National Policies and Programs on Space Technology Development and Applications for Sustainable Development

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ChinaStar-1 and China Orient

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Solar and Heliospheric Phenomena in October–November 2003: Causes and Effects

We present new observational data on the phenomena of extremely high activity on the Sun and in the heliosphere that took place in October–November 2003. A large variety of solar and heliospheric parameters give evidence that the interval under consideration is unique over the entire observation time. Based on these data, comparing them with similar situations in the past and using available theoretical concepts, we discuss possible cause-and-effect connections between the processes observed. The paper includes the first results and conclusions derived by the collaboration Solar Extreme Events-2003 organized in Russia for detailed investigations of these events. As a result of our consideration, it is beyond question that the physical causes of solar and heliospheric phenomena in October–November 2003 are not exclusively local and do not belong only to the active regions and solar atmosphere above them. The energy reservoirs and driving forces of these processes have a more global nature. In general, they are hidden from an observer, since ultimately their sources lie in the subphotospheric layers of the Sun, where changes that are fast and difficult to predict can sometimes take place (and indeed they do). Solar flares can serve as sufficiently good tracers of these sudden changes and reconstructions on the Sun, although one can still find other diagnostic indicators among the parameters of magnetic fields, motions of matter, and emission characteristics.     

China's Communications and Broadcasting Satellites

China is a developing countrywith a large population and the e-conomic development level in theprovinces and the autonomous re-gions is quite different.On theother hand,the transmission ofthe broadcasting and TV pro-grams via satellites has the follow-ing advantages:large coverage,high transmission quality and rea-sonable cost-effectiveness.There-fore,the satellite communicationsis the most advanced and effectiveway to realize full territory coverage of broadcasting and TV pro-grams in China. China began to develop com-munications satellites immediatelyafter it successfully launched its     

The Development and Application of Ground Systems and Derived Systems of Space Technology

In this paper,the development ofsatellite ground systems and non-satellite equipments and systems de-rived from satellite technology inthe Chinese Academy of SpaceTechnology is reviewed.Satelliteground systems include those fortracking,monitoring and controlfor the launch and operation ofsatellites as well as transmitting andreceiving system for dedicated andindividual users.Derived systemsand equipment include some ofspinoff from satellite technologies,such as computer measurement andcontrol,attitude control,thermalcontrol,radio electronic technique,vacuum technique and new materi-als.They are related to the eco-nomic and social benefits derivedfrom the development of space tech-nology.     

Research and Development of China''''s Space Industry: Strategy, Policy and Sino-EU Cooperation

To celebrate the 30th anniversaryof Ch i na -EU d i p l o m a t i crelations, the China-EU High-level Forum on Science andTechnology Policy and Strategy washeld in Beijing on May 12-13, 2005.China-EU high-level forum on S&T strategyThe Forum aims to exchange views onglobal science and technologydevelopment trends, promote mutualunderstanding, share experiences inscience and technology developmentstrategy, provide inputs to the formula-tion and implementation of scienceand technology dev…     

Biogenesis and early life on Earth and Europa: favored by an alkaline ocean?

Recent discoveries about Europa--the probable existence of a sizeable ocean below its ice crust; the detection of hydrated sodium carbonates, among other salts; and the calculation of a net loss of sodium from the subsurface--suggest the existence of an alkaline ocean. Alkaline oceans (nicknamed "soda oceans" in analogy to terrestrial soda lakes) have been hypothesized also for early Earth and Mars on the basis of mass balance considerations involving total amounts of acids available for weathering and the composition of the early crust. Such an environment could be favorable to biogenesis since it may have provided for very low Ca2+ concentrations mandatory for the biochemical function of proteins. A rapid loss of CO2 from Europa's atmosphere may have led to freezing oceans. Alkaline brine bubbles embedded in ice in freezing and impact-thawing oceans could have provided a suitable environment for protocell formation and the large number of trials needed for biogenesis. Understanding these processes could be central to assessing the probability of life on Europa.     

The MUSES-C mission for the sample and return—its technology development status and readiness

The MUSES-C mission is a technology demonstration project, which at the same time aims at sample and return from extra-terrestrial object, an asteroid to the Earth. It is scheduled to be launched in 2002 and the flight model hardware is being fabricated currently. This paper presents the latest hardware readiness of the spacecraft which has completed both the mechanical environment and thermal vacuum tests. This paper also describes the mission requirement and scenario showing the pictures of some components.     

Bilateral Meeting Between Malaysia and China

On September 18, 2003, a Chinese space delegation led by senior adviser of CNSA Sun Jiadong visited Malaysia and met with Prime Minister of Malaysia Dr. Mahather for a briefing on China's space activities and future possible cooperation. The delegation was joined by China National Space Administration and the Chinese Embassy in Malaysia.     

China's Communications Satellites and Their Benefits

Since 1984 China has launched 2 experimental and 4 operational communications satellites which have played an important role in the national e-conomic construction. TV transmission, TV education, long distance telephone and telegraph, data transfer in finance and railway traffic, etc.. This paper describes the status and features of these satellites in detail. Now, a new communications satellite with medium capacity , designated Dong-fanghong-3 (DFH-3), is under development and scheduled to be launched later 1993. It is also the first satellite that will be under commercial management in China.     

Successful Cooperation Between China and Brazil

The cooperation in space technol ogy between China and Brazil is fruitful.The second Sino-Brazilian earth resources satellite, CBERS-1B, was successfully launched from Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center on a LM-4B launch vehicle on Oct. 21, 2003, and the first CCD image was received soon after the launch, indicating that CBERS-1 B is working well.     

Mitigation and Avoidance of Space Debris

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China's Application Satellites and Their Utilization

By the end of 1990, 32 satellites had been successfully launched by China, including 2 foreign satellites. Most of them belong to application ones. They have been used in the fields of communications, broadcasting and TV transmission, weather forecast, territorial survey , environment monitoring, etc.. Also, in this article some recommendations are made in the further development of satellite applications.     

Achievements and Prospects of China's Space Technology

The exploration and peace-ful uses of outer space are thecommon aspiration of the peopleall over the world.Adhering tothe aim of “exploration of outerspace to benefit the people”,China devotes itself to the devel-opment of space technology withlimited funds,mainly developingapplication satellites and satel-lite applications in order to servethe implementation of strategiesof developing the country by re-lying on science and educationand achieving sustainable devl-opment of economy and society,     

China's Meteorological Satellite Development and Its Application

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China's Meteorological Satellite Development and Its Application

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Group dynamics training for manned spaceflight and the CAPSULS mission: prophylactic against incompatibility and its consequences?

On February 7, 1994, four Canadian Astronauts were sealed off in a hyperbaric chamber at the Canadian Government's Defense and Civil Institute for Environmental Medicine in Toronto, Canada. This space lab training mission lasted seven days and was the first to be conducted with astronauts outside of Russia.

The objective of this mission was to give Canadian astronauts, space scientists and the staff of the Canadian Space Agency (CSA), the opportunity to gain first hand experience on preparational and operational aspects of a typical space mission. Twenty-one scientific experiments involving six countries from several disciplines were involved in this mission.

This paper describes the goals and preliminary results of a psychological experiment/training program that used the CAPSULS mission as a test bed for its application in the manned space flight environment. The objective of this project was to enhance the understanding of small group behaviour with a view to maximizing team effectiveness and task accomplishment in teams living and working in isolation under difficult and confined conditions. The application of this model in the light of future missions is a key thesis in this paper.     

China Joins International Charter ''''Space and Major Disasters''''

China National Space Administration (CNSA)becomes the newest member of the International Charter on Cooperation in Coordinating and Utilizing Space Facilities during Serious Natural or Technical Disaster,a joint initiative for providing emergency response satellite data free of charge to those     

The Status and Prospects of Sino-Brazilian Space Cooperation

China s cooperation with Brazil, one of the largest countries in the third world, in the areas of space technology development and application has a great significance in the world. A joint program for the development of earth resources satellites is briefly introduced in this article.