Identification of rational transfer function from frequencyresponse sample

A method for identifying a transfer function, H(z)=A(z)/B(z), from its frequency response values is presented. Identifying the transfer function involves determining the unknown degrees and coefficients of the polynomials A(z) and B( z), given the frequency response samples. The method for finding the parameters of the transfer function involves solving linear simultaneous equations only. An important aspect of the method is the decoupled manner in which the polynomials A(z) and B(z) are determined. The author presents two slightly different derivations of the linear equations involved, one based on the properties of divided differences and the other using Vandermonde matrices or, equivalently, Lagrange interpolation. A matrix synthesized from the given frequency response samples is shown to have a rank equal to the number of poles in the system     

Finding the best set of K paths through a trellis withapplication to multitarget tracking

A solution is presented to the problem of finding the best set of K completely unmerged paths through a trellis with M _i⩾K states at depth i in the trellis, i=0, 1, 2, . . ., N. Here, `best set' means that the sum of the metrics of all K paths in the set is minimized, and `completely unmerged' means that no two paths pass through a common state. The solution involves using the Viterbi algorithm on an expanded trellis. This result is then used to separate the tracks of K targets optimally in a simplified model of a multitarget radar system. The model includes measurement errors and false alarms, but it does not include the effects of missing detections or merged measurements     

Improved multilevel quantization for detection of narrowbandsignals

Nearly optimum quantization levels for multileveled quantizers in radar receivers and distributed-detection are calculated for preassigned false-alarm probability Q₀ by maximizing the detection probability Q_d after replacing both Q ₀ and (1-Q_d) by the saddlepoint approximations. Narrowband signals of random phase and with both fixed and Rayleigh-fading amplitudes in Gaussian noise are treated, and the loss in signal detectability incurred by quantization is estimated     

Periodic ambiguity function of CW signals with perfect periodicautocorrelation

A periodic ambiguity function (PAF) is discussed which describes the response of a correlation receiver to a CW signal modulated by a periodic waveform, when the reference signal in the receiver is constructed from an integral number N, of periods T, of the transmitted signal. The PAF is a generalization of the periodic autocorrelation function, to the case of non-zero Doppler shift. It is shown that the PAF of N periods is obtained by multiplying the PAF of a single period by the universal function sin(Nπν T)/N sin(πνT), where ν is the Doppler shift, to phase-modulated signals which exhibit perfect periodic autocorrelation when there is no Doppler shift. The PAF of these signals exhibits universal cuts along the delay and Doppler axes. These cuts are functions only of t, N and the number M, the modulation bits in one period     

A parallel square-root algorithm for modified extended Kalmanfilter

A parallel square-root algorithm and its systolic array implementation are proposed for performing modified extended Kalman filtering (MEKF). The proposed parallel square-root algorithm is designed based on the singular value decomposition (SVD) and the Faddeev algorithm, and a very large scale integration (VLSI) systolic array architecture is developed for its implementation. Compared to other square root Kalman filtering algorithms, the proposed method is more numerically stable. The VLSI architecture described has good parallel and pipelining characteristics in applying to the MEKF and achieves higher efficiency. For n-dimensional state vector estimations, the proposed architecture consists of O(2n²) processing elements and uses O ((s+17)n) time-steps for a complete iteration at each instant, in contrast to the complexity of O((s+6) n³) time-steps for a sequential implementation, where s≈log n     

Two-valued sequences with perfect periodic autocorrelation

Periodic two-valued signals which exhibit two-level autocorrelation can, in many cases, be made to yield an out-of-phase autocorrelation value identically equal to zero. This can be achieved by replacing the two values of the sequence (normally +1 and -1) with the two values +1 and e^iφ, or with +1 and β (β real). Simple expression for φ and β are given, based on the parameters of the difference set to which such signals correspond. Another strategy is to transmit a sequence of +1s and -1s, but of +1s and bs (b real and negative). An expression for b is also obtained     

Nonparametric rank detectors on quantized radar video signals

Uniform randomization of ties is required for defining distribution-free ranks of independent and identically distributed quantized samples. Formulas of rank probabilities are given and applied to radar detection under quantized video samples. For some detectors, and assuming Gaussian noise, the asymptotic loss L_∞(q) is calculated versus the normalized quantization step q, and the loss L(q) is estimated by Monte Carlo simulations. Both of these resulted in monotonic functions of q (0<q<1.1) that are independent of the other parameters. Furthermore, L(q)≈L_∞(q )⩽0.45 dB, as q<0.8. The quantization step q is normalized with respect to the noise standard deviation     

Distribution of general noncentral positive definite quadratic formin K-dimensions

The authors present a series solution using Hermite polynomials to the long-standing problem of computing the probability P that positive definite noncentral quadratic form d(x) of a Gaussian random vector x∈R satisfies d( x)⩽r² for any given r∈R. This problem has wide applications in radar, tracking, air traffic control, etc. The fast-converging series solution presented is very accurate and can be performed rapidly using the recursion relations for Hermite polynomials     

基体合金相组成对硼化物增强镁锂基复合材料组织和性能的影响

采用原位合成法制备了硼化物增强Mg-Li基复合材料。针对基体为Mg-14Li-1Al-1Y的复合材料力学性能仍不能满足工业应用需求的缺陷,以Mg-9Li-1Al-1Y镁锂合金为基体制备了硼化物增强镁锂基复合材料(其成分为(Mg-9Li-1Al-1Y)-6B_4C)。研究了Li含量对基体合金和复合材料组织和性能的影响。试验结果表明:合金Mg-9Li-1Al-1Y与合金Mg-14Li-1Al-1Y相比,其双相区组织晶粒更加细小,各力学性能均有所提高。(Mg-9Li-1Al-1Y)-6B_4C复合材料与Mg-9Li-1Al-1Y合金相比,硬度提高了66%,抗拉强度提高了31.33%,伸长率降低了15.5%。(Mg-9Li-1Al-1Y)-6B_4C与(Mg-14Li-1Al-1Y)-6B_4C相比,屈服强度降低了15.4%,硬度提高了29.3%,抗拉强度和伸长率基本保持不变。以上试验结果表明:随着Li含量的降低复合材料的力学性能没有得到提高,没有实现基体合金强度增加从而相应复合材料强度增加的试验预期,说明相比镁锂基复合材料强化机制中第二相强化与细晶强化的作用,基体强化作用较弱难以体现。     

CCRS C/X-airborne synthetic aperture radar: An Rand D tool for the ERS-1 time frame

The airborne synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) system developed for the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (CCRS) is described. It consists of two radars, at C-band and X-band. Each radar incorporates the following features: dual-channel receivers and dual-polarized antennas; a high quality, 7-look, real-time processor; a sensitivity time control for range-dependent gain control; a motion-compensation system for antenna steering in azimuth and elevation; and baseband I and Q signal phase rotation. The system also uses a high-power transmitter with a low-power back-up. The SAR maps to either side of the aircraft, at high or low resolution, at incidence angles which in high resolution span 0° to 80°. Radar operating parameters, data products, key specifications and the motion compensation scheme used are presented. Properties of the real-time imagery are discussed and examples of C-band SAR data in the three operating modes are given     

Tracking multitarget in cluttered environment

A method for multitarget tracking and initiating tracking in a cluttered environment is proposed. The algorithm uses a sliding window of length uT (T is the sampling time) to keep the measurement sequence at time k. Instead of solving a large problem, the entire set of targets and measurements is divided into several clusters so that a number of smaller problems are solved independently. When a set of measurements is received, a new set of data-association hypotheses is formed for all the measurements lying in the validation gates within each cluster from time K-u+1 to K. The probability of each track history is computed, and, choosing the largest of these histories, the target measurement is updated with an adaptive state estimator. A covariance-matching technique is used to improve the accuracy of the adaptive state estimator. In several examples, the algorithm successfully tracks targets over a wide range of conditions     

复合Halpern迭代逼近可数个增生映像的公共零点

设E是严格凸和自反的实Banach空间且其范数是一致Gateaux可微的,K是E中非空闭凸子集,Ai：K→E（i∈N）是m-增生映像且公共不动点集非空,u∈K是给定点,X1∈K是任一初始点,{αn}^∞ n=1、{β}^∞ n=1是[0,1]中的实数列且满足如下条件：（i）lim n→∞αn=0,∑^∞ n=1 αn=∞,∑^∞ n=1｜αn＋1－αn｜〈∞;（ii）lim n→∞βn=0,∑^∞ n=1｜βn＋1－βn｜〈∞。设{Xn}^∞ n=1是由下面复合Halpern格式定义的迭代序列：{yn=βnXn＋（1-βn）SXn,n≥0 Xn＋1=αnu＋（1-αn）yn其中S=∑∞ i=1ξiJAi,JAi=（1＋Ai）^-1（i∈N）,那么{Xn}∞ n=1强收敛于{Ai}i∈N的公共0点。本文的结果改进和推广了Zegeye和Shahzad,Ofoedu以及其他作者的相应结果。     

Simplified analysis of PWM converters using model of PWM switch.II. Discontinuous conduction mode

For pt.I see ibid., vol.26, no.3, p.490-6 (1990). According to the method of state-space averaging, when a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) converter enters discontinuous conduction mode (DCM), the inductor current state is lost from the average model of the converter. It is shown that there is neither theoretical nor experimental justification for the disappearance of the inductor state as claimed by the method of state-space averaging. For example, when the model of the PWM switch in DCM is substituted in the buck, boost, or buck-boost converter while the inductor is left intact, the average model has two poles: the first pole f_p1 agrees with the single pole of state-space averaging, while the second pole f_p2 occurs in the range f_p2⩾F_s/π. It is shown that the right-half plane zeros present in the control-to-output transfer functions of the boost, buck-boost, and Cuk converters in continuous conduction mode are also present in discontinuous conduction mode     

Convergence bounds of an SMI/Gram-Schmidt canceler in colored noise

The performance of the sampled matrix inversion (SMI) adaptive algorithm in colored noise is investigated using the Gram-Schmidt (GS) canceler as an analysis tool. Lower and upper bounds of average convergence are derived, indicating that average convergence slows as the input time samples become correlated. When the input samples are uncorrelated, the fastest SMI algorithm convergence occurs. When the input samples are correlated then the convergence bounds depend on the number of channels N, the number of samples per channels K , and the eigenvalues associated with K×K correlation matrix of the samples in a given channel. This matrix is assumed identical for all channels     

Design of high-efficiency series-resonant converters aboveresonance

Power losses in series-resonant converters (SRCs) operated above resonance are examined for the purpose of developing design guidelines leading to SRC designs with the highest possible operating efficiencies. Loss expressions are formulated and analyzed as functions of normalized voltage conversion ratio M and normalized output current J for the controlled transistor switches, antiparallel diodes, bridge diodes, and resonant capacitor. Overall losses range from a low of nearly 9% to a maximum of about 17%. Operating efficiencies corresponding to these losses range from a high of 92% to a low of 85%. Operation at the maximum efficiency of 92% occurs at values of M close to unity and is not highly dependent on J. However, in a practical closed-loop regulated SRC, operation with M too close to unity could provide an insufficient design margin, given component tolerances or other variations     

Tracking multiple targets with correlated measurements andmaneuvers

The problem of tracking N targets with correlation in both measurement and maneuver statistics is solved by transforming to a coordinate frame in which the N targets are decoupled. For the case of N identical targets, the decoupling is shown to coincide with a transformation to a set of nested center-of-mass coordinates. Absolute and differential tracking accuracies are compared with suboptimal results to show the improvement that is achieved by properly exploiting the correlation between targets     

Threshold Investigation of Phase-Locked Discriminators

This paper is primarily an investigaton of a second-order phased-locked loop in the threshold region, with the loop filter chosen as (1/1+?s) or (1+?1s/1+?s). First-order loop results are also given. Effects of loop parameters, detuning error, and modulation are studied. It is shown that the loop with filter (1+?1s/1+?s) can be built two ways with same bandwidth and damping. One loop gives much better threshold than the other. The analytical results are supported by computer simulation as well as experimental work obtained by hardware simulation of the loop.     

电磁波在等离子体高温气体中传输特性实验研究

针对高超声速飞行器头身部形成的等离子体鞘套对通信的影响,在中国空气动力研究与发展中心的粉末激波管上开展了电磁波在等离子体高温气体中传输特性的实验研究。实验中获得了等离子体气体中的电磁波透射率、电子密度和碰撞频率。实验结果表明：X波段和Ka波段电磁波在高激波马赫数Mas=16.1、1区气体压力P1=1200Pa的激波管实验状态下产生的厚度80mm等离子体高温气体中能量衰减大于30dB,难以传输;X和Ka波段电磁波在激波马赫数Mas=15.9、1区气体压力P1=80Pa的激波管实验状态下产生的厚度80mm等离子体高温气体中能量衰减大于30dB,难以传输;X波段和Ka波段电磁波在激波马赫数Mas=10.1、1区气体压力P1=80Pa的激波管实验状态下产生的高温等离子气体中平均传输损耗较小,可以进行有效传输;Ka波段电磁波在激波马赫数Mas=8.9、1区气体压力P1=1200Pa的激波管实验状态下产生的厚度80mm等离子体气体中平均传输损耗小于1dB,可以进行有效传输。实验得到的等离子体高温气体中的电磁波透射率、电子密度和碰撞频率与理论计算值基本一致。     

Transient processes and stability in an LC chopper

The analysis of the transient and steady-state processes in LC choppers is presented. The method, used previously for the analysis of processes in grid-connected and self-commutated converters, is adjusted for analysis of LC chopper's processes. The difference equations describing these processes, are obtained and solved. The analytical solution of the problem and the conditions of the transient, steady-state, and stability existence in the chopper are found. Theoretical and experimental results are compared and satisfactory agreement is obtained     

表面处理工艺对ZN-1阻尼材料粘接性能的影响

研究了不同表面处理方式、酸处理时间、酸处理中和剂及试件贮存时间等因素对ZN-1阻尼材料与硬铝的粘接性能的影响.结果表明采用浓硫酸对ZN-1阻尼材料进行表面处理,可以有效地改善其与硬铝的粘接效果;酸处理时间对ZN-1阻尼材料的表面形貌及其与硬铝的粘接强度无明显影响,但随着处理时间的增加,其表面的硫元素含量有增加的趋势;采用氨水、碳酸氢铵、碳酸氢钠、氢氧化钠水溶液或直接采用蒸馏水作为酸处理法的中和剂所制备的拉剪试样的破坏形式均表现为ZN-1阻尼材料破坏.此外,采用酸处理法制作的LY12/ZN-1/LY12粘接试样自然存放两年后其粘接强度基本没有变化.