Self-restoration of biocomponents as a mean to enhance Biological Life Support Systems reliability.

One of the key problems of long-term space missions is limited service life of units. The only exceptions are biological components of biological Life Support Systems--higher plants or microorganisms. These components are capable of self-restoration: after complete disintegration, they can appear again from seeds or spores. The estimate of failure intensity of BLSS regeneration component includes: a number of self-sustained sections of the regeneration component; permissible boost (how many times can productivity of a component be increased); time required to repair (restore) a component; the crew existence time, when all LSS regeneration components fail; failure rate of one section of a regeneration component. Evaluations show that for hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria and micro-algae very high reliability is achieved even for one or two sections. In the case of higher plants (due to low rate of self-restoration) bio-regenerative module has to be divided into 10 self-sustained sections operating simultaneously. These measures can decrease the probability of catastrophe by a factor of 10(6).     

An environmentally sensitive dynamic human model for LSS robustness studies with the V-HAB simulation

The development of efficient and safe Life Support Systems is one of the key drivers of the Global Solar System Exploration efforts. For each task performed by Life Support Systems (LSS) a great multitude of sub-system concepts exist and the challenge is to find the optimal combination of sub-systems for a given mission scenario. On a sub-system level the Equivalent Systems Mass (ESM) trade study approach is well suited to effectively compare sub-system options. On a system level in addition to ESM data time dependent sub-system performances within an overall system must be addressed. Criteria such as system stability, controllability and effectiveness must be considered in order to be able to assess the dynamic robustness of systems designed to the averages. In an effort to establish a dynamic simulation environment for this type of LSS optimizations the “Virtual Habitat” tool (V-HAB) is being developed at the Technical University of Munich (TUM). This paper introduces the most important part of the Virtual Habitat simulation, which is the human model.     

CELSS transportation analysis

Regenerative life support systems based on the use of biological material have been considered for inclusion in manned spacecraft since the early days of the United States space program. These biological life support systems are currently being developed by NASA in the Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) program. Because of the progress being achieved in the CELSS program, it is time to determine which space missions may profit from use of the developing technology. This paper presents the results of a study that was conducted to estimate where potential transportation cost savings could be anticipated by using CELSS technology for selected future manned space missions.

Six representative missions were selected for study from those included in NASA planning studies. The selected missions ranged from a low Earth orbit mission to those associated with asteroids and a Mars sortie. The crew sizes considered varied from four persons to five thousand. Other study parameters included mission duration and life support closure percentages, with the latter ranging from complete resupply of consumable life support materials to 97% closure of the life support system. The paper presents the analytical study approach and describes the missions and systems considered, together with the benefits derived from CELSS when applicable.     

Earth life support for aquatic organisms, system and technical aspects.

The importance of the research on Bioregenerative Life Support has increased dramatically in the last decade not only with regard to possible space flight application but also as a way to obtain a better understanding of our Earth's ecology. A major goal was to reach long-term stability of artificial model systems. Preliminary data are presented on the development of an improved aquatic system, currently dedicated for ground-based research. Closed aquatic ecosystems require reliability of the key parameters of pH, O2 and CO2 concentration and stability of sensors for monitoring. Besides the integration of an artificial lung (holofiber system and air pump with valves, allowing controlled oxygen uptake of air), in parallel to the oxygen producing water plants. Our new approach is to implement opto-chemical sensors, for such environmental monitoring. One major advantage of the new sensor technique is their better long-term reliability as compared to the electrochemical sensors. Our experiment with the new sensor technique has demonstrated satisfactory performance in closed aquatic ecosystems.     

多种失效模式履带车辆扭力轴可靠性稳健设计

履带车辆扭力轴通常存在多种失效模式,因此对其进行灵敏度设计分析时需要充分考虑不同失效模式的影响。提出一种多失效模式机械零件可靠性灵敏度分析的数值方法,运用随机摄动理论和四阶矩技术,求得各个失效模式状态函数的前四阶矩和可靠性指标,有效解决了结构随机变量参数分布未知时,不同失效模式下构件可靠度的计算问题。根据机械零件发生一种失效模式即整体失效的具体特点,研究含相关性的不同失效模式机械零件的可靠度计算方法。结合灵敏度分析的梯度算法,推导出关于随机变量均值和方差的灵敏度计算公式,进而根据灵敏度的分析结果,提出多种失效模式下多目标优化的可靠性稳健设计模型。数值算例表明,本文方法可以高效迅速地估计多失效模式下机械构件的可靠性灵敏度。最后还对其进行了可靠性稳健优化设计研究。      

Progress in European CELSS activities.

The European CELSS activities started in the late 1970's with system analysis and feasibility studies of Biological Life Support Systems (BLSS). Since then the European efforts have continued in two major directions: as a series of individual development tasks like the Environmental Life Support System and the Solar Plant Growth Facility, and in parallel hereto as overall coordination and planning activities for life support system long term needs definition and payload definition for COLUMBUS utilization. The early initiations for CELSS came from the industry side in Europe, but since then planning and hardware feasibility analyses have been initiated also from customer/agency side. Despite this, it is still to early to state that a "CELSS-programme" as a "concerted" effort has been agreed upon in Europe. However, the general CELSS objectives have been accepted as planning and possible development goals for the European effort for manned space activities, and as experimental planning topics in the life sciences community for the next decades.     

动态系统失效的不确定性分析及其高效算法

为了分析在不确定性元器件失效率影响条件下动态系统的失效问题,提出了满足工作时间要求的系统失效概率和满足失效概率限制的系统正常工作时间的分析方法。同时,为了研究元器件失效率对动态系统失效的影响程度,提出了元器件失效率对系统失效概率以及系统正常工作时间不确定性影响的重要性分析方法,建立了元器件失效率对系统失效概率和系统正常工作时间方差贡献的重要性测度指标。首先给出了指标求解的直接蒙特卡罗方法,然后采用基于分数矩的极大熵方法来高效估计系统失效的概率密度函数,采用乘法降维积分建立了2种重要性测度指标的高效解法。阀门控制系统和民用飞机电液舵机系统的算例结果表明所提方法的合理性和算法的高效性。     

Performance and reliability of the NASA Biomass Production Chamber.

The Biomass Production Chamber (BPC) at the Kennedy Space Center is part of the Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS) Breadboard Project. Plants are grown in a closed environment in an effort to quantify their contributions to the requirements for life support. Performance of this system is described. Also, in building this system, data from component and subsystem failures are being recorded. These data are used to identify problem areas in the design and implementation. The techniques used to measure the reliability will be useful in the design and construction of future CELSS. Possible methods for determining the reliability of a green plant, the primary component of a CELSS, are discussed.     

复杂背景下目标散射信号测量与提取技术

在复杂环境条件下的宽带雷达目标散射特性测量中,场地周围环境产生的零多普勒杂波（ZDC）会严重影响目标测量数据的准确性。为了有效地抑制背景杂波、提高目标散射信号的测量精度,提出了一种基于最大概率提取技术。该技术首先通过方位滑窗平均得到每个频点的初始固定背景杂波估计,然后对每个频点的杂波初始估计进行统计直方图处理得到最大概率幅度统计量,并依据该统计量完成门限处理得到最终的杂波估计值,从而消除方位滑窗平均处理中的剩余目标信号分量、实现精确的背景提取与抵消。对典型目标的外场测量数据处理结果验证了本文方法的有效性。      

可靠性增长的单调约束模型

大型复杂产品研制过程中每一阶段的试验数据通常具有小样本特征.对此在产品可靠性评估中,提出使用约束条件,即"下一阶段可靠度真值总是大于前一阶段",综合利用产品多阶段试验数据的方法.产品研制过程中可靠性通常是增长的,因此这种方法具有广泛的适用性.在上述约束条件下,可靠度被看作一个随机变量.首先推导出了可靠度在此条件下的分布函数表达式,然后给出了一种近似计算方法,最后通过一个实例与仅使用单阶段试验数据的评估结果作了对比.由于该方法的约束条件简单且可以求得可靠度的分布函数,因此其工程适应性强于传统的AMSAA(Army Materiel System Analysis Activity)模型,并能获得Duane模型无法给出的可靠度区间估计.     

基于过程质量数据的制造系统可靠性建模分析

针对传统制造系统可靠性评价不考虑加工过程产品质量数据,无法对制造系统可靠性进行及时准确的建模分析,提出了基于过程质量数据的制造系统可靠性建模分析方法.首先,在给出了包含制造产品质量的制造系统可靠性新内涵的基础上,分析了制造过程中关键质量特性检验数据和制造系统组件的退化故障数据等过程质量数据对制造系统可靠性建模的影响,从而明确建模需求.然后,首次提出了基于产品合格概率和制造系统组件退化失效率的制造系统可靠性分析模型.最后,通过某盖板的加工系统的可靠性建模分析验证了模型的有效性.结果表明该模型能够方便地利用制造阶段的质量数据更准确地估计出制造系统可靠性.     

诊断指示正确性分析

当前系统和设备的机内测试、实时监控或诊断子系统给出的诊断指示中虚警所占比例较大，影响使用。依据贝叶斯公式导出诊断指示正确性的概率表达式，对影响正确指示的各种因素进行了分析。     

Interaction of physical-chemical and biological regeneration processes in ecological Life Support Systems.

Catalytic combustion of inedible biomass of plants in ecological Life Support Systems (LSS) gives rise to gaseous oxides (CO2, NO2, SO2, etc.). Some of them are toxic for plants suppressing their photosynthesis and productivity. Experiments with "Bios-3" experimental LSS demonstrate that a decrease of photosynthetic productivity in a system with straw incineration can jeopardize its steady operation. Analysis of the situation by a mathematical model taking into account absorption parameters of the system in terms of toxic elements makes it possible to formulate requirements for the structure and operation of LSS to provide for its stability. Avenues for further investigation of the problem of toxic stability of LSS are proposed.     

Object-oriented model-driven control.

A monitoring and control subsystem architecture has been developed that capitalizes on the use of model-driven monitoring and predictive control, knowledge-based data representation, and artificial reasoning in an operator support mode. We have developed an object-oriented model of a Controlled Ecological Life Support System (CELSS). The model, based on the NASA Kennedy Space Center CELSS breadboard data, tracks carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water. It estimates and tracks resource-related parameters such as mass, energy, and manpower measurements such as growing area required for balance. We are developing an interface with the breadboard systems that is compatible with artificial reasoning. Initial work is being done on use of expert systems and user interface development. This paper presents our approach to defining universally applicable CELSS monitor and control issues, and implementing appropriate monitor and control capability for a particular instance: the KSC CELSS Breadboard Facility.     

数控车床故障分布的两重威布尔分段模型

为了定量地分析数控车床故障分布规律,同时也为提高其可靠性水平提供理论依据,在历时2年多收集14台数控车床故障数据的基础上,对数控车床故障率曲线的特征进行了分析,应用概率统计数学方法,建立了数控车床故障分布的两重威布尔分段模型,运用威布尔概率纸图分析法进行参数估计,据此对观测值进行了曲线拟合,拟和结果证明了分段模型的正确性.采用Laplace趋势检验法对模型进行了检验验证.从建立的两重威布尔分段模型和相应的故障率曲线上都可以区分出数控车床的早期故障期和偶然故障期,经计算早期故障期大约是5个多月,这与机床用户反映的使用初期的半年内故障频繁、故障率高相一致.该系列数控车床在使用中存在早期故障期,说明其早期故障在出厂前未被有效排除,降低了其可靠性水平.     

Life support for aquatic species--past; present; future.

Life Support is a basic issue since manned space flight began. Not only to support astronauts and cosmonauts with the essential things to live, however, also animals which were carried for research to space etc. together with men need support systems to survive under space conditions. Most of the animals transported to space participate at the life support system of the spacecraft. However, aquatic species live in water as environment and thus need special developments. Research with aquatic animals has a long tradition in manned space flight resulting in numerous life support systems for them starting with simple plastic bags up to complex support hardware. Most of the recent developments have to be identified as part of a technological oriented system and can be described as small technospheres. As the importance arose to study our Earth as the extraordinary Biosphere we live in, the modeling of small ecosystems began as part of ecophysiological research. In parallel the investigations of Bioregenerative Life Support Systems were launched and identified as necessity for long-term space missions or traveling to Moon and Mars and beyond. This paper focus on previous developments of Life Support Systems for aquatic animals and will show future potential developments towards Bioregenerative Life Support which additionally strongly benefits to our Earth's basic understanding.     

应用故障模式规避提高卫星运行可靠性方法研究

可靠性指系统在各种可能条件下正常运行的能力,系统可靠性是系统工程研究的重要内容.卫星及其运行环境的特殊性导致其运行可靠性研究难以应用可靠性工程通常使用的概率和统计学方法.通过研究应用故障模式规避(FMA)方法提高卫星运行可靠性,识别了单边和双边故障模式,定义了故障模式及其规避过程的数学表述,提出了用于故障模式规避的扩充非关联控制因素约束边际区间、自主选择故障模式状态空间、故障模式状态空间预测、故障模式隔离和关联控制因素与故障模式策略,给出了相应的案例.      

不同传感器精度下的地形辅助导航系统性能评估

为完成地形辅助导航系统的传感器选型以及改进地形匹配算法和地形辅助导航系统可靠性的研究,开展了传感器精度对地形匹配概率的影响研究.针对不同的地形,分析了高度表误差、速度误差和航向角误差对地形匹配概率的影响,并根据实际要求通过仿真计算确定地形匹配系统中各传感器的误差范围.利用丘陵、山地和高山地等大量地形数据进行测试验证,仿真结果表明:在地形匹配概率大于90%时,速度误差小于2.2 m/s,航向角误差小于0.6°,高度表噪声标准差小于16.4 m.     

空间索杆铰接式伸展臂故障树分析

结合空间索杆铰接式伸展臂的应用环境, 在分析空间索杆铰接式伸展臂组成和展开原理的基础上, 建立以伸展臂展开失效为顶事件的故障树, 分别对其进行定性及定量分析, 获得各底事件的失效概率、概率重要度和关键度结果, 确定引起伸展臂展开失效的主要因素. 结果表明驱动力不足、 角点滚轮卡死、精度失效是影响伸展臂正常展开的主要因素, 据此提出了相应的改进措施, 为空间索杆铰接式伸展臂的展开可靠性分析提供了依据.