Gain self-scheduled H_∞ control for morphing aircraft in the wing transition process based on an LPV model

This article investigates gain self-scheduled H 1 robust control system design for a tailless fold- ing-wing morphing aircraft in the wing shape varying process. During the wing morphing phase, the aircraft’s dynamic response will be governed by time-varying aerodynamic forces and moments. Nonlinear dynamic equations of the morphing aircraft are linearized by using Jacobian linearization approach, and a linear parameter varying (LPV) model of the morphing aircraft in wing folding is obtained. A multi-loop controller for the morphing aircraft is formulated to guarantee stability for the wing shape transition process. The proposed controller uses a set of inner-loop gains to provide stability using classical techniques, whereas a gain self-scheduled H 1 outer-loop controller is devised to guarantee a specific level of robust stability and performance for the time-varying dynamics. The closed-loop simulations show that speed and altitude vary slightly during the whole wing folding process, and they converge rapidly after the process ends. This proves that the gain self-scheduled H 1 robust controller can guarantee a satisfactory dynamic performance for the morphing aircraft during the whole wing shape transition process. Finally, the flight control system’s robustness for the wing folding process is verified according to uncertainties of the aerodynamic parameters in the nonlinear model.     

Virtual flight test of pitch and roll attitude control based on circulation control of tailless flying wing aircraft without rudders

Circulation Control(CC) realizes rudderless flight control by driving compressed air jet to generate a virtual rudder surface, which significantly improves low detectability. The layout plan of combined control rudder surface is proposed based on the tailless flying wing aircraft. The closed-loop jet actuator system and stepless rudder surface switching control strategy are used to quantitatively study the control characteristics of circulation actuator for pitch and roll attitude through 3-DOF ...     

Instability analysis and drag coefficient prediction on a swept RAE2822 wing with constant lift coefficient

Swept wing is widely used in civil aircraft,whose airfoil is chosen,designed and optimized to increase the cruise speed and decrease the drag coefficient.The parameters of swept wing,such as sweep angle and angle of attack,are determined according to the cruise lift coefficient requirement,and the drag coefficient is expected to be predicted accurately,which involves the instability characteristics and transition position of the flow.The pressure coefficient of the RAE2822 wing with given constant lift coefficient is obtained by solving the three-dimensional Navier-Stokes equation numerically,and then the mean flow is calculated by solving the boundary layer(BL) equation with spectral method.The cross-flow instability characteristic of boundary layer of swept wing in the windward and leeward is analyzed by linear stability theory(LST),and the transition position is predicted by eNmethod.The drag coefficient is numerically predicted by introducing a laminar/turbulent indicator.A simple approach to calculate the lift coefficient of swept wing is proposed.It is found that there is a quantitative relationship between the angle of attack and sweep angle when the lift coefficient keeps constant;when the angle of attack is small,the flow on the leeward of the wing is stable.when the angle of attack is larger than 3°,the flow becomes unstable quickly;with the increase of sweep angle or angle of attack the disturbance on the windward becomes more unstable,leading to the moving forward of the transition position to the leading edge of the wing;the drag coefficient has two significant jumping growth due to the successive occurrence of transition in the windward and the leeward;the optimal range of sweep angle for civil aircraft is suggested.     

Dynamic characteristics analysis and flight control design for oblique wing aircraft

The movement characteristics and control response of oblique wing aircraft (OWA) are highly coupled between the longitudinal and lateral-directional axes and present obvious nonlinear-ity. Only with the implementation of flight control systems can flying qualities be satisfied. This arti-cle investigates the dynamic modeling of an OWA and analyzes its dynamic characteristics. Furthermore, a flight control law based on model-reference dynamic inversion is designed and ver-ified. Calculations and simulations show that OWA can be trimmed by rolling a bank angle and deflecting the triaxial control surfaces in a coordinated way. The oblique wing greatly affects lon-gitudinal motion. The short-period mode is highly coupled between longitudinal and lateral motion, and the bank angle also occurs in phugoid mode. However, the effects of an oblique wing on lateral mode shape are relatively small. For inherent control characteristics, symmetric deflection of the horizontal tail will generate not only longitudinal motion but also a large rolling rate. Rolling moment and pitching moment caused by aileron deflection will reinforce motion coupling, but rud-der deflection has relatively little effect on longitudinal motion. Closed-loop simulations demon-strate that the flight control law can achieve decoupling control for OWA and guarantee a satisfactory dynamic performance.     

An experimental investigation on static directional stability

A generic aircraft usually loses its static directional stability at moderate angle of attack (typically 20–30?). In this research, wind tunnel studies were performed using an aircraft model with moderate swept wing and a conventional vertical tail. The purpose of this study was to investigate flow mechanisms responsible for static directional stability. Measurements of force, surface pressure and spatial flow field were carried out for angles of attack from 0? to 46? and sideslip angles from ?8? to 8?. Results of the wind tunnel experiments show that the vertical tail is the main contributor to static directional stability, while the fuselage is the main contributor to static directional instabil-ity of the model. In the sideslip attitude for moderate angles of attack, the fuselage vortex and the wing vortex merged together and changed asymmetrically as angle of attack increased on the wind-ward side and leeward side of the vertical tail. The separated asymmetrical vortex flow around the vertical tail is the main reason for reduction in the static directional stability. Compared with the wing vortices, the fuselage vortices are more concentrated and closer to the vertical tail, so the yaw-ing moment of vertical tail is more unstable than that when the wings are absent. On the other hand, the attached asymmetrical flow over the fuselage in sideslip leads to the static directional instability of the fuselage being exacerbated. It is mainly due to the predominant model contour blockage effect on the windward side flow over the model in sideslip, which is strongly affected by angle of attack.     

An experimental investigation on static directiona stability

A generic aircraft usually loses its static directional stability at moderate angle of attack(typically 20–30°). In this research, wind tunnel studies were performed using an aircraft model with moderate swept wing and a conventional vertical tail. The purpose of this study was to investigate flow mechanisms responsible for static directional stability. Measurements of force, surface pressure and spatial flow field were carried out for angles of attack from 0° to 46° and sideslip angles from-8° to 8°. Results of the wind tunnel experiments show that the vertical tail is the main contributor to static directional stability, while the fuselage is the main contributor to static directional instability of the model. In the sideslip attitude for moderate angles of attack, the fuselage vortex and the wing vortex merged together and changed asymmetrically as angle of attack increased on the windward side and leeward side of the vertical tail. The separated asymmetrical vortex flow around the vertical tail is the main reason for reduction in the static directional stability. Compared with the wing vortices, the fuselage vortices are more concentrated and closer to the vertical tail, so the yawing moment of vertical tail is more unstable than that when the wings are absent. On the other hand,the attached asymmetrical flow over the fuselage in sideslip leads to the static directional instability of the fuselage being exacerbated. It is mainly due to the predominant model contour blockage effect on the windward side flow over the model in sideslip, which is strongly affected by angle of attack.     

A study of instability in a miniature flying-wing aircraft in high-speed taxi

This study investigates an instability that was observed during high-speed taxi tests of an experimental flying-wing aircraft.In order to resolve the reason of instability and probable solution of it,the instability was reproduced in simulations.An analysis revealed the unique stability characteristics of this aircraft.This aircraft has a rigid connection between the nose wheel steering mechanism and an electric servo,which is different from aircraft with a conventional tricycle landing gear system.The analysis based on simulation results suggests that there are two reasons for the instability.The first reason is a reversal of the lateral velocity of the nose wheel.The second reason is that the moment about the center of gravity created by the lateral friction force from the nose wheel is larger than that from the lateral friction force from the main wheels.These problems were corrected by changing the ground pitch angle.Simulations show that reducing the ground pitch angle can eliminate the instability in high-speed taxi.     

Nonlinear dynamics of a flapping rotary wing: Modeling and optimal wing kinematic analysis

The analysis of the passive rotation feature of a micro Flapping Rotary Wing(FRW)applicable for Micro Air Vehicle(MAV) design is presented in this paper. The dynamics of the wing and its influence on aerodynamic performance of FRW is studied at low Reynolds number(~10~3).The FRW is modeled as a simplified system of three rigid bodies: a rotary base with two flapping wings. The multibody dynamic theory is employed to derive the motion equations for FRW. A quasi-steady aerodynamic model is utilized for the calculation of the aerodynamic forces and moments. The dynamic motion process and the effects of the kinematics of wings on the dynamic rotational equilibrium of FWR and the aerodynamic performances are studied. The results show that the passive rotation motion of the wings is a continuous dynamic process which converges into an equilibrium rotary velocity due to the interaction between aerodynamic thrust, drag force and wing inertia. This causes a unique dynamic time-lag phenomena of lift generation for FRW, unlike the normal flapping wing flight vehicle driven by its own motor to actively rotate its wings. The analysis also shows that in order to acquire a high positive lift generation with high power efficiency and small dynamic time-lag, a relative high mid-up stroke angle within 7–15° and low mid-down stroke angle within -40° to -35° are necessary. The results provide a quantified guidance for design option of FRW together with the optimal kinematics of motion according to flight performance requirement.     

鸟体撞击结构过程的相似律研究(英文)

With dimensional analysis and similarity theory, the model similarity law of aircraft structures trader bird impact load is investigated. Numerical calculations by means of nonlinear dynamic software ANSYS/LS-DYNA are conducted on the finite element models constructed with different scaling factors. The influence of strain rate on the model similarity law is found to be dependent on the strain rate sensitivity of materials and scale factors. Specifically, materials that are not sensitive to strain rate obey the model similarity law in the bird impact process. The conclusions obtained are supposed to provide a theoretical basis for the experimental work of bird impact on aircraft structure.     

Closed-loop dynamic control allocation for aircraft with multiple actuators

A closed-loop control allocation method is proposed for a class of aircraft with multiple actuators. Nonlinear dynamic inversion is used to design the baseline attitude controller and derive the desired moment increment. And a feedback loop for the moment increment produced by the deflections of actuators is added to the angular rate loop, then the error between the desired and actual moment increment is the input of the dynamic control allocation. Subsequently, the stability of the closed-loop dynamic control allocation system is analyzed in detail. Especially, the closedloop system stability is also analyzed in the presence of two types of actuator failures: loss of effectiveness and lock-in-place actuator failures, where a fault detection subsystem to identify the actuator failures is absent. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a canard rotor/wing (CRW) aircraft model in fixed-wing mode, which has multiple actuators for flight control. The nonlinear simulation demonstrates that this method can guarantee the stability and tracking performance whether the actuators are healthy or fail.     

弯折翼尖对飞翼布局飞机气动特性影响

为提升无尾飞翼布局飞机航向控制能力,以典型飞翼布局飞机模型为研究对象设计了翼尖可绕弦线方向偏转结构。基于FL-14风洞单自由度动态试验系统开展了静态和动导数试验,研究了飞翼布局飞机基本气动特性及翼尖偏转对全机气动特性的影响。结果表明：无尾飞翼布局飞机航向呈静不稳定,航向动稳定性极弱,航向增稳设计及控制很有必要;翼尖偏转有助于增强飞机的航向静、动稳定性,并很好地解决了传统阻力类舵面航向增稳时导致全机升阻比下降气动效率降低的问题;翼尖偏转能够有效改善飞翼布局飞机恶化的荷兰滚模态使之趋近于常规布局飞机模态,这有利于简化飞机横航向控制律设计方法。弯折翼尖结构具有舵面少、效率高的特点,是航向增稳的有效手段,具有应用价值。     

舵面特性对飞翼构型作战飞机短周期品质的影响

 飞翼构型作战飞机采用无尾翼身融合布局,由于取消了平尾,使其稳定性及阻尼特性下降,需要操纵面具有良好的舵面特性才能保证其获得满意的飞行品质。采用3种不同的短周期飞行品质评定方法,评定小展弦比飞翼构型飞机在不同舵面特性组合情况下的飞行品质,并总结了舵面特性与短周期飞行品质等级间的关系,给出了依据操纵导数和舵面偏转速率大小所划分的品质优劣边界。结果表明,舵面特性变差将导致飞翼构型飞机的短周期飞行品质恶化。研究方法及结果可用于指导此类新布局飞机的初步设计和飞行品质的评定。     

平行度对飞翼布局隐身特性的影响研究

对于飞翼布局的飞行器,棱边的数量、长度、位置等因素影响着它的隐身性能。数值化地描述这些棱边关系并建立他们和隐身特性之间的联系,能够给飞行器综合一体化设计提供参考,为优化设计确认目标函数,提出了基于飞翼平面布局的棱边平行度数值化描述方法,根据建立的棱边关系和平行度之间的计算公式,分析了飞翼布局中棱边的数量、长度、位置等对平行度的影响。采用创建特征模型的方法,计算各个特征布局的雷达散射截面（RCS）,结合所提出的平行度,给出了平行度与隐身特性之间的对应关系曲线并归纳了隐身特性对平行度的敏感度。总结出了通过增大平行度来提高隐身特性可以采取的措施,以及布局方案细微调整时需要注意的极值点。     

边条机翼布局战斗机稳定性改进研究

对边条机翼布局战斗机的纵，横向稳定性改进措施进行了研究，结合具体战斗机布局，给出了边条机翼布局战斗机纵，横向稳定性的一般特征，对前缘襟翼下偏，翼刀，平尾下反和机身截面修形等几种气动布局改进措施的风洞试验结果进行了简要讨论，结果表明，所研究的气动布局改进措施都能有效提高边条机翼布局战斗机的稳定性，其中，前缘襟翼下偏既能完全克服俯仰力矩曲线非线性上翘问题，又能较好地解决横侧向稳定性丧失问题。     

飞翼式UCAV低空段动静稳定性研究

采用飞翼式气动布局的UCAV能够很好地满足现代作战的要求。这种非常规布局的飞机, 由于它缺少尾翼, 对于飞机的动静稳定性分析来说是一个挑战。对于无垂尾飞机, 其稳定性的主要努力方向应该在低空段。本文在低空段, 对于飞机的纵向和侧向运动上采用解藕的分析方法获得飞机的运动方程; 接着根据风洞试验的数据, 在MATLAB中建立仿真模型获得飞机的仿真曲线, 通过对仿真曲线的分析, 验证了飞机的纵向和侧向的不稳定性。最后, 通过与已经成功应用于实战的B-2隐形飞机的对比, 分析了在应用控制增稳的控制技术后, 飞翼式布局的UCAV的实用性。     

某民机尾翼布局对全机稳定性影响分析

利用CFD手段,对下单翼尾吊布局民机的两种不同尾翼布局形式进行计算,分析两种不同尾翼布局对全机的纵向、航向稳定性的影响,结果表明,对于下单翼尾吊布局的民机,气动上"T"型尾翼布局更具优势。     

无尾飞翼气动布局是UCAV总体设计的最佳选择

从我国UCAV使用要求(作战模式)出发，分析了四个突出的设计特点，并且阐述了无尾飞翼气动布局的固有优势，最后得出无尾飞翼气动布局是我国UCAV总体设计方案的最佳选择。同时分析了无尾飞翼气动布局的主要问题及其解决途径，设计思想符合航空飞行器设计规律。     

双喉道喷管与飞翼布局无人机气动数值研究

利用超椭圆方法,设计了双喉道射流矢量喷管的气动外形,并采用S-A湍流模型数值研究了次主流压比、次流方向及喷管外形参数对其气动特性的影响。研究表明,当确定次主流压比SPR=3时,可依次确定该型喷管外形参数分别为空腔长度l=3h,空腔扩张角θ1=10°,空腔收敛角θ2=30°,二次流注入角α=120°时,矢量喷管的气动特性最优。将设计的气动最优喷管与飞翼布局无人机后体进行一体化设计,数值模拟了喷管对飞翼布局无人机升阻特性的影响,结果表明,双喉道射流矢量喷管能够很好地运用于飞翼布局无人机。     

无尾飞机翼尖失速问题研究

首先分析了无尾飞机翼尖失速的特点，包括与其他布局形式共有的和自身特有的特点，重点是翼尖失速对无尾飞机飞行品质的影响。讨论了后掠角和尖削比这两个机翼外形参数对翼尖失速特性的影响。从空气动力学角度出发，根据2种不同的思路，综述了5种解决翼尖失速的方法，分析它们各自的作用原理。最后提出改善无尾飞机翼尖失速特性的若干建议。     

飞翼布局无人机抗侧风自动着陆控制

飞翼飞机是一种先进的飞行结构。但由于气动外形的特殊,无垂直尾翼的飞翼飞机在横侧向稳定性方面不如常规飞机。特别是在着陆阶段,极易受到侧风的干扰而使其偏离航线。本文针对飞翼飞机的特性,采用不同于常规飞机的控制律,设计了3种抗侧风控制方案。设计出的抗侧风控制系统经过仿真试验,结果显示,达到了预期的控制目标。