Artificial gravity: a possible countermeasure for post-flight orthostatic intolerance

Four payload crewmembers were exposed to sustained linear acceleration in a centrifuge during the Neurolab (STS-90) flight. In contrast to previous studies, otolith–ocular reflexes were preserved during and after flight. This raised the possibility that artificial gravity may have acted as a countermeasure to the deconditioning of otolith–ocular reflexes. None of the astronauts who were centrifuged had orthostatic intolerance when tested with head-up passive tilt after flight. Thus, centrifugation may also have helped maintain post-flight hemodynamic responses to orthostasis by preserving the gain of the otolith–sympathetic reflex. A comparison with two fellow Neurolab orbiter crewmembers not exposed to artificial gravity provided some support for this hypothesis. One of the two had hemodynamic changes in response to post-flight tilt similar to orthostatically intolerant subjects from previous missions. More data is necessary to evaluate this hypothesis, but if it were proven correct, in-flight short-radius centrifugation may help counteract orthostatic intolerance after space flight.     

Effectiveness of centrifuge-induced artificial gravity with ergometric exercise as a countermeasure during simulated microgravity exposure in humans

To test the effectiveness of centrifuge-induced artificial gravity with ergometric exercise, 12 healthy young men (20.7 +/- 1.9 yr) were exposed to simulated microgravity for 14 days of -6 degrees head-down bedrest. Half the subjects were randomly selected and loaded 1.2 G artificial gravity with 60 W (four out of six subjects) or 40 W (two out of six subjects) of ergometric workload on days 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14 (CM group). The rest of the subjects served as the control. Anti-G score, defined as the G-load x running time to the endpoint, was significantly elongated by the load of the centrifuge-ergometer. Plasma volume loss was suppressed (-5.0 +/- 2.4 vs. -16.4 +/- 1.9%), and fluid volume shift was prevented by the countermeasure load. Elevated heart rate and muscle sympathetic nerve activity after bedrest were counteracted, and exaggerated response to head-up tilt was also suppressed. Centrifuge-induced artificial gravity with exercise is effective in preventing cardiovascular deconditioning due to microgravity exposure, however, an effective and appropriate regimen (magnitude of G-load and exercise workload) should be determined in future studies.     

Artificial gravity

The use of artificial gravity in extended space flight is reviewed. Topics examined include synergistic factors, gravity loading, gravity magnitude, uniformity of gravity field, and effects of slow rotation.     

针对电视／红外导引头的镜面干扰法

随着“空地一体化”和“数字化”作战理论在战争中的应用,以电视／红外制导武器为主的防区外精确打击能力,成为空军现代化水平的主要标志之一。在介绍电视／红外制导空地导弹武器系统末制导段的工作过程和图像跟踪原理的基础上,对电视／红外导引头的特点及其跟踪过程进行了深入分析,得出电视／红外导引头光电干扰的实现方法。针对现有干扰方法的缺点,提出了一种新的光电干扰方法——镜面干扰方法。     

地球重力场标准探讨

在搜集与分析大量国外有关重力场技术、模型和标准的基础上,从标准化角度介绍重力场模型发展过程和主要模型,重点介绍ECSS、NASA、美军有关重力场模型的情况,提出国内航天器重力场模型标准的制定应考虑的重点.     

Effect of gravity on the solidification of binary alloys—A numerical simulation

The paper illustrates the influence of gravity on convection in the mushy zone of solidifying alloys by numerical solution of the governing equations for the fluid flow.Different models for the permeability are compared and the effect of convection in the liquid ahead of the solidification front is taken into account.     

国外光电对抗技术发展综述

介绍了近期国外光电对抗技术的发展,包括导弹光电告警器、光电干扰技术和装备、光电对抗仿真试验系统等方面。     

信息战中的计算机系统对抗

现代化的军用装备和武器系统中,鲜有与计算机无关的种类。因此,计算机系统对抗(CCM)也就成为信息战的重要组成部分,甚至成为一种新的作战方式。     

On orbit control using gravity gradient effects

Possibility of orbit control using gravity gradient (GG) effects without any mass expulsion is discussed. For simplicity, a dumb-bell type satellite and circular orbits are mainly considered. It is shown that the GG effects can be applied to convert attitude torques into orbital torques and vice versa. In central gravitational force fields, maximum orbital torques or thrusts are available from the GG force when roll or pitch angle is $\text{±}\text{π}\text{4}$ provided that the attitude angle is null when the dumb-bell axis coincides with the local vertical. Such external torques as geomagnetic or solar wind pressure can be utilized to maintain the $\text{±}\text{π}\text{4}$ attitude, then the orbital torques are available forever. In non-central gravitational fields, without any external torque, the orbital radii of circular orbits can be increased by controlling the satellite attitude using electric energy. The use of the Earth's oblateness effects and the exterior Lunar potential is discussed.     

Predicting skeletal adaptation in altered gravity environments

It is generally agreed that the single factor that most limits human survivability in non-Earth environments is the phenomenon of bone demineralization and the medical problems induced by the subsequent imbalance in the calcium metabolism. Alterations of skeletal properties occur as a result of disturbances in the normal mechanical loading environment of bone. These alterations or "adaptations" obey physical laws, but the precise mathematical relationships remain to be determined. Principles governing unloading and overloading of bone are gaining more attention as a consequence of the planning of manned space stations, moon and Mars bases and spaceflights of long duration. This paper reviews the subject of bone remodeling and presents a mathematical framework which allows for the prediction of skeletal adaptation on Earth and in non-Earth gravity environments by power law relationships.     

精确对抗技术的现状及其发展

多次战争表明,精确制导武器是决定性胜利的关键武器。精确制导武器的核心是精确制导系统,而精确对抗的核心就是精确对抗精确制导系统。简要介绍美国红外精确对抗装备及其试验,从电子战的角度只讨论空地和空空红外制导导弹的精确对抗问题。     

外来企业标准管理现状与对策

阐述企业标准的内涵,针对外来企业标准使用与管理中存在的问题,结合本所的实际情况和产品特点,提出外来企业标准使用与管理的对策.     

空间信息对抗装备体系研究

空间信息对抗装备体系是完成空间信息对抗作战任务的所有对抗装备及系统的总称,即在空间信息对抗战场中所能够使用的一切装备,涵盖外层空间、空中、地面、海上以及整个信息网络。利用系统分析的方法,在详细分析空间信息对抗作战特点和作战原则的基础上,重点开展了空间信息对抗装备体系的构成及各部分作战性能研究,建立了空间信息对抗装备体系组成框架,并分析了空间信息对抗武器装备发展趋势。     

逆合成孔径雷达综合对抗策略分析

针对ISAR成像特点,提出了对ISAR在成像过程中容易受干扰的不同环节进行干扰的综合对抗策略,可以有效地降低ISAR二维处理增益的优势,干扰ISAR对目标的成像与识别效果。     

空地一体化信息对抗系统构架设想

首先介绍“空天一体化”作战体系概念及信息对抗系统的组成和系统特点,并基于目前信息对抗系统的现状和对未来信息战的推测,对空地一体化信息对抗系统构架做了初步的设想。重点介绍空地一体化信息对抗系统的需求、系统构架、组成、特点及关键技术。     

基于一体化平台的导航对抗系统

卫星导航在军事领域的运用越来越广泛,导航对抗是一体化战场信息对抗系统的重要内容。分析了一体化信息对抗平台的构建,包括硬件平台构建、软件体系架构设计等方面,并在此基础上研究了导航对抗的软件化设计,通过与平台的集成设计,实现了快速导航对抗功能。     

Effect of gravity on halocarbon flame retardant effectiveness

Flammability limits, burning velocities, and minimum ignition energies under initially quiescent conditions were measured for stoichiometric and fuel-lean methane-, ethane-, and propane-air mixtures containing varying concentrations of Halon 1301. The characteristics of near-limit flames were strongly affected by fuel type but not Halon concentration. The conclusions are that the mechanism of the flammability limits was affected by fuel type but not Halon concentration, that the cause of the zero-g flammability limits is mostly dependent on the molecular diffusion characteristics of the reactant gases and is mostly independent of chemical kinetics, and that the one-g upward flammability and ignition limits provide adequate criteria for safety at one-g and zero-g for both uninhibited and inhibited mixtures.     

美军机载激光武器攻防对抗研究

机载激光武器(ABL)作为美国多层防御体系的重要组成部分,主要用来寻找、跟踪和击毁处于助推段的弹道导弹(BM).按照目前的发展计划,ABL一旦投入战场应用,将对BM的使用构成威胁.主要介绍了ABL系统组成及工作原理,分析了ABL反导作战过程、攻击能力及试验情况,最后探讨了反ABL的措施.     

卫星自适应调零技术对抗方法研究

自适应调零技术作为通信抗干扰的一种重要手段,在信息及其对抗的斗争中得到应用和重视,特别是在高轨卫星通信中广泛使用该技术。对其基本原理进行了详细分析,并提出了相应的对抗策略和需要解决的一些关键技术。