静子,并对设计方案开展数值模拟研究。仿真结果表明:在最高效率工况下,非轴对称静子能减小畸变区静叶的流动分离,缩小叶尖低密流区域,提升通道的流通能力,压气机的最高效率约增加 0.46%,此外,畸变区叶片进口气流角得到改善,在 90%叶高处的峰值气流角降低 2.5°;在近失速工况下,非轴对称静子能降低畸变区静叶上半叶高的扩压因子,缩小分离范围,虽略微恶化了叶根区域流场,但压气机整体气动性能与流通能力有所提升,能够在更低的流量下工作,稳定裕度增加 31.5%。