Convection of liquid with internal heat release in a rotating container

The convection of heat-generating fluid in a rotating horizontal cylinder is experimentally investigated. The threshold of convection excitation, the structure of convective flows and the heat transfer in the cylinder depending on the heat release capacity, liquid viscosity and aspect ratio of the cavity are studied. It is found that the average convection is excited by the thermovibrational mechanism —the gravity force, rotating in the cavity frame, produces the oscillations of non-isothermal fluid relative to the wall, which in turn result in excitation of mean convective flows. It is shown that the structure of convective flows depends on the dimensionless velocity of rotation. At relatively low rotation velocity the convection develops in the form of a periodic system of vortices regularly distributed along the cylinder axis. The threshold of excitation (critical value of vibration parameter) of three-dimensional vortex structures grows with rotation velocity. Above some definite rotation velocity the convection develops as two-dimensional rolls parallel to the axis of rotation. The threshold of two-dimensional structures excitation does not depend on the rotation velocity. Besides the structure of thermal convective flows the analysis of the relatively weak currents generated by the inertial waves below the threshold of convection is performed.     

V型皱褶芯材夹层结构强迫对流传热与热应力分析

V型皱褶芯材夹层结构与强迫对流冷却相结合,可应用于高超声速飞行器或大功率电子器件承载和散热的多功能设计。文章采用数值仿真方法对强迫对流条件下V型皱褶芯材夹层结构的换热及其产生的热应力进行研究,获得了相应的速度场、温度场及结构热应力分布。结果表明:强迫对流条件下,V型皱褶芯材夹层结构的换热性能明显提高,同时导致较大的压力损失。流体速度场随着几何构型的改变而发生周期性的变化,在结构偏折处波峰一侧流速达到最大,对流换热得到增强;沿着冷却液流动方向,结构与冷却液的温度逐渐升高,并伴随着周期性的波动;皱褶芯材夹层结构的整体换热能力随着入口流速的增大而增强。热流输入侧的面板热应力和变形均较大,结构皱褶部位存在应力集中。     

Modes of uncontrolled rotational motion of the <Emphasis Type="Italic">Progress M-29M</Emphasis> spacecraft

We have reconstructed the uncontrolled rotational motion of the Progress M-29M transport cargo spacecraft in the single-axis solar orientation mode (the so-called sunward spin) and in the mode of the gravitational orientation of a rotating satellite. The modes were implemented on April 3–7, 2016 as a part of preparation for experiments with the DAKON convection sensor onboard the Progress spacecraft. The reconstruction was performed by integral statistical techniques using the measurements of the spacecraft’s angular velocity and electric current from its solar arrays. The measurement data obtained in a certain time interval have been jointly processed using the least-squares method by integrating the equations of the spacecraft’s motion relative to the center of mass. As a result of processing, the initial conditions of motion and parameters of the mathematical model have been estimated. The motion in the sunward spin mode is the rotation of the spacecraft with an angular velocity of 2.2 deg/s about the normal to the plane of solar arrays; the normal is oriented toward the Sun or forms a small angle with this direction. The duration of the mode is several orbit passes. The reconstruction has been performed over time intervals of up to 1 h. As a result, the actual rotational motion of the spacecraft relative to the Earth–Sun direction was obtained. In the gravitational orientation mode, the spacecraft was rotated about its longitudinal axis with an angular velocity of 0.1–0.2 deg/s; the longitudinal axis executed small oscillated relative to the local vertical. The reconstruction of motion relative to the orbital coordinate system was performed in time intervals of up to 7 h using only the angularvelocity measurements. The measurements of the electric current from solar arrays were used for verification.     

Formation of large-scale vortices in shear flows of the lower atmosphere of the earth in the region of tropical latitudes

The paper is devoted to studying the mechanisms of formation of cyclones in the Earth’s atmosphere with the help of numerical modeling using the complete system of gas-dynamic equations. The results of modeling have shown that cyclones can appear in horizontal stratified shear flows of warm and wet air masses with horizontal direction of gradients of the wind velocity components as a result of small disturbances of pressure which can be produced by Rossby waves.     

Arm end-point trajectories under normal and micro-gravity environments

The purpose of the present experiment was to study the way in which the CNS represents gravitational force during vertical arm pointing movements. Movements in upward and downward directions were executed by two cosmonauts in normal-gravity and weightlessness. Analyses focused upon finger kinematics in the sagittal plane. In normal-gravity, downward direction movements showed smaller curvatures and greater relative times to peak velocity (AT/MT) when compared with upward direction movements. Data from the weightlessness experiments showed that whilst downward movements decreased their curvature during space flight, curvatures of upward movements changed slightly. Furthermore, AT/MT was modified during the first days in micro-gravity for both directions, recovering, however, to pre-flight values after 18 days in space. Results from the present study, provide evidence that gravitational force is centrally treated constituting an important component of the motor plan for vertical arm movements.     

燕尾形轴向微槽热管的流动和传热特性

建立了燕尾形轴向微槽热管传热和液体流动模型并进行了数值求解,计算了其最大传 热能力。模型考虑了气液界面剪切力的作用,分析了热管内气、液相流体压力和流速及弯月 面毛细半径沿轴向的变化特性,并讨论了热负荷对蒸发段端口毛细半径的影响,以及工作温 度和吸液芯结构对最大传热能力的影响。研究表明：弯月面毛细半径沿轴向非线性增加,在 蒸发段和绝热段变化较小,而从冷凝段开始急剧上升;热管内蒸气沿程压差远小于液相压差 ;液体的平均速度远小于蒸气的平均速度;沟槽热管的最大传热能力受工作温度和毛细芯结 构尺寸的影响较大;燕尾形底宽的增大或微槽高度的增加有利于提高热管的最大传热能力, 而蒸气腔半径对最大传热能力的影响不明显。同时,还通过实验验证了本模型的正确性。
     

有向拓扑下无径向速度测量的多导弹协同制导

针对多枚导弹在平面内从各自期望的方向同时击中移动目标问题,提出一种有向通信拓扑下无需导弹-目标径向速度测量且带视线角约束的分布式有限时间协同制导律。基于平面内导弹-目标相对运动方程建立带视线角约束的多导弹协同制导模型。基于二阶多智能体协同控制理论设计了视线方向上的制导律,可保证有向拓扑下多导弹的打击时刻在有限时间内达到一致。基于齐次系统稳定性理论和积分滑模控制理论设计了视线法向方向上的制导律,可保证多导弹击中移动目标且视线角在有限时间内收敛到期望值。仿真校验所设计的协同制导律在理想条件下可使有向拓扑下的多导弹从各自的期望方向同时击中移动目标。     

基于拦截点的大气层外拦截弹中制导

针对拦截点给定的情况讨论了大气层外拦截弹中制导律的设计。证明显式制导的最优性,推导出常值引力场与平方反比引力场假设下拦截弹需要速度的表达式,分析了采用显式制导时推力方向在邻近关机时变化剧烈的原因,并通过构造需要速度的虚拟映射进行了改进。仿真表明,采用改进的显式制导,发动机工作时间有所增加,但邻近关机时推力方向平稳。     

运载火箭加速度计反馈主动减载实施效果评价

针对运载火箭加速度计反馈主动减载实施效果评价,提出一种基于主动减载姿态动力学稳态分析的评价方法,在传统的“载荷侧滑角”评价指标基础上增加了“姿态偏差”、“摆角需求”和“弹道偏离”评价。稳态分析中考虑了结构干扰的偏置效应以及质心运动对风的抵消效应,重点推导了风切变对于火箭姿态动力学特征参数的影响机理。某型号案例分析结果表明,在典型“平稳风+切变风”风场作用下,主动减载技术在4项评价指标上均取得理想实施效果,并且显著缓解风切变导致的姿态参数快变现象。     

长征八号运载火箭减载效果评估及验证（英文）

LM-8 inherited mature modules from other launch vehicles, adapting the overall design through the combination of engine throttling, wind compensation and load relief control, so as to reduce the aerodynamic load during flight. This paper proposes a rapid evaluation method for load relief performance, which takes launch vehicle's characteristics, wind field, control parameters, aerodynamic deviation and structure deviation into consideration, and provides a quick estimation method for load relief performance. The load relief performance of the LM-8 launch vehicle estimated by this method achieved 10%-20% in pitch and 20%-40% in yaw. The specific results are related to parameter deviation, the altitude of wind shear and the relationship between wind direction and trajectory angle. Simulation results for a typical case with six degrees of dynamic freedom of flight proves that the comprehensive load relief performance would be between 14% to 34%, which is in line with the aforementioned method. In addition, simulation results indicate that the more severe the wind shear is, the better performance of load relief can be achieved.     

A micro-gravity simulation of the Marangoni convection

An experimental verification of Marangoni convection in the liquid inter-space between two-coaxial discs is carried out at reduced gravity effect using small Bond's number obtained by choice of small characteristical diameter. Silicon oil is used as working fluid. The upper or lower disc can be heated electrically. The flow is visualized by illuminating fine powder of Titandioxide in the fluid with a vertical “light cut” of about 0.1 mm thickness, which is produced by a laser with a cylindrical glass rod and a microscope objective. Photographs and moving pictures are taken from a TV monitor. From these the vortex configuration and the velocity distribution can be determined, which would be expected for the Marangoni convection in the zero-g condition, for example in the spacelab.     

航天器对流换热地面降压模拟的临界压力准则

航天器密封舱在地面模拟试验中常通过降压法抑制自然对流的影响,但降压比的选择 往往缺乏定量准则,这使得自然对流的抑制效果得不到保证。使用数值模拟方法确定临 界压力比,以几种典型航天器密封舱内的流动换热情况为例,分析了不同Gr／Re 2 数和压力比下密封舱内的流动换热情况。得到了舱内气体温度分布和对流换热系数。通 过比较空间情况和地面情况的计算结果,分析了自然对流给流动换热带来的影响,给出了判 断临界压力的准则式,并给出了临界Gr／Re 2数。结果表明：临界压力 的准则关系和密封舱的形状和内部结构无关。
     

弹道导弹中段机动突防研究

针对弹道导弹中段机动突防问题，在瞬时冲量假设下从理论上研究了速度增量大小、方向和机动时刻对零控脱靶量和落点偏差的影响。研究表明：速度增量大小和机动时刻给定时，零控脱靶量随速度增量方向不同存在极小值和极大值，速度增量方向垂直于视线方向时零控脱靶量接近最大，且最大值近似为待飞时间和速度增量大小的乘积；速度增量大小和机动时刻给定时，落点偏差随速度增量方向的不同存在极小值和极大值，极值点对应的速度增量方向可通过解析方法求解，落点偏差极大值与速度增量大小成正比，且机动时刻越晚，落点偏差极大值越小。该研究可为突防方案设计提供理论基础。     

V型皱褶芯材夹层板对流换热性能评价及优化

为考察主动冷却式一体化热防护结构用V型皱褶芯材夹层结构的性能,文章采用Fluent软件模拟受恒定热流载荷皱褶芯材夹层板在强制对流条件下的传热过程,分析其换热特性和流道内流体流动规律;并在分析皱褶芯材夹层板中正三角和倒三角2种流道换热性能差异的基础上,提出相邻流道流向相反的改进方案。该方案可提高冷却剂的利用率,使结构温度分布更加均匀。相比于具有相同几何参数的波纹芯材夹层板,皱褶芯材夹层板具有更好的换热性能,但同时以更大的当量密度和进出口压降损失为代价。比较几种常用的热效率指标,并定义了一种同时考虑换热性能、泵功率和结构质量的热效率指标,再分别以不同的热效率指标为目标函数,对皱褶芯材的几何参数L、W和S进行初步优化设计。     

Order of magnitude analysis of convective effects in dendritic solidification

The different types of convective phenomena which may occur during the dendritic solidification of metallic alloys are discussed from an order of magnitude analysis. Bulk thermal convection and/or interdendritic solutal convection have to be considered according to the values of the experimental data. Scaling laws for the solute boundary layer resulting from bulk thermal convection have already been derived. It is shown here that the interdendritic flow depends on a solutal Grashof number Gr based on the horizontal density gradient and a characteristic length L_s which is of the order of the liquid channels width. For Gr < 1, which is generally verified in practical cases, the interdendritic flow velocity U_r is proportional to the Grashof number. This a priori law compares favorably with the results of horizontal solidification experiments where the mean interdendritic flow velocity has been estimated from the resulting measured macrosegregation. In these experiments, as well as for most horizontal dendritic solidifications of metallic alloys at 1 g, the ratio $\text{U}{}_{\mathrm{r}}\text{R}$ (R is the growth rate) is of order one. In order to cancel the interdendritic flow effects, this ratio has to be lowered by one order of magnitude. According to our analysis, this can be obtained by performing the experiments either at a slightly reduced g level (～10^?1 g), or at 1 g in a vertical stable configuration with a sufficiently low residual horizontal thermal gradient.     

Preliminary results of Texus 8 experiments on effects of surface tension minimum

A stable, observable liquid-gas interface was realized in an experimental cell (3 × 2 × 1 cm) under microgravity conditions. The liquid used was an aqueous 6.24 10^?3 molal solution of n-heptanol. A temperature gradient, established at the interface, resulted in the build-up of a Marangoni convection cell with the liquid flowing in an unusual direction (i.e. at the surface the liquid flowed from the cold to the hot side).The same experiment on Earth gives rise to a Marangoni cell superimposed on buoyancy cells. The Marangoni and the buoyancy cells then turn in opposite directions.     

放置倾角对轴向槽道热管传热特性影响的实验研究

对常温梯形轴向槽道热管在不同放置倾角下的传热特性进行了实验研究，着重分析了热管的放置倾角对轴向温度分布、最大轴向温差、总热阻、当量换热系数、最大传热量的影响，旨在为航空热管的地面性能测试提供参考。实验结果表明：热源在下垂直放置热管的蒸发段和冷凝段的当量换热系数分别是水平放置热管的1．5倍和2．5倍。热源在上倾斜放置的热管，水平放置的热管、热源在下倾斜放置的热管的平均总热阻成一个数量级递减，蒸发段的最大输入热流量依次递增一个数量级。     

C-C扩张段材料性能设计

在相同的喷管结构中,通过正交试验和喷管结构有限元热应力分析,获得径向弹性模量、母线方向(环向)弹性模量、径向热导率、母线方向(环向)热导率、径向热膨胀系数、母线方向(环向)热膨胀系数、密度和比定压热容等八因素三水平情况下的母线方向拉应力极值、环向压应力极值和层间剪切应力极值。通过极差分析,初步获得优化的材料参数设计方案,然后对试验结果进行方差分析,得出母线方向弹性模量、径向热导率和母线方向热膨胀系数这3个因素是非常显著的;结合喷管扩张段C/C复合材料的应用环境和工艺条件,得出最终的材料优化设计方案,并进行有限元热应力分析,发现应力极值都远小于现有针刺C/C复合材料的许用应力。     

喷管尺寸对电弧风洞流场和热环境的影响分析

为获得电弧风洞喷管尺寸对试验流场以及模型表面热流的影响规律,针对某特定模拟参数试验状态,采用高焓流动数值模拟方法对不同尺寸锥形喷管下的球柱校核模型试验流场进行了模拟和比较分析。研究发现,在模拟气流焓值和模型驻点热流的条件下,采用出口尺寸小的喷管所需电弧加热功率更低,同时单位流向截面上气流能量转化为模型驻点气动热的比例更低。不同喷管出口尺寸下,试验流场喷管出口区域热力学非平衡程度、波后氧原子质量分数、模型驻点区域压力以及表面传导热流和扩散热流占比都比较接近,但相较飞行状态存在明显差异;不同喷管出口尺寸下来流速度、激波脱体距离以及驻点线上平动温度之间的差异明显,喷管出口尺寸越大,其与飞行状态越接近。     

多热源工况下燕尾形轴向槽道热管的热响应特性

建立了燕尾形轴向槽道热管应用于多热源时的瞬态传热及流动的理论模型并进行了数值求解,研究了该型热管应用于多热源时从启动开始直到达到稳态过程中,壁面温度、弯月面毛细半径、液体速度的实时变化。结果显示：毛细半径沿轴向单调递增;蒸发段有热源与无热源的连接处的温度阶跃变化;在蒸发段热源处,液态工质流速变化激烈,在蒸发段无热源处,液态工作速度变化比较平缓;同时,开展了热管瞬态特性测试实验,实验测量值与数值计算值符合较好。