Surface temperature distribution along a thin liquid layer due to thermocapillary convection

The surface temperature distributions due to thermocapillary convections in a thin liquid layer with heat fluxes imposed on the free surface are investigated. The nondimensional analysis predicts that, when convection is important, the characteristic length scale in the flow direction L, and the characteristic temperature difference ΔT₀, can be represented by and , respectively, where L_R and ΔT_T are the reference scales used in the conduction-dominant situations with A denoting the aspect ratio and Ma the Marangoni number. Having had L and ΔT₀ defined, the global surface-temperature gradient ( ), the global thermocapillary driving-force, and other interesting features can then be readily determined. Finally, numerical calculations involving a Gaussian heat flux distribution are presented to justify these two relations.     

热屏绝热型热流计可行性分析

热平衡试验是航天器热控设计的重要环节,外热流模拟和测量是热平衡试验的两个关键因素。两者的不准确将给热平衡试验带来不可预估的影响。因此热流测量技术是热平衡试验的关键技术之一。目前使用的热流计测量低热流密度时存在较大误差,为此研制一种高精度热流计——热屏绝热型热流计来测量热流。该热流计主要包括敏感面和热屏两部分。敏感面用来测量热流,热屏则为敏感面提供一个绝热环境。其关键技术是在热屏和敏感面充分隔热的基础上,采用跟踪控温的方法使热屏和敏感面的温度相同,从而使两者之间的热交换可以忽略。文章利用热分析计算分析了该热流计其敏感面和热屏的等温性能满足热流测量要求;并利用试验证明了跟踪控温技术可行,热屏和敏感面温度一致,从而说明了该热流计测量热流的可行性。     

大推力发动机高温隔热屏设计及优化研究

以卫星用大推力发动机高温隔热屏为研究对象,根据传热机理建立了其瞬态传热模型。对不同边界温度条件下高温隔热屏的瞬态传热过程进行数值仿真,且经对比,仿真计算出的隔热屏温度值与试验结果吻合良好,验证了模型的准确性和适用性。利用该模型设计了某卫星高温隔热屏,并分析了隔热屏覆盖层发射率、反射屏发射率、比热容等对隔热屏瞬态隔热性能的影响。研究结果为隔热屏的设计和优化提供了依据。     

A method of calculation of vertical cutoff rigidity in the geomagnetic field

On the basis of generalization of the results of extensive trajectory calculations for trial charged particles moving in the geomagnetic field the method of calculation of effective vertical cutoff rigidity, taking into account the values of K _p -index and local time, is developed. The IGRF and Tsyganenko-89 models are used for the geomagnetic field. A comparison of the results of model simulations with the experimental data on penetration of charged particles into near-Earth space is made, and penetration functions for typical spacecraft orbits are calculated.     

某发动机喷管周围流场研究

运用Fluent流体动力学软件,采用结构化网格和RNG k-ε湍流模型研究了热试车条件下,某带高温隔热屏发动机喷管周围及隔热屏上温度场的分布,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好.研究结果表明：推进系统热试车条件下,高温隔热屏各组成部分温度均在各自耐受温度以内;高温隔热屏能有效地将发动机羽流的对流及辐射进行隔离,避免高温燃气对发动机周围的推进系统组件进行再加热.     

高空发动机燃料主管路防热罩设计优化

针对火箭飞行工作中高空发动机燃料主管路系统防热罩存在热防护能力不足的问题,开展了高空羽流条件下的仿真计算和分析,依据温度计算值确定了防热罩紧固件在高温下抗拉伸强度低,在较高拧紧力矩条件下存在锌、镉脆断裂的薄弱环节,从而导致防热罩脱落。防热罩脱落后其内充填的隔热包覆材料被羽流吹落,燃料主汽蚀管连接法兰直接暴露在高温羽流环境中,高温导致法兰连接及密封失效从而产生燃料泄漏。针对防热罩热防护设计中存在的薄弱环节完成了设计改进,采用头锥形防热罩、高温合金材料的紧固件和多层耐高温隔热材料捆扎包覆等设计改进方案后,经过了高温、振动、地面发动机热试车和飞行试验验证,未出现前述故障。     

超临界压力下航空煤油RP-3在水平细圆管内对流换热特性实验研究

为探究超临界压力下碳氢燃料在水平管内的对流换热规律,文章针对超临界条件下航空煤油RP-3在水平细圆管内的对流换热,分析了热流密度、进口雷诺数及浮升力对对流换热的影响。研究表明:沿流动方向,管内表面传热系数随热流密度的增大先减小后增大;在低进口温度及低进口雷诺数情况下,管内换热均出现先恶化后强化的现象,而随着进口温度和雷诺数的增加,此现象消失;浮升力对换热的影响随热流密度的增加而增加;浮升力对下表面换热的加强使得入口效应的影响在下表面先于上表面结束;受浮升力影响,上下壁最大温差可达50 K;质量流速的增加会抑制浮升力对换热的影响;准则数Grq/Grth可以很好地反映浮升力的变化趋势。以上研究结果可为采用碳氢燃料作冷却介质的各类飞行器主动热防护技术方案提供技术支撑。     

The influence of effects of the heliospheric interface on parameters of backscattered solar <Emphasis Type="Italic">L</Emphasis>α radiation measured at the Earth’s orbit

A new kinetic model of distribution of interstellar hydrogen atoms in the heliosphere is suggested in this paper. It takes into account global effects associated with charge exchange of interstellar atoms near the heliospheric boundary. The constructed model allows one to find efficiently the detailed distribution of hydrogen atoms over space and velocities. For the axisymmetric steady-state case a comparison is made of the parameters of interstellar hydrogen atoms that were obtained using the classical hot model, two modifications of the improved hot model, and a global self-consistent kinetic gas-dynamic model of the heliospheric interface. The results of calculations of the spectral moments of scattered solar Lα radiation are presented. They were derived on the basis of different models of distribution of hydrogen atoms in the heliosphere.     

NiCrBSi+Ni/MoS_2涂层在空间环境下的摩擦学性能

采用激光熔覆技术在TC4合金基体上制备了Ni Cr BSi+Ni/Mo S2复合涂层,考察了该复合涂层在真空、原子氧辐照环境下的表面形貌及元素变化。利用真空摩擦磨损试验机分别完成了干摩擦条件下2种环境的摩擦磨损性能测试。结果表明:Ni Cr BSi+Ni/Mo S2复合涂层经过原子氧辐照后,有部分元素被氧化及化合物分解的现象,但并没有发生明显的材料性能改变以及润滑涂层的破坏。与TC4合金相比,2种环境下该复合涂层均具有良好的润滑减摩效果,证明Ni Cr BSi+Ni/Mo S2复合涂层具有一定的抗原子氧辐照的能力。     

高超声速流动壁面催化复合气动加热特性

针对高超声速流动壁面催化特性,计算了不同壁面催化复合系数条件下的球锥驻点热环境。引入了经验证的数值求解Navier Stokes方程的方法,在不同壁温500K～2500K的条件下分别分析了O 2和N 2气体在壁面处的催化复合气动加热特性,得到如下结论：（1） 原子复合放热将提高近壁面温度梯度,改变近壁面组分分布;原子复合放热一部分加热飞行器形成组分扩散热流,一部分加热近壁气体提高近壁温度梯度。（2） 在壁面催化复合系数较小时,原子复合放热主要转化为组分扩散加热,对于不同壁面温度,壁面催化复合系数α<0.1时,单一气体反应组分扩散热流小于总热流的20%。     

Estimation of the soil composition by IR observation of the Earth by satellites

A number of missions are in progress for Earth resources satellites to perform soil diagnosis by observing the bare soil thermal response to the heat input from the surrounding atmosphere. Heat capacity missions (and similar missions) are accomplished by measuring the soil temperature at the times of the satellite passes over the soil site.The models which are usually adopted assume that, for atmospheric conditions periodically changing during the day, the surface temperature time dependence is a function of the soil thermal inertia alone (for a dry soil).The present author has shown elsewhere that a more appropriate, two dimensional finite element modelling of the thermal behaviour of the soil, exhibits a dependence of the surface temperature time evolution on both the thermal conductivity (k) and on the volume heat capacity (?c) (for no evaporation at the interface). At least two independent temperature measurements are necessary in order to get information about k and ?c. It is shown that, within the range of values of k and ?c of the usual soils, temperature measurements taken at two successive satellite passes may yield the necessary information on the soil thermophysical properties. Charts can be constructed which will provide information on k and ?c when two soil temperatures are measured at proper times.     

Forecasting the velocity of quasi-stationary solar wind and the intensity of geomagnetic disturbances produced by it

A brief review is given of contemporary approaches to solving the problem of medium-term forecast of the velocity of quasi-stationary solar wind (SW) and of the intensity of geomagnetic disturbances caused by it. At the present time, two promising models of calculating the velocity of quasi-stationary SW at the Earth’s orbit are realized. One model is the semi-empirical model of Wang-Sheeley-Arge (WSA) which allows one to calculate the dependence V(t) of SW velocity at the Earth’s orbit using measured values of the photospheric magnetic field. This model is based on calculation of the local divergence f _S of magnetic field lines. The second model is semi-empirical model by Eselevich-Fainshtein-Rudenko (EFR). It is based on calculation in a potential approximation of the area of foot points on the solar surface of open magnetic tubes (sources of fast quasistationary SW). The new Bd-technology is used in these calculations, allowing one to calculate instantaneous distributions of the magnetic field above the entire visible surface of the Sun. Using predicted V(t) profiles, one can in EFR model calculate also the intensity of geomagnetic disturbances caused by quasi-stationary SW. This intensity is expressed through the K _p index. In this paper the EFR model is discussed in detail. Some examples of epignosis and real forecast of V(t) and K _p (t) are discussed. A comparison of the results of applying these two models for the SW velocity forecasting is presented.     

Carbon dioxide removal system for closed loop atmosphere revitalization,candidate sorbents screening and test results

Due to the difficulty and expense it costs to resupply manned-spacecraft habitats, a goal is to create a closed loop atmosphere revitalization system, in which precious commodities such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water are continuously recycled. Our aim is to test other sorbents for their capacity for future spacecraft missions, such as on the Orion spacecraft, or possibly lunar or Mars mission habitats to see if they would be better than the zeolite sorbents on the 4-bed molecular sieve. Some of the materials being tested are currently used for other industry applications. Studying these sorbents for their specific spacecraft application is different from that for applications on earth because in space, there are certain power, mass, and volume limitations that are not as critical on Earth. In manned-spaceflight missions, the sorbents are exposed to a much lower volume fraction of CO₂ (0.6% volume CO₂) than on Earth.LiLSX was tested for its CO₂ capacity in an atmosphere like that of the ISS. Breakthrough tests were run to establish the capacities of these materials at a partial pressure of CO₂ that is seen on the ISS. This paper discusses experimental results from benchmark materials, such as results previously obtained from tests on Grade 522, and the forementioned candidate materials for the Carbon Dioxide Removal Assembly (CDRA) system.     

Buoyancy effects on smoldering combustion

A theoretical and experimental study is carried out to determine the effect of buoyancy on the rate of spread of a cocurrent smolder reaction through a porous combustible material. Since buoyant forces are proportional to the product g(_gi − _g), they can be controlled experimentally by varying either the gravitational acceleration, g, or the density difference, _gi − _g. The latter approach was followed in the present work. Measurements are performed of the smolder spread rate through porous α-cellulose (0.83 void fraction) as a function of the ambient air pressure. The experiments are carried out in a pressure vessel for ambient pressures ranging from 0.5 to 1.2 atm. The rate of spread was obtained from the temperature histories of thermocouples placed at fixed intervals along the fuel centerline. The smolder velocity was found to increase as the ambient pressure was increased. Extinction was found to occur when the buoyancy forces could not overcome the drag forces, indicating that at least for the present experimental conditions transport by diffusion cannot, by itself, support the spread of a smolder reaction. This conclusion is particularly important for outer space conditions where gravity and consequently buoyancy could be negligible. In the analysis, which assumes one-dimensional processes, the transport equations are solved to give the smolder spread rate as a function of the inlet oxygen mass flux. This mass flux is then estimated by balancing buoyancy and drag forces. Assuming that the smolder chemical reaction is only weakly dependent on pressure, the analysis finally predicts a smolder velocity dependence of the form v Y_oig²_gi Pa², i.e. is proportional to the ambient pressure squared. Good qualitative agreement is found between the theoretical predictions and the experimental results.     

The Fields of Magnetospheric Current Systems on the Earth's Surface in an Interval of the Magnetic Storm Studied under the International Program on Solar–Terrestrial Physics

Using the magnetic storm in January 1997 as an example, we examined the possibilities to employ the magnetospheric field T96 [1, 2] and the dynamic paraboloid model PM of the magnetosphere [3] for modeling the D _st variation. We have revealed the necessity to refine the results of normalizing the free parameters of the model T96 according to the solar wind parameters. The contributions to the D _st variation of magnetic fields of basic large-scale magnetospheric current systems (the field DCF on the magnetopause, the field DR of the ring current, and the field DT in the magnetotail) are estimated for different phases of the storm from model calculations. Possible causes of a discrepancy between the results of modeling D _st using the T96 and PM models are discussed. Special emphasis is made on the ratios of contributions into the D _st variation of the fields of the magnetotail and the ring current in the main phase of magnetic storms and on the contributions to D _st of the fields of various current systems at the recovery phase.     

The mass loss of spacecraft polyimide films under the action of atomic oxygen and vacuum ultraviolet radiation

The threshold values of the annual fluence of atomic oxygen (F _AO ≈ 10²⁰ cm^?2), as well as the ratios of the energy-flux density of vacuum ultraviolet radiation of the solar spectrum to the flux density of atomic oxygen (Φ _ν /Φ _AO ≈ 8 × 10^?15 mJ) were determined, which are characterized the influence of the synergistic effect on the mass loss of Kapton-H, PM-A, and PM-1E polyimide films, which are spacecraft materials.     

Aerothermodynamic and stability analyses of a deployable re-entry capsule

Recent research projects, in the field of atmospheric re-entry technology, are focused on the design of deployable, umbrella-like Thermal Protection Systems (TPSs). These TPSs are made of flexible high temperature resistant fabrics, folded at launch and deployed in space for de-orbit and re-entry operations. In the present paper two possible sphere–cone configurations for the TPS have been investigated from an aerodynamic point of view. The analyzed configurations are characterized by the same reentry mass and maximum diameter, but have different half-cone angles (45° and 60°). The analyses involve both the evaluation of thermal and aerodynamic loads and the assessment of the capsule longitudinal stability. The aerothermodynamic analysis has been performed for the completely deployed heat shield in transitional and continuum regimes, while the longitudinal stability has been analyzed in free molecular, transitional and continuum regimes, also taking into consideration the heat shield deployment sequence at high altitudes.     

超高速碰撞下Whipple防护结构的数值模拟

结合有关试验结果，本文利用有限元方法对Whipple防护结构在空间碎片高速碰撞下的过程进行了三维数值仿真。计算结果表明：对于Whipple防护结构，选用适当的材料失效准则，计算结果和试验基本接近。因此，在PAM－SHOCK软件的基础上，通过适量的验证试验，利用有限元方法对飞行器的防空间碎片结构进行设计是可行的。     

火星着陆器抛背罩分离体气动特性

为便于火星着陆器抛背罩安全性仿真,针对火星着陆器简化外形开展了背罩分离的定常数值计算,分析了着陆平台与背罩之间的气动效应,获得了着陆平台与背罩的轴向力系数随分离间距的变化规律。结果表明：初始分离瞬间,由于着陆平台嵌入背罩内部,它们之间的压力接近驻点压力,随着分离间距的增加,背罩与着陆平台之间的压力逐渐由接近驻点压力慢慢过渡到接近底部绕流压力,至分离间距为0.1倍大底直径后,背罩一直处于着陆平台的底部绕流区。分离间距为0~0.06倍大底直径时,背罩的轴向力系数大于着陆平台,容易分离;分离间距为0.06~6倍大底直径时,着陆平台的轴向力系数大于背罩,存在分离后重新结合并发生碰撞的危险,且在分离间距为1倍大底直径时,着陆平台与背罩之间由于回流作用而产生的吸力达到峰值,此时发生碰撞的危险系数最大;分离间距超过6倍大底直径后,背罩的轴向力系数再次超越着陆平台,可以确保抛背罩安全分离。