低雷诺数翼型局部振动非定常气动特性

针对低雷诺数翼型特殊的气动特性,采用基于动网格的非定常数值模拟方法,研究翼型表面不同弦向位置的局部蒙皮以不同频率及振幅振动时对低雷诺数翼型气动特性及流场结构的影响,揭示蒙皮振动增升减阻的机理。研究表明,在低雷诺数条件下局部蒙皮振动可有效提高翼型气动特性,与刚性翼型相比蒙皮局部振动可使翼型升力系数提高,阻力系数降低,升阻比提高。振动位置对翼型气动特性及流场结构有显著的影响,振动表面位于翼型前缘附近或位于层流分离泡中心时可有效控制翼型层流分离,从而提高翼型气动特性。振动频率对翼型表面层流分离及转捩位置均有显著的影响,随着振动频率增加,翼型气动特性出现最优值。与刚性翼型相比,表面振动使翼型转捩位置略向上游移动,摩擦阻力增加,但振动使等效翼型相对厚度减小,压差阻力明显减小。在小幅振动范围内,随着振幅增加,流场非定常特性更加显著,翼型升阻比增加。     

不同振动形式下的翼型失速特性

通过求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,研究了翼型在强迫振动和自然结构振动下的大迎角流场特性,尤其是失速迎角附近的流场和气动特性.研究结果表明:在接近颤振临界速度情况下结构自然振动可以引起翼型大尺度的分离,导致失速分离涡提前出现;强迫性的沉浮运动和俯仰运动在一定幅度下也可以引起失速性质的大分离,而且沉浮和俯仰振动的频率和振幅都是影响翼型大尺度分离的重要因素.     

翼型低雷诺数层流分离现象随雷诺数的演化特征

层流分离现象是翼型低雷诺数条件下出现的典型流场特征。层流分离流动中包含流动分离、转捩、再附等非定常流动结构,层流分离流动的形成与演化会对翼型气动特性产生恶化作用。采用大涡模拟（LES）方法对低雷诺数范围内不同雷诺数下的翼型层流分离流动开展精细数值模拟,研究了雷诺数对翼型气动特性的影响规律及作用机理。LES方法采用隐式亚格子模型,基于结构化拼接网格,对流项离散和时间推进方法分别采用AUSM⁺格式以及双时间步方法。验证算例计算结果表明数值模拟方法的正确性及可靠性,雷诺数对翼型气动特性具有显著影响。随雷诺数降低,时均分离泡外形增大、位置后移,平均阻力系数增大,特别是在较低雷诺数下,翼型升阻力系数随时间出现振荡现象。进一步研究表明,造成不同时均分离泡形态和气动特性的原因在于翼型上表面分离剪切层的失稳与转捩特征。随雷诺数降低,流动黏性增大,导致分离剪切层速度梯度减小,流动发生转捩及再附位置后移,直至翼型表面不再发生转捩和再附。     

尾缘襟翼对扑翼的获能特性影响

扑翼获能器是一种模仿飞鸟振翅扑动的新型获能装置.为提高扑翼的获能效率,建立了一种带有尾缘襟翼的扑翼模型,且该种襟翼在扑翼运行过程中始终向翼型压力面偏转,利用计算流体力学方法求解了二维不可压缩非稳态Navier-Stokes方程.在雷诺数Re?=?4.7×105的工况下,分析了尾缘襟翼对扑翼流场的作用机理,并与原始翼型扑翼进行了对比.同时,还研究了翼型厚度对具有尾缘襟翼扑翼获能的影响.结果表明:扑翼升沉力做功占其获能的主要部分,应用尾缘襟翼后,扑翼的升沉力在整个扑动周期内都得到了提高,并且升沉力与升沉速度的协同性获得改善;尾缘襟翼对扑翼获能效率的提高作用在高频率下效果最为明显,最多可以得到23.5％的相对提升;此外,翼型厚度影响着扑翼前缘涡的演化,翼型厚度增加,前缘涡的生成受到抑制,扑翼获能效率则随翼型厚度增大呈先增加后降低的规律,因此存在最佳翼型.     

仿生正弦前缘对翼面动态失速的影响

动态失速导致叶片气动载荷急剧变化，造成振动载荷激增，桨叶寿命大幅衰减。针对动态失速问题，从座头鲸胸鳍在动态倾转下取得良好的流动特性获得启示，据此模化出仿生正弦前缘翼面（包含3种波峰和2种波长），旨在实现动态失速控制。借助三维非定常数值模拟方法，采用运动网格技术，基于SC1095旋翼翼型，研究了仿生前缘动态失速流动控制机理及运动参数和来流速度的影响。结果表明：正弦前缘大幅度降低俯仰力矩系数峰值和阻力系数峰值；前缘波峰越大、波长越小，阻力系数峰值与俯仰力矩系数峰值的抑制效果越明显，虽然升力系数峰值减小，但其减小量远小于前两者，例如其中一种仿生翼使俯仰力矩系数峰值减小了47.7%，阻力系数峰值减小了36.4%，升力系数峰值减小14.1%；在最大迎角附近，正弦前缘能够缓和失速特性，使载荷变化更为平缓；在高平均迎角、低俯仰频率、低马赫数下，仿生翼动态失速控制效果更强，相比较而言迎角振幅的影响较小。     

翼型动态失速等离子体流动控制试验

针对动态失速引起的翼型气动性能恶化的问题,利用小型化的激励电源和介质阻挡放电等离子体激励器,借助动态压力测量和外触发式粒子图像测速（PIV）等手段开展了翼型动态失速等离子体流动控制试验研究。结果表明,等离子体气动激励能够有效控制翼型动态失速,改善平均气动力,提高翼型气动效率,减小气动力随迎角变化的迟滞区域。等离子体诱导出前缘附近的贴体翼面涡,促进分离流再附;增加了上翼面0.2~0.4弦长区域的吸力,减小了升力系数功率谱密度（PSD）分布的二、三、四阶能量幅值,在研究工况下实现了平均升力系数增加7.1%、失速迎角推迟1.3°和迟滞区域减小4.5%的明显控制效果;4°~9°迎角段,等离子体使得翼型平均阻力系数减小40%。此外,振荡频率增加使翼型绕流的非定常性增强,较高雷诺数下的翼型动态分离涡更加难以被抑制,均需要增加等离子体激励强度才能达到较好的控制效果。     

低雷诺数下翼型非线性气动特性及其模型预测

以GA(W)-1翼型为研究对象，通过数值模拟的方法探究了雷诺数对翼型气动特性的影响规律及物理机制，结果显示：翼型在低雷诺数工况下具有突变性、迟滞性等强烈的非线性气动特性，且迟滞环的尺寸随着雷诺数的增大而逐渐减小直到最终消失，翼型前缘分离泡的破碎及该过程的不可逆性是非线性气动特性产生的物理根源。翼型在不同雷诺数工况下的非线性气动特性与尖点突变模型在空间拓扑上具有相似性，于是基于拓扑不变原理，通过发展高精度的拓扑映射方法，构建了尖点突变模型的平衡曲面与翼型非线性气动特性之间的拓扑映射关系，从而利用尖点突变模型的平衡曲面去预测低雷诺数下翼型的非线性气动特性，模型预测误差在5%以内。     

不同雷诺数下翼型气动特性及层流分离现象演化

低雷诺数下空气黏性效应突出,翼型表面普遍存在层流分离现象,相比常规雷诺数情况气动特性显著恶化。采用带预处理的Roe方法求解非定常可压缩Navier-Stokes方程的数值模拟技术和低雷诺数低湍流度风洞油流显示试验技术,对FX63-137翼型不同雷诺数下气动特性和流动结构展开深入研究。通过风洞油流显示试验可以清晰获得低雷诺数层流分离流动的两道油流汇集线。数值模拟结果表明其分别为时均化主分离线和二次分离线,两种结果定性定量均吻合较好,证明了本文的研究方法有效可靠;雷诺数从500 000降至20 000,翼型气动特性和层流分离流动结构均发生显著的变化,伴随阻力系数剧增和升力系数剧降,时均化流动结构从附体至出现经典的长层流分离泡,并最终演化为后缘层流分离泡,相应的两种分离泡的非定常流动结构也存在显著差异;对于阻力系数和升力系数而言,存在不同的临界雷诺数,因为导致阻力系数剧增的机理在于经典长层流分离泡的产生使翼型压差阻力大增,而造成升力系数剧降的主要原因在于后缘层流分离泡使得等效翼型后部弯度减小;非定常结果显示正是由于翼型表面漩涡周期性的生成与脱落,才造成了低雷诺数下升力系数的周期性波动。翼型上表面主分离涡即将脱落时,流线在后缘附近再附,升力系数达到峰值;而当流体从下表面向上卷起二次分离涡时,尾部流线大尺度分离,升力系数降至谷值。     

微型扑翼飞行器非定常运动对平尾的影响

以西北工业大学自行研制的微型扑翼飞行器ASN211为研究对象,利用其简化的二维扑翼及平尾串列翼模型进行了非定常数值模拟,分析了扑翼俯仰运动及沉浮运动对平尾气动性能的影响。在数值模拟模块中,模型的俯仰运动及沉浮运动由动网格技术实现。通过计算流体力学(CFD)软件Fluent对此非定常流场进行数值计算,重点研究了扑翼非定常运动尾流对平尾气动效率的影响。定常状态与非定常时均条件下平尾升力曲线的对比分析表明,扑翼的非定常运动能够增大平尾的失速迎角及最大升力系数,因而使平尾的失速特性得到改善。     

模拟厚度翼型非定常运动的涡方法

本文研究二维厚度翼型的大攻角非定常运动。用沿翼型表面分布的源和面涡来模拟翼型的厚度效应和升力效应,应用离散涡方法模拟前缘分离涡层和尾涡层。计算了大攻角翼型作俯仰运动的情形,与实验结果符合较好。     

Aerodynamic performance of owl-like airfoil undergoing bio-inspired flapping kinematics

Natural flyers have extraordinary flight skills and their prominent aerodynamic performance has attracted a lot of attention. However, the aerodynamic mechanism of birds' flapping wing kinematics still lacks in-depth understanding. In this paper, the aerodynamic performance of owl-like airfoil undergoing bio-inspired flapping kinematics extracted from a free-flying owl wing has been numerically investigated. The overset mesh technique is used to deal with the large range movements of flapping airfoils. The bio-inspired kinematics consist of plunging and pitching movement. A pure sinusoidal motion and a defined motion composed of plunging of sinusoidal motion and pitching of the bio-inspired kinematics are selected for comparison. The other two NACA airfoils are also selected to figure out the advantages of the owl-like airfoil. It is found that the cambered owl-like airfoil can enhance lift during the downstroke. The bio-inspired kinematics have an obvious advantage in lift generation with a presence of higher peak lift and positive lift over a wider proportion of the flapping cycle. Meanwhile, the bio-inspired motion is more economical for a lower power consumption compared with the sinusoidal motion. The sinusoidal flapping motion is better for thrust generation for a higher peak thrust value in both upstroke and downstroke, while the bio-inspired kinematics mainly generate thrust during the downstroke but produce more drag during the upstroke. The defined motion has similar lift performance with the bio-inspired kinematics, while it consumes more energy and generates less thrust. The unsteady flow field around airfoils is also analyzed to explain the corresponding phenomenon. The research in this paper is helpful to understand the flight mechanism of birds and to design a micro air vehicle with higher performance.     

Lift performance enhancement for flapping airfoils by considering surging motion

The flapping motion has a great impact on the aerodynamic performance of flapping wings. In this paper, a surging motion is added to an airfoil performing pitching-plunging combined motion to figure out how it influences the lift performance and flow pattern of flapping airfoils. Firstly, the numerical methods are validated by a NACA0012 airfoil pitching case and a NACA0012 airfoil plunging case. Then, the E377m airfoil which has typical geometric characteristics of the bird-like airfoil is selected as the calculation model to study how phase differences φ₁ between surging motion and plunging motion affect the aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoils. The results show that the airfoil with surging motion has comprehensively better lift performance and thrust performance than the airfoil without surging motion when 15°< φ₁ < 90°. It is demonstrated that surging motion has a powerful ability to improve the aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoil by adjusting φ₁. Finally, to further explore how flapping airfoil improves lift performance by considering surging motion, the flapping motions of E377m airfoil with the highest lift coefficient and lift efficiency are obtained through trajectory optimization. The surging motion is removed in the highest lift case and highest lift efficiency case respectively, and the mechanism that surging motion adjusts the aerodynamic force is analyzed in detail by comparing the vortex structure and kinematic parameters. The results of this paper help reveal the aerodynamic mechanism of bird flight and guide the design of Flapping wing Micro Air Vehicles (FMAV).     

翼型前缘变形对动态失速效应影响的数值计算

翼型或机翼的动态失速效应所引起的低头力矩和正气动阻尼限制了飞行器气动性能的提高,甚至可能诱导发生不稳定运动。应用于小尺寸机翼的前缘动态变形（DDLE）技术,通过实时改变前缘形状,能够改善翼型前缘区域的速度梯度,进而抑制动态失速效应。采用转捩剪切应力输运（SST）黏性模型结合分区混合动态网格技术,研究了这种前缘变形对机翼俯仰运动所引起的非定常流动的影响,得到通过小幅度前缘变形抑制和延迟动态失速的方法,从而提高翼型的气动性能。翼型NAC A0012的数值模拟结果与动态失速风洞试验结果比较表明：所使用的数值计算方法能够较为准确地模拟翼型在动态失速过程中升力系数与俯仰力矩系数的变化情况,可用于研究前缘变形对翼型俯仰运动所引起的非定常流动的影响。前缘动态变形翼型俯仰运动过程的非定常流场的数值模拟表明：在大迎角下不同幅度的前缘下垂运动能够抑制流动分离的发生,从而抑制动态失速,但在大迎角下小幅度高频率的前缘下垂变形能更高效地抑制动态失速;前缘变形幅度以及变形沿中弧线的分布对升力系数和俯仰力矩系数的影响并不明显。     

俯仰振荡翼型推阻力转变滞后机制数值研究

扑翼产生的反卡门涡街被认为是一种推力型尾迹,但已有研究指出,随着斯特劳哈尔数(St)增大,低雷诺数下俯仰振荡翼型的净推力产生明显滞后于反卡门涡街的出现.为探究该现象背后的物理机制,对NACA0012翼型在雷诺数1000条件下作简谐俯仰运动的流场进行了数值模拟.采用翼型表面积分方法和基于有限控制体的气动力估计方法分别研究...     

Individual influence of pitching and plunging motions on flow structures over an airfoil during dynamic stall

The individual influence of pitching and plunging motions on flow structures is studied experimentally by changing the phase lag between the geometrical angle of attack and the plunging angle of attack. Five phase lags are chosen as the experimental parameters, while the Strouhal number, the reduced frequency and the Reynolds number are fixed. During the motion of the airfoil, the leading edge vortex, the reattached vortex and the secondary vortex are observed in the flow field. The leading edge vortex is found to be the main flow structure through the proper orthogonal decomposition. The increase of phase lag results in the increase of the leading edge velocity, which strongly influences the leading edge shear layer and the leading edge vortex. The plunging motion contributes to the development of the leading edge shear layer, while the pitching motion is the key reason for instability of the leading edge shear layer. It is also found that a certain increase of phase lag, around 34.15° in this research, can increase the airfoil lift.     

Aerodynamic performance enhancement for flapping airfoils by co-flow jet

Introducing active flow control into the design of flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. In this paper, a novel active flow control technology called Co-Flow Jet (CFJ) is applied to flapping airfoils. The effect of CFJ on aerodynamic performance of flapping airfoils at low Reynolds number is numerically investigated using Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) simulation with Spalart-Allmaras (SA) turbulence model. Numerical methods are validated by a NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil case and a S809 pitching airfoil case. Then NACA6415 baseline airfoil and NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil with jet-off and jet-on are simulated in flapping motion, with Reynolds number 70,000 and reduced frequency 0.2. As a result, CFJ airfoils with jet-on generally have better lift and thrust characteristics than baseline airfoils and jet-off airfoil when C_μ is greater than 0.04, which results from the CFJ effect of reducing flow separation by injecting high-energy fluid into boundary layer. Besides, typical kinematic and geometric parameters, including the reduced frequency and the positions of the suction and injection slot, are systematically studied to figure out their influence on aerodynamic performance of the CFJ airfoil. And a variable C_μ jet control strategy is proposed to further improve effective propulsive efficiency. Compared with using constant C_μ, an increase of effective propulsive efficiency by 22.6% has been achieved by using prescribed variable C_μ for NACA6415-based CFJ airfoil at frequency 0.2. This study may provide some guidance to performance enhancement for Flapping wing Micro Air Vehicles (FMAV).     

翼型等速上仰绕流结构的观测

 翼型在不同转速下等速上仰时,其绕流结构不一样,转速越高,前缘涡开始形成的迎角越大。给定转速时,初始迎角大前缘涡形成得早。终止迎角对流动结构的影响与转速有关。平板翼型上仰时,前缘涡在较小迎角开始形成,涡的尺寸较大。     

Effect of flexibility on unsteady aerodynamics forces of a purely plunging airfoil

Introducing flexibility into the design of a vertically flapping wing is an effective way to enhance its aerodynamic performance. As less previous studies on the aerodynamics of vertically flapping flexible wings focused on the lift generated in a wide range of angle of attack·a 2D numerical simulation of a purely plunging flexible airfoil is employed using a loose fluid–structure interaction method. The aerodynamics of a fully flexible airfoil are firstly studied with the flexibility and angle of attack. To verify whether an airfoil could get aerodynamic benefit from the change in structure, partially flexible airfoil with rigid leading edge and flexible trailing edge were further considered. Results show that flexibility could always reduce airfoil drag while lift and lift efficiency both peak at moderate flexibility. When freestream velocity is constant, lift is maximized at a high angle of attack about 40° while this optimal angle of attack reduces to 15° in drag-balanced status. The airfoil drag reduction, lift augmentation as well as efficiency enhancement mainly attribute to the passive pitching other than the camber deformation. Partially deformed airfoil with the longest length of moderate flexible trailing edge can achieve the highest lift. This study may provide some guidance in the wing design of Micro Air Vehicle (MAV).     

Experimental and numerical investigation of threedimensional vortex structures of a pitching airfoil at a transitional Reynolds number

This research examines the vortex behaviors and aerodynamic forces in dynamic stall phenomena at a transitional Reynolds number(Re = 90000) using experimental and numerical approaches.Periodic sinusoidal pitching motion at two different reduced frequencies is used to achieve the dynamic stall of a NACA 0012 airfoil.Several leading edge vortices form and detach in the dynamic stall stage.The flow then quickly transitions to a full separation zone in the stall stage when the angle of attack starts to decrease.There is discrepancy between the phaseaveraged and instantaneous flow field in that the small flow structures increased with angle of attack, which is a characteristic of the flow field at the transitional Reynolds number.The interaction between the streamwise vortices in the three-dimensional numerical results and the leading edge vortex are the main contribution to the turbulent flow.In addition, the leading edge vortex that supplies vortex lift is more stable at higher reduced frequency, which decreases the lift fluctuation in the dynamic stall stage.The leading edge vortex at higher reduced frequency is strong enough to stabilize the flow, even when the airfoil is in the down-stroke phase.     

考虑弹性转轴的扑翼三维气动数值计算

通过求解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程,研究了同时具有扑动和俯仰运动的三维扑翼气动特性.为了模拟扑翼的弹性特性,在扑翼俯仰轴处设计了扭簧.研究了扑翼平面形状、俯仰弹性轴与质心的相对位置、俯仰刚度变化等参数的影响.结果表明:俯仰角相对扑动角有一个大的相位超前量,且刚度系数越大该超前量越大;考虑了俯仰弹性特征后,计...