Effect of physical fitness and training on physiological responses to hypogravity.

The studies on the orthostatic tolerance during the hypodynamics exposure seem to be significant in connection with the selection, training and health maintenance of astronauts. Using male human subjects of various physical fitness levels, fluctuations of their physical fitness through 2 weeks of vigorous athletic training were measured in many parameters. For some of the subjects, the effects of 6 hr thermal neutral water immersion exposure in head out supine position on the physical fitness parameters and orthostatic tolerability were compared before training with after training. The results obtained were as follows: (1) Before training, orthostatic tolerability before hypodynamics exposure increased, following the physical fitness levels; the value after the hypodynamics exposure decreased in all the cases, but no differences were observed between the physical fitness levels. (2) As a result of training an increase of the physical fitness capacity was observed. The increase of orthostatic tolerability before hypodynamics exposure was noticed except for athletes. (3) Before hypodynamics exposure the urinary excretion of noradrenaline on non-athlete subjects increased as the physicsl fitness level increased. The values were decreased by physical training, the more so the better the physical fitness. After hypodynamics exposure the same relation was observed. But for athletes the values remain more stable and the decrease by hypodynamics exposure was not so distinctive. Such decreased reaction to hypodynamic conditions seems to reveal the neuro hormonal mechanism for the detrimental adaptation of athletes to hypodynamics. These results suggest that stable athletes do not always have low orthostatic tolerability, but do not respond well to hypodynamic conditions, at least from the orthostatic point of view. The mechanism seems related to sympathetic nerve activity.     

Response to hypogravity of normal in vitro cultured follicular cells from thyroid

Aim of this investigation is the study of molecular modifications occurring in differentiated mammalian cells exposed to gravitational changes. The test system chosen is a well characterized clone of differentiated, normal thyroid follicular cells (FRTL5) in long-term culture. As a follow-up to our recent experiment performed during the MASER-7 sounding rocket mission, flown for European Space Agency by Swedish Space Corporation in May 1996, we evaluated FRTL5 cells responses to Thyroid Stimulating Hormone dependent cAMP production under acute hypogravity conditions obtained in a fast rotating clinostat. Following this approach, we evaluated the FRTL5 cells response to TSH under microgravity conditions in order to optimize experimental tools and strategies in preparation to, and in between real flight missions.     

Bacillus subtilis spore survival and expression of germination-induced bioluminescence after prolonged incubation under simulated Mars atmospheric pressure and composition: implications for planetary protection and lithopanspermia

Bacterial endospores in the genus Bacillus are considered good models for studying interplanetary transfer of microbes by natural or human processes. Although spore survival during transfer itself has been the subject of considerable study, the fate of spores in extraterrestrial environments has received less attention. In this report we subjected spores of a strain of Bacillus subtilis, containing luciferase resulting from expression of an sspB-luxAB gene fusion, to simulated martian atmospheric pressure (7-18 mbar) and composition (100% CO(2)) for up to 19 days in a Mars simulation chamber. We report here that survival was similar between spores exposed to Earth conditions and spores exposed up to 19 days to simulated martian conditions. However, germination-induced bioluminescence was lower in spores exposed to simulated martian atmosphere, which suggests sublethal impairment of some endogenous spore germination processes.     

Survival of Bacillus subtilis endospores on ultraviolet-irradiated rover wheels and Mars regolith under simulated Martian conditions

Endospores of Bacillus subtilis HA101 were applied to a simulated Mars Exploration Rover (MER) wheel and exposed to Mars-normal UV irradiation for 1, 3, or 6 h. The experiment was designed to simulate a contaminated rover wheel sitting on its landing platform before rolling off onto the martian terrain, as was encountered during the Spirit and Opportunity missions. When exposed to 1 h of Mars UV, a reduction of 81% of viable endospores was observed compared to the non-UV irradiated controls. When exposed for 3 or 6 h, reductions of 94.6% and 96.6%, respectively, were observed compared to controls. In a second experiment, the contaminated rover wheel was rolled over a bed of heat-sterilized Mars analog soil; then the analog soil was exposed to full martian conditions of UV irradiation, low pressure (6.9 mbar), low temperature (-10°C), and an anaerobic CO(2) martian atmosphere for 24 h to determine whether endospores of B. subtilis on the contaminated rover wheel could be transferred to the surface of the analog soil and survive martian conditions. The experiment simulated conditions in which a rover wheel might come into contact with martian regolith immediately after landing, such as is designed for the upcoming Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) rover. The contaminated rover wheel transferred viable endospores of B. subtilis to the Mars analog soil, as demonstrated by 31.7% of samples showing positive growth. However, when contaminated soil samples were exposed to full martian conditions for 24 h, only 16.7% of samples exhibited positive growth-a 50% reduction in the number of soil samples positive for the transferred viable endospores.     

Mechanisms of generation and dynamics of HF and LF emissions in the experiments with electron beams injected into the earth’s ionosphere

Mechanisms of generation and dynamics of HF and LF emissions related to an electron beam injection from a spacecraft into the ionosphere are studied. The choice of the source and region of emission is substantiated. The plasma current neutralizing the spacecraft charge and the region of spatial charge in the vicinity of the spacecraft are chosen. Mechanisms of the generation of HF and LF emissions are proposed and their characteristics are determined. For the considered ranges of emission, the explanation of the facts related to the difficulties in interpretation of the amplitude value observed experimentally and the behavior of its envelope are presented. It is shown that the results obtained in this work agree well with the data of the conducted experiments.     

Study of automatic and manual control problems of spaceplane atmospheric flight under simulated g-load effect

The descent in the atmosphere belongs to the most complicated phase of flight and presents stringent requirements for spaceplane systems. The enhanced requirements for reliability, the necessity of aircraft-type landing and a number of other reasons lead to the necessity of maximum involvement of the crew by means of creating, along with fully automatic, manual and director control systems and providing the crew with the possibility to monitor the systems operation and to actively override them. Participation of man in performance of such tasks during the atmospheric descent is hampered by a number of major difficulties caused by alteration of his state under the g-load effect.To evaluate the utmost capabilities of the manual and director control systems and to make rational selection of indication systems and controls it is necessary to create special flight simulation complexes comprising a hybrid computer complex capable of simulating vehicle trajectory and angular motions and the computer complex controlled centrifuge equipped with a crew-cabin, which would allow real-time simulation of the g-load effect upon the crew.This paper describes the structure of such complex, the distribution of tasks between the analog and digital computers and presents some results from evaluation of manual and director control system characteristics.     

Evaluation of bleomycin-induced chromosome aberrations under simulated microgravity conditions in human lymphocytes using "FISH" techniques

In the present investigation we report the effects of simulated microgravity conditions (clinostat) on the induction of chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocytes in vitro by (R) Bleomycin. Chromosomal aberrations have been analysed by means of fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) and chromosome-specific composite DNA probes (chromosome painting). The results obtained show that, under simulated microgravity conditions, the levels of both symmetrical and asymmetrical (dicentrics, rings), the number of cells bearing "complex" aberrations and hence the total numbers of aberrations were significantly elevated at any of the dose-levels assayed, compared to the parallel treatments performed as 1g control ("ground"). Furthermore, the ratio symmetrical:asymmetrical translocations was markedly elevated under simulated microgravity conditions, compared to the findings usually observed under "normal" 1g conditions. On these bases, we are much inclined to believe that simulated microgravity, rather than limiting the resealing of DNA double strand breaks (DSB's) induced by genotoxic agents is influencing in terms of enhancement the misrejoining of DSB's which is actually responsible for the fixation of the original lesions to DNA into chromosomal aberrations. In addition, the possible different misrepair processes leading to the formation of symmetrical and asymmetrical translocations might be differentially influenced by microgravity being the symmetrical translocations significantly more represented.     

Protons with energy of E P ≥ MeV under the earth’s radiation belts

Variations in fluxes of quasi-trapped energetic protons were studied on the basis of the data of the CORONAS-I satellite. These variations are characterized by an increase in the proton fluxes with E _P ≥ 1 MeV both in the vicinity of the geomagnetic equator and in the high-latitude region of the magnetosphere. The analysis of structural features of the proton distributions in the regions at L ～ 1–1.1; 3 < L < 4; and L > 4, was performed and made it possible to detect reliably the type of the proton flux increase in this region. The mechanisms of particle scattering leading to the precipitation of energetic protons under conditions of various types of geomagnetic disturbances are considered.     

Finding a second sample of life on earth

If life emerges readily under Earth-like conditions, the possibility arises of multiple terrestrial genesis events. We seek to quantify the probability of this scenario using estimates of the Archean bombardment rate and the fact that life established itself fairly rapidly on Earth once conditions became favorable. We find a significant likelihood that at least one more sample of life, referred to here as alien life, may have emerged on Earth, and could have coexisted with known life. Indeed, it is difficult to rule out the possibility of extant alien life. We offer some suggestions for how an alternative sample of life might be detected.     

基于模拟退火算法的SAR图像复原

根据吉布斯马尔可夫随机场模型和SAR图像斑点噪声的伽玛分布统计特性，应用模拟退火算法．实现雷达截面的全局优化伪似然估计。本文将新解4选1的方法从极化SAR图像推广到一般SAR图像；提出一个实用有效的图像特征检测法；说明了一阶模型和零阶模型之间的联系．并给出满意的处理结果。     

The formation of sulfate and elemental sulfur aerosols under varying laboratory conditions: implications for early earth

The presence of sulfur mass-independent fractionation (S-MIF) in sediments more than 2.45?×?10(9) years old is thought to be evidence for an early anoxic atmosphere. Photolysis of sulfur dioxide (SO(2)) by UV light with λ?相似文献   

Planetary quarantine in the solar system. Survival rates of some terrestrial organisms under simulated space conditions by proton irradiation

We have been studying the survival rates of some species of terrestrial unicellular and multicellular organism (viruses, bacteria, yeasts, fungi, algae, etc.) under simulated interstellar conditions, in connection with planetary quarantine. The interstellar environment in the solar system has been simulated by low temperature, high vacuum (77 K, 4 x 10(-8) torr), and proton irradiation from a Van de Graaff generator. After exposure to a barrage of protons corresponding to about 250 years of irradiation in solar space, tobacco mosaic virus, Bacillus subtilis spores, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus flavus, Aspergillus niger spores, and Clostridium mangenoti spores showed survival rates of 82, 45, 74, 13, 28, and 25%, respectively.     

Altered expression of mRNAs implicated in osteogenesis under conditions of simulated microgravity is regulated by CD200:CD200R

Mouse calvarial cells grown under simulated microgravity conditions (neutral buoyancy) show preferential differentiation towards the osteoclast lineage, as defined by surrogate mRNAs, bone nodule growth and TRAP⁺ cells, when compared with cells cultured under normal gravity conditions. This effect was suppressed in cultures which contained the immunoregulatory molecule CD200, and conversely enhanced by anti-CD200 mAb. Concomitant increases occur in expression of inflammatory cytokines, and their mRNAs, under simulated microgravity conditions. Again cultures containing exogenous CD200 showed suppressed cytokine and cytokine mRNA expression. Further alterations in osteoclastogenesis were seen using cells isolated from cytokine-receptor knockout mice. We conclude that, as assessed by altered expression of mRNAs associated with osteoblast differentiation, CD200:CD200R interactions play an important regulatory role in the enhanced osteoclastogenesis seen under simulated microgravity conditions, with changes in cytokine expression further modulating this effect.     

高空模拟试车台超声速引射器数值研究

利用火箭发动机自身的超声速喷流作为引射气流的超声速引射器系统,在上面级火箭发动机高空试车台的研制中有着重要的应用价值．文中采用数值方法模拟求解了火箭发动机超声速引射器流场。比较了直管超声速引射器和有第二喉道的超声速引射器的性能、探讨了超声速引射器设计的影响因素。计算结果与实验结果符合较好,这表明该数值方法是研究超声速引射器的一种重要研究手段。     

载人航天器加压连接机构研究

载人航天器加压连接机构,按连接功能可分为对接机构、停靠机构与统一对接／停靠机构3类。目前空间应用的连接机构有俄罗斯杆锥对接机构,俄罗斯混合对接机构,导向瓣内翻式“雌雄同体（异体同构）周边装配系统”,以及美国的“通用停靠机构”。统一对接／停靠机构正在研制中,如欧洲的“国际停靠对接机构”与美国的“NASA对接系统”。文章全面、系统地分析了对接机构、停靠机构与统一对接／停靠机构的构型与特点,以及连接机构的统一性与标准化问题。     

Germination and growth of wheat in simulated Martian atmospheres

One design for a manned Mars base incorporates a bioregenerative life support system based upon growing higher plants at a low atmospheric pressure in a greenhouse on the Martian surface. To determine the concept's feasibility, the germination and initial growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) was evaluated at low atmospheric pressures in simulated Martian atmosphere (SMA) and in SMA supplemented with oxygen. Total atmospheric pressures ranged from 10 to 1013 mb. No seeds germinated in pure SMA, regardless of atmospheric pressure. In SMA plus oxygen at 60 mb total pressure, germination and growth occurred but were lower than in the Earth atmosphere controls.     

高分辨率对地观测卫星光学遥感器标准研究

我国对地观测系统已逐步形成立体、多维、高中低分辨率相结合的全球综合观测能力,但尚未建立相关的完善和配套的标准体系,由于高分辨率卫星光学遥感器标准化在与新技术发展对接、系统性以及关键技术标准等方面存在着需求,需要借鉴国外光学遥感器相关标准,在标准体系构建原则与框架以及相关的急需标准制定等方面开展进一步的工作。文章从高分系统卫星光学遥感器标准化需求、标准体系构建、国内外相关标准现状等展开分析与研究,提出急需制定标准的建议。     

The future of earth observations in Central and Eastern Europe

The Central and Eastern Europe are characterized by a high theoretical and scientific level in space research and technology, including remote sensing, but inexperience in practical applications. The emerging private sector lacks management experience and needs appropriate training. Other constraints are inadequate administrative structures, a lack of coordination, and an outdated technology in general. In his report on the results of a study carried out for the European Commission, consultant and emeritus professor of the International Institute for Aerospace Survey and Earth Sciences, Caesar Voûte, outlines the new forms of European and regional cooperation being promoted. Agriculture, yield prediction and agricultural statistics, land use studies, environmental monitoring and environmental management are identified as future high priority operational applications of remote sensing and geographical information systems (GIS). Hazard management and marine observations also need to be developed.     

考虑地球非球形摄动的固体动能拦截器助推段最优控制方案研究

针对三维空间内的高速飞行目标,提出了一种可用于固体动能拦截器助推段的精确最优控制方法。考虑了地球非球形摄动的影响,建立了有限推力拦截器最优控制问题动力学模型,并用直接配置法与SQP方法进行了数值求解,得到了更加精确的助推段控制方案。算例证明该方法有效。     

Multiple continuous coverage of the earth based on multi-satellite systems with linear structure

A new and wider definition is given to multi-satellite systems with linear structure (SLS), and efficiency of their application to multiple continuous coverage of the Earth is substantiated. Owing to this widening, SLS have incorporated already well-recognized “polar systems” by L. Rider and W.S. Adams, “kinematically regular systems” by G.V. Mozhaev, and “delta-systems” by J.G. Walker, as well as “near-polar systems” by Yu.P. Ulybyshev, and some other satellite constellations unknown before. A universal method of SLS optimization is presented, valid for any values of coverage multiplicity and the number of satellites in a system. The method uses the criterion of minimum radius of a circle seen from a satellite on the surface of the globe. Among the best SLS found in this way there are both systems representing the well-known classes mentioned above and new orbit constellations of satellites.