数据挖掘在运载火箭智能测试中的应用

针对运载火箭复杂系统的故障检测难以建立准确的数学模型的问题,研究了基于数据驱动的数据挖掘异常检测算法,对多种数据挖掘算法在运载火箭发动机异常检测的应用进行了研究和分析,提出了基于混合概率密度统计的多策略异常检测评价算法。该算法基于非监督学习的算法挖掘火箭发动机不同参数间的正常关联模型,火箭发动机早期的异常数据会引起正常关联模型的破坏,引入混合概率密度统计的多策略异常检测评价机制,可以有效屏蔽参数测量故障对系统故障检测的影响,从而更加准确给出系统异常程度。使用发动机历史试车数据作为样本进行特征模型的训练,使用一元、多元和混合概率密度模型对存在异常的发动机试车数据进行了实时异常检测的实验验证。实验结果表明,相比传统基于阈值和规则的异常检测算法,基于概率密度统计的多策略异常检测算法不仅可给出系统的正常和异常的状态,还可计算各参数和整个系统的异常值,为运载火箭进一步的故障诊断提供更加灵活的参考。     

大气紊流频谱与飞机响应的几个问题

 本文推导了各向同性紊流速度及其任意阶梯度间的相关函数和频谱函数的一般表达式,并分析了频谱函数对空间频率的奇偶性。对现有文献和飞行品质规范中几个含糊不清的问题进行了阐述和澄情。对飞机纵向大气紊流响应进行了研究计算,得到了一些有意义的结论。     

M-correlated sweeps performance analysis of mean-level CFARprocessors in multiple target environments

This paper is devoted to the detection performance evaluation of the mean-level (ML) constant false-alarm rate (CFAR) detectors processing M-correlated sweeps in the presence of interfering targets. The consecutive pulses are assumed to be fluctuating according to the Swerling I model. Exact expressions are derived for the detection probability of the conventional mean-level detector (MLD) and its modified versions under Rayleigh fluctuating target model. Performance for independent sweeps can be easily obtained by setting the sweep-to-sweep correlation coefficient equal to zero. Results are obtained for both homogeneous and nonhomogeneous background environments. It is shown that for fixed M, the relative improvement over the single sweep case increases as the correlation between sweeps decreases. For the same parameter values, the minimum MLD has the best performance in the presence of extraneous target returns among the reference noise samples     

Receiver operating characteristics for the coherent UWB randomnoise radar

An ultrawideband (UWB) random-noise radar operating in the 1-2 GHz frequency band has been developed and held-tested at a 200 m range at the University of Nebraska. A unique heterodyne correlation technique based on a delayed transmitted waveform using a photonic delay line has been used to inject coherence within this system. The performance of this radar, assuming a point target, has been investigated from a statistical point of view by developing the theoretical basis for the system's receiver operating characteristics (ROC). Explicit analytical expressions for the joint probability density function (pdf) of the in-phase (I) and quadrature (Q) components of the receiver output have been derived under the assumption that the input signals are partially correlated Gaussian processes. The pdf and the complementary cumulative distribution function (cdf) for the envelope of the receiver output are also derived. These expressions are used to relate the probability of detection (P_d) to the probability of false alarm (P_f ) for different numbers of integrated samples, and the results are analyzed     

Performance of Search via Track-Before-Detect for Distributed Sensor Networks

We consider the search for moving targets over large areas using a network of fixed sensor nodes. The concept of track-before-detect is defined and used to both manage the information between sensors and reduce the likelihood of false searches. We develop expressions for the probability of search success and the probability of reporting false search in this system concept. Using these as performance measures, we examine how the track-before-detect search strategy impacts design choices in these networks, by showing which parameter changes in the sensor design have the greatest impact on improving the desired performance goals.     

Correlated Clutter and Resultant Properties of Binary Signals

A simple Markov process model of binary, digitized radar clutter returns is assumed. Probability distributions for the number of hits in n observations are developed for small n with a binary parameter describing the process derived for Rayleigh distributed clutter. Tables of distributions are included, along with an example to show the effects of correlation on the false-alarm probabilities of a sliding-window detector.     

主副梁式机翼结构破坏危险性分析

 本文在综合考虑裂纹检出概率、检查间隔、初始裂纹尺寸分布,裂纹扩展、剩余强度分布等因素的条件下,提出了基于概率断裂力学原理的主副梁式机翼结构的破坏危险性分析方法。并以某型飞机机翼为例,进行了数值计算。结果表明:副梁疲劳寿命对主梁的破坏危险性有显著影响。     

作战飞机的空-地攻击效能评估

用概率方法建立了描述单一飞机在威胁环境中攻击一个地面被动目标的数学模型,导出飞机对地攻击作战的任务成功率、目标被击毁率和飞机损失率等效能的表达式,给出用于效能评估的有关事件发生概率的计算公式,通过计算实例讨论了作战飞机空－地攻击效能的各种度量。     

Sidelobe blanking with integration and target fluctuation

In radar systems, sidelobe blanking (SLB) is used to mitigate impulsive interference that enters the radar through sidelobes of the main antenna. SLB employs an auxiliary antenna channel with the output being compared with that of the main antenna channel and a decision is then made as to whether or not to blank the main channel output. SLB performance determination involves the evaluation of several probability functions. Based on the classical Maisel SLB architecture, this work extends previous performance results, in which detection was limited to the case of a single radar pulse with either Marcum or Swerling I target fluctuation. Probability expressions have been generalized to include both an arbitrary number of integrated pulses and target fluctuation models based on the gamma distribution. The Swerling fluctuation models are all special cases of the gamma distribution. Results are derived in terms of two generalized probability functions, one for detection and the other for blanking. With these generalized probability functions, the SLB design and performance results can be determined. Examples are presented and discussed.     

On Signal and Noise Level Estimation in a Coherent PCM Channel

Joint maximum likelihood estimators are presented for the signal amplitude and noise power density in a coherent PCM channel with white Gaussian noise and a correlation receiver. The estimates are based upon the correlation coefficient outputs of the receiver. From these estimators, an estimator for the quantity (received signal energy)/bit/,(noise power)/(unit bandwidth) upon which the error probabilities depend, is derived. This estimator is shown to be useful as 1) a point estimator for the signal-to-noise ratio for the higher values of this ratio (about 4 dB or greater), and 2) an easily calculated statistic upon which to base data acceptance or rejection criteria. The acceptance or rejection levels are obtained by the use of confidence interval curves in conjunction with word error probability data.     

Radar detection in clutter

Clutter is defined as any unwanted radar return. The presence of clutter in a range/Doppler cell complicates the detection of a target return signal in that cell. In order to quantify the effect of clutter on the probability of detection, we must first specify sets of models suitable for representing the clutter and target. The simplest and most common model for clutter is based on the gamma density. We include two additional models, the NCG and NCGG clutter models for low grazing angles. They are motivated by physical arguments, the latter of which can accommodate the well-known phenomenon of speckle. Using one of these models for clutter together with one of several models for targets, we determine, in a range/Doppler cell, expressions for probabilities of detection of a target in the presence of clutter. It is important to control the probability of false alarms. The presence of clutter in a cell necessitates an increase in the detection threshold setting in order to control false alarms, thus lowering the probability of detection. If the clutter level is unknown, then we need to take measurements of the clutter and use it to adjust the threshold. The more clutter samples we take, the better the estimate of the clutter level and the less is the resulting detection loss. Using the expressions for the probability of detection in clutter, we can quantify the detection loss for a pair of commonly used constant false-alarm rate (CFAR) techniques and investigate how the loss varies with different parameter values, especially with regard to the number of clutter samples taken to estimate the clutter level.     

Detection of chi-square fluctuating targets in arbitrary clutter

In a recent paper, general expressions were derived for the density and cumulative probability functions of the amplitude of a linear matched-filter output given a nonfluctuating target in a clutter-limited environment. These expressions were based on the clutter amplitude density function. The results are extended to calculate the cumulative probability function of the output of a linear matched filter used to detect a chi-square fluctuating target in a clutter-limited environment. The resulting method is applied to a common radar clutter model, and experimental sonar data.     

Image Correlation with Geometric Distortion Part 1: Acquisition Performance

The degradation in acquisition probability that occurs when cross correlation is used to determine the offset of two images of the same scene that differ by a relative geometric distortion is presented. The geometric distortions considered can be represented by a general affine transformation of image coordinates. The analysis shows that for a given geometric distortion there is an image size and shape that minimizes the probability of false acquisition. The results are derived for images modeled as random patterns with arbitrary auto-correlation functions. The results are illustrated for images with Gaussian autocorrelation functions.     

航空发动机转子-支承系统的瞬态响应

 本文发展了传递矩阵-直接积分法,把支反力、挤压油膜力及各个轮盘的不平衡力分组单独处理,从而可以在特征盘固定的情况下,综合或分别地研究各个盘不平衡的响应、转子与静子的振动匹配、修改结构及作灵敏度分析;可用于分析转子、支承非对称刚性的系统。为了求转子系统的瞬态响应,还分析、导出了瞬态挤压油膜力,盘、质点在瞬态响应中的传递矩阵等的表达式。本文还附有一双转子支承系统的算例。     

Detection probability for partially correlated chi-square targets

The probability of detection of the sum of N square-law-detected pulses is derived for the case where the signal fluctuation obeys chi-square statistics with four degrees of freedom. P. Swerling's (1960) case III and IV represent the cases where the signal is completely correlated and completely decorrelated, respectively, from pulse to pulse. An exact expression for probability of detection is derived for the condition of partial signal correlation. The results given are compared with the approximate technique commonly used to handle partial signal correlation     

Constrained bandwidth waveforms with minimal dilation sensitivity

Bandpass waveforms which have envelopes which are insensitive to this velocity-induced time dilation can be efficiently processed by narrowband receivers in which envelope correlation is fixed and Doppler tested using fast Fourier transform (FFT) processing. The peak level of the waveform ambiguity function (AF) can be used to gauge the distortion of the waveform induced by dilation. The degree of AF attenuation is shown to be proportional to the dilation parameter or velocity, waveform traveling wave (TW) product, and a sensitivity parameter which depends on the envelope function utilized. Classes of symmetric, constrained bandwidth, phase modulated envelope functions which are minimally dilation sensitive (Doppler tolerant) are derived. When the resulting waveforms are used with a simple correlation receiver structure and the echo data is derived from slowly fluctuating point scattering in white Gaussian noise, the receiver becomes an uncoupled joint estimator of delay and dilation (Doppler). In the case of the bandpass waveforms, only odd symmetry of the phase modulation (PM) yields an uncoupled estimator     

Range Dependent Waveform of an Active Weighted Pulse Compression Receiver

This paper presents the output waveform of a correlation techniquewhich incorporates time domain amplitude weighting and matchedfiltering. This scheme may be used in pulse compression radars wherefine target detail is desired over an increment of range, the rangewindow. Analytic expressions describing the amplitude, phase, andfrequency modulation of the output waveform are obtained for thecosine-squared weighted spectrum, truncated Taylor weighted spectrum,and cosine-cubed weighted spectrum with weighting mismatchas a parameter. The effects of such mismatches on the amplitude,phase, and frequency modulation of the compressed waveform areplotted. However, the methods used to obtain these results are generalenough to obtain output waveforms of other weighting functions similarlymismatched.     

端齿连接转子轴向松弛力（压紧力）计算

 将端齿连接转子的零部件简化归并为４类结构，利用弹性力学、壳体理论、有限元素法及多变量函数插值技术等手段，导出各类结构轴向柔度系数的工程计算表达式，并给出离心力、气动力、热载荷及机动载荷等在各端齿接触面处引起的轴向松弛力或压紧力的计算公式。还介绍了根据本文提出的方法及公式开发的计算机程序，并给出了其应用实例     

不确定性载荷作用下的零件时变可靠性模型

分析现有时变可靠性建模方法的特点,建立不确定性载荷作用下的零件时变可靠性模型,给出基于载荷和强度分布的零件可靠度和失效率计算表达式。研究载荷作用的特点,建立不确定性载荷作用过程的二维描述法。在此基础上,分别得到强度不退化和退化时的零件时变可靠性表达式。研究表明,即使强度不退化,零件的可靠度和失效率也会随时间逐渐降低;强度退化时,可靠度随时间降低较为明显,失效率具有“浴盆”曲线的特征。在载荷和强度分布已知的情况下,可直接运用本文模型计算零件在任意时刻的可靠度和失效率。当给定许用失效率时,运用本文模型可以更客观地划分零件的早期失效期、偶然失效期和耗损失效期,进而确定零件筛选试验时间、可靠寿命等指标,对零件进行全寿命周期管理。     

概率盒全局灵敏度和活跃子空间跨层降维

航空航天仿真系统中的不确定性通常是多源的、混合的,并且系统参数的维数众多。针对高维混合不确定性量化问题,提出一种结合概率盒全局灵敏度和活跃子空间的跨层降维方法。在随机和认知不确定的概率盒表征基础上,使用不确定性缩减法分析参数的全局灵敏度继而进行参数筛选;基于输出梯度协方差矩阵的特征分解,使用活跃子空间法对参数进行降维;构造出一种概率盒表征下的参数筛选和跨层降维方法。最后以NASA多学科不确定性量化挑战问题为例,通过概率盒全局灵敏度分析进行第1层次的参数筛选,原有的21维输入参数减为13维;随后采用活跃子空间进行第2层次的参数降维,维数进一步降至一维。研究结果表明,所提出的方法能够对混合不确定性参数进行灵敏度排序,还能够有效降低模型输入参数的维度,为高维系统混合不确定性量化和进一步的优化工作奠定了基础。