Large-eddy simulation and linear acoustic modeling of entropy mode oscillations in a model combustor with coolant injection

Lean-burn combustor is particularly susceptible to combustion instability and the unsteady heat release is usually considered as the excitation of the self-maintained thermo-acoustic oscillations. The transverse coolant injection is widely used to reduce the temperature of burnt gas, but on the other hand, it will introduce temperature fluctuation inside the combustor. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the influence of the coolant injection on combustion instability, and evaluate its dynamic feature. In this paper, Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) of the self-excited pressure oscillations in a model combustor with coolant injection is carried out. The analysis of transient flow characteristics and the identification of the pressure modes confirm that one of the low frequency pressure oscillations is related to entropy fluctuations, which is known as rumble combustion instability. The LES results show that transient coolant injection is another excitation of temperature fluctuation other than unsteady combustion. The amplitude of the entropy mode oscillation increases with increasing coolant air mass whereas the change of its frequency is insignificant. According to the major feature of entropy wave oscillation caused by coolant injection, a compact coolant injection model is proposed and applied in the One Dimensional (1D) Acoustic Network Method (ANM). Key correlations used in the model match well with LES data in low frequency range. This means that the coolant injection model is a complex one reflecting the interaction of the fluctuating coolant mass, pressure and temperature. Finally, the combustion instability frequencies and modes predicted by acoustic network method are also in good agreement with LES results.     

吸气式高超声速飞行器俯仰/滚转耦合运动特性

针对一种类似SR-72构型的吸气式高超声速飞机开展了进气道通流状态下俯仰/滚转耦合运动相关研究。通过数值模拟获得了滚转单自由度静稳定性、动稳定性以及强迫俯仰/自由滚转运动下的两自由度耦合动稳定性，研究了飞行器转动惯量以及俯仰运动频率对耦合运动的影响，简要分析了耦合运动的机理。研究发现虽然此飞行器具有滚转静稳定性和动稳定性，但是在强迫俯仰/自由滚转运动过程中，滚转通道却出现了小幅度振荡与大振幅振荡交替出现的情况，最大滚转角超过70°。小幅度振荡出现在正弦俯仰振荡的上半周期，其振荡频率随轴向转动惯量增加而降低，幅值随俯仰振荡频率增加而增大；大振幅振荡出现在下半周期，其幅值基本不变，而振荡频率与俯仰振荡一致。这种现象基本不受惯性耦合作用影响，可以认为是由气动力主导的。     

Nonlinear resonance gas oscillations in a flat open-ended channel

The resonance gas oscillations in a flat channel are considered; the oscillations are excited by a piston at the inlet and the outlet section is connected with the ambient medium. The boundary condition at the open end is calculated analytically; the dependences of the gas oscillation amplitude on the frequency and geometric parameters of the open end at different values of the frequency parameter are obtained.     

热声耦合振荡燃烧的实验研究与分析

热声耦合振荡是在推进系统工作中经常遇到的危害系统工作及安全的现象。它是由非稳定燃烧放热和压力脉动互相耦合产生的系统振荡过程。通过对天然气预混燃烧过程中的热声耦合振荡现象进行了实验研究,分析了不同当量比、热负荷和进出口边界条件下天然气燃烧的动态过程,分析其稳定范围及振荡模态随影响因素的变化规律。结果显示振荡频率随着当量比的减小有所增加,但是没有发生模态变化。在常压条件、接近贫燃熄火极限时,热声耦合振荡现象消失,压力脉动频率跃升至500 Hz或1000 Hz附近的高频。燃烧室出口越接近阻塞条件,燃烧过程的稳定范围越小。同时入口边界位置越接近燃烧段,压力脉动频率越高。热功率变化也会对脉动频率和声压级数值产生影响。另外还采用线性扰动分析方法对天然气燃烧动态过程进行理论分析,进一步研究了不同条件下旋流预混燃烧的热声耦合振荡模态。     

Flame features and oscillation characteristics in near-blowout swirl-stabilized flames using high-speed OH-PLIF and mode decomposition methods

Flame features and dynamics are important to the explanation and prediction of a lean blowout (LBO) phenomenon. In this paper, recognition of near-LBO flame features and oscillation characterization methods were proposed based on flame spectroscopic images. High-speed planar laser-induced fluorescence measurements of OH were used to capture unique dynamic features such as the local extinction and reignition feature and entrained reactant pockets. The Zernike moment demonstrated a good performance in recognition of stability and near-LBO conditions, though the geometric moment had more advantages to characterize frequency characteristics. Low-frequency oscillations, especially at the obvious self-excited oscillation frequency around 200 Hz, were found when approaching an LBO condition, which can be expected to be used as a novel prediction characteristic parameter of the flameout limit. Proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) and dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) were used to conduct dynamic analysis of near-LBO flames. POD modes spectra showed the unique frequency characteristics of stable and near-LBO flames, which were basically in line with those at the heat-release frequency. The primary POD modes demonstrated that the radial vibration mode dominated in a stable flame, while the rotation mode was found to exist in a near-LBO flame. Analysis of modal decomposition showed that flame shedding and agminated entrained reactant pockets were responsible for generating self-excited flame oscillations.     

Development of a driver board power supply for high power IGBTsused in three-phase inverters

High power IGBTs have been widely used for medium power inverters up to 200 kVA. Their driver circuits often require multiple-output, isolated power supplies. This paper presents a simple flyback power supply especially designed for the driver boards of three-phase IGBT inverters. The detailed circuit diagrams and typical waveforms are reported. Certain performance data are given. The power supplies have been used in 100 kVA inverters for an electric vehicle drive and for a wind turbine inverter     

煤油液滴在富氧燃气中不稳定燃烧的数值研究

采用数值分析的方法,对富氧燃气中的煤油液滴的不稳定燃烧过程进行了研究。采用一维轴对称N S方程,考虑了高压实际气体物性和液滴/气团表面气液平衡。计算中空间和时间尺度分别为μm和μs的量级。结果表明,液滴在接近超临界点时,物性的快速变化会引起一定频率的自发振荡;超临界气团对不同压力振荡频率的响应不同;煤油蒸汽的消耗速率对压力振荡的响应不同于蒸发速率的响应,热量释放对压力振荡也具有明显的响应。     

舰载直升机旋翼/机体非线性耦合稳定性分析

基于多体动力学方法建立了舰载直升机旋翼/机体耦合系统的动力学模型,其中机体起落架模型由非线性的液压作动器和橡胶轮胎两部分组成,而舰船的横摇和纵摇以简谐激励的形式通过起落架传递给旋翼/机体系统.针对不同的舰船激振频率,研究舰载直升机起动过程中旋翼/机体系统的时间响应历程和动力学稳定性.结果表明:舰载直升机的机体和桨叶摆振自由度在舰船激励下均会出现极限环振动现象,并且当舰船激振频率与旋翼旋转频率相等时会激发出旋翼的摆振后退型模态的极限环振动,使旋翼重心偏离桨毂中心,进而可能导致“舰面共振”事故发生.      

低通滤波器的阶跃响应及其对动态校准的影响

动态测试系统在利用阶跃信号进行动态校准时,系统中的低通滤波器环节所产生的衰减振荡可能会误导测试人员,特别是对于带传压管道的动态压力测试系统。仿真与测试结果表明,各种模拟低通滤波器和IIR数字低通滤波器的阶跃响应都会出现一定的衰减振荡。针对带低通滤波器的系统以及其他系统的阶跃激励校准,通过对简单FFT频响分析方法、矩形单脉冲法、冲激响应法三种方法的比较,发现矩形单脉冲法能更正确地对阶跃校准数据进行频响分析。     

周期节流扰动下激波串振荡流动的数值模拟

基于动网格方法数值模拟并分析来流马赫数为6，二元进气道/隔离段构型在频率为50～500 Hz周期节流下的激波串振荡流动。结果表明：当节流比在0.2～0.32范围内周期变化时，隔离段出现与节流频率相同的激波串振荡现象。节流频率会影响激波串振荡幅度和壁面压强波动特性。50 Hz与100 Hz工况的激波串流向振幅相近，100～500 Hz范围内随频率增加，流向振幅从15.5 mm减小至10.8 mm。壁面压强随频率的变化规律更加复杂，以凹腔中部为界，其上游壁面压强时均值、均方差峰值整体随频率增加而降低，其中50 Hz工况唇口侧壁面压强均方差峰值可达21倍来流静压，但其下游壁面压强无明显规律。分析表明节流频率对激波串振荡的影响与节流扰动的传播时间相关，工程设计中需综合考虑构型与反压参数对激波串振荡的影响。     

Oblique shock train motion based on schlieren image processing

In this paper, shock train motion in a Mach number 2.7 duct is studied experimentally, and large numbers of schlieren images are obtained by a high-speed camera. An image processing method based on Maximum Correlation Detection (MCD) is proposed to detect shock train motion from the schlieren images, based on which the key structures, e.g., separation positions and separation shock angles on the top and bottom walls, can be analysed in detail. The oscillations of the shock train are generated by rhombus and ellipse shafts at various excitation frequencies. According to the analysis of MCD results, the distributions of the frequency components of shock train oscillation generated by the two shafts are distinctly different, in which the motion generated by the ellipse shaft is much smoother; shock train motion is mainly characterized by the oscillation of separation position while the separation shock strength is not so sensitive to downstream disturbance; there is a hysteresis loop relation between the downstream pressure and separation position.     

水下固体火箭发动机的推力特性

在微观层面上对火箭发动机射流结构变化对推力的影响规律进行分析研究.采用轴对称模型对不同工况下的二维发动机模型进行数值模拟,获取推力振荡曲线,并研究不同阶段的推力变化,探究推力峰值与断裂的对应关系及推力振荡幅值与频率随工作环境变化的关系.研究结果表明:推力振荡产生的原因是射流在激波诱导下产生周期性颈缩;由于胀股及回击破碎的作用,水下射流推力存在多阶频率峰值;根据胀股主要处于中频段的重要结论对前4阶频率的研究表明射流回击与胀股具有相关性.      

超临界正癸烷同轴剪切喷注热声振荡数值模拟

以液体火箭发动机同轴剪切喷嘴燃烧室作为研究对象,对超临界压力下低温正癸烷向高温正癸烷喷注过程中,由于高温正癸烷被快速冷却导致密度剧烈变化进而引发的热声振荡现象进行数值模拟。研究了出口压力、高温正癸烷流动速度与温度、低温正癸烷喷注速度与温度对热声波振幅与频率的影响。结果表明：当高温正癸烷被快速冷却时,其自身体积快速收缩,同时由于附近高温正癸烷的惯性导致压力先增大后减小,快速交替变化,从而产生热声波在高温正癸烷中传播。热声波振幅与频率的大小主要由高温正癸烷在不同压力与温度下的热物性决定。热声波的频率随着高温正癸烷声速增大而增大;热声波的振幅由高温正癸烷的相对压力系数与温度变化率共同决定。     

Evaluation of pressure oscillations by a laboratory motor

Aeroacoustic pressure oscillation is one of the important challenges in segmented solid rocket motors with high slenderness ratio. The reason for these oscillations can be searched in vortex shedding due to grain burning surfaces, holes and slots. In this paper, a novel sub-scaled motor was used for evaluation of aeroacoustic pressure oscillations. First, the related parameters to scale down using Buckingham’s Pi-theorem were determined and then the sub-scaled motor was designed and manufactured. After this, Strouhal number in various grain forms and vortex shedding prediction criteria have been discussed. Then, one-dimensional linear and non-linear solution approaches have been presented. To understand the motor internal flow and vortex shedding formation, steady state computational fluid dynamic performed for seven regression steps and finally, two static tests have been performed. Results show that various definitions for Strouhal number are useful only for primarily glance on vortex shedding and pressure oscillations and so CFD solution and the test program are inevitable for a correct understanding of the ballistic operational condition of the motor. Experimental results demonstrated the existence of such oscillations with frequencies nearly equal to axial modes. It seems that non-linear parameters have small effects on aeroacoustic pressure oscillation and therefore the linear solution is acceptable to obtain approximate data. Of course, it should be emphasized that linear solution represents oscillations on overall motor action time, whereas the output of non-linear solution depends on thermochemistry properties of solid propellant and combustion products. Therefore, with a non-linear solution, oscillations maybe occur in some intervals of action time. FFT (Fast Fourier Transformation) results demonstrated that although both first and second acoustic modes have been excited, the position of longitudinal oscillation has an important role on which one is dominant.     

A novel BIST scheme for circuit aging measurement of aerospace chips

The avionics working environment is bad, easy to accelerate aging of circuits. Circuit aging is one of the important factors that influence the reliability of avionics, so circuit aging testing is of great significance to improve the reliability of avionics. As continuing aging would degrade circuit performance, aging can be monitored through precise measurement of performance degradation. However, previous methods for predicting circuit performance have limited prediction accuracy. In this paper, we propose a novel Built-In Self-Test (BIST) scheme for circuit aging measurement, which constructs self-oscillation loops employing parts of critical paths and activates oscillations by specific test patterns. An aging signature counter is then used to capture the oscillation frequency and in turn measure the aging state of the circuit. We propose to implement this measurement process by BIST. Experimental results show that the proposed in-field aging measurement is robust with respect to process variations and can achieve a precision of about 90%. The application of this scheme has a certain value to improve the reliability of avionics systems.     

曲面上非定常射流分离对外流变化的响应

 曲面上射流和外流的相互作用是一个十分有趣的流动现象。控制环量翼型是这种流动应用的一个实例。近年来由于控制环量翼型在新型直升机上的有效应用,人们对曲面上射流和外流的相互作用作了许多研究。在此基础上发展了这种翼型的气动力计算方法。但至今这些工作只限于定常流动。翼面上引出射流这一概念在实际应用中往往涉及非定常流动。例如应用于直升机旋翼时,翼型主要工作于非定常流中。     

具有气液同轴喷嘴的液体火箭发动机燃烧室压力振荡及其声学特性研究

为探究液氧/煤油液体火箭发动机气液同轴喷嘴模型燃烧室具有良好稳定性的原因,采用非稳态雷诺平均（URANS）方法数值研究了其燃烧不稳定性和声学特征。两相燃烧条件下,燃烧室压力振荡幅值约为室压的10%左右、最大不超过25%,且以纵向和横向振型为主。一周六径隔板对横向振型具有很强的抑制作用,但对纵向振型影响较小。与液-液撞击式液氧/煤油发动机模型燃烧室相比,本文研究的燃烧室中煤油液滴没有发生超临界蒸发现象,第三邓克尔数较小,诱发燃烧不稳定性的激励源较弱。进一步通过数值定容弹激发了燃烧室多模态声学特征压力振荡,并得到了其振荡特征频率、幅值和衰减率。结果表明,气喷嘴具有四分之一波长喷嘴特征,能显著减小目标振型的幅值,而集气腔对纵向振型具有很强的抑制作用,同时对其他振型也有程度不同的抑制效果。因此,较弱的燃烧不稳定性激发机制以及隔板、气喷嘴和集气腔对纵向和横向振型很强的抑制作用,使得该液氧/煤油发动机气液同轴燃烧室具有很好的稳定性。     

方腔流致振荡及噪声的数值研究

采用直接数值模拟方法,研究了低Reynolds数下L/D=2的方腔亚声速流致振荡现象及其诱导的噪声。结果表明,在所计算的参数范围内,振荡都是由Rossiter II模态主导;来流边界层变薄会导致低频成分的出现,其产生的直接原因是涡与后拐角撞击方式的切换,根源在于回流区与剪切层相互作用形式的不稳定。采用本征正交分解(POD)方法,分析了不同振荡形式所对应的本征模态涡结构及其与后拐角撞击方式的关系。计算得到并分析了声波的产生和传播过程,结果与已有实验结果和理论模型符合良好。     

双Buck半桥逆变器输入电容电压脉动的分析

双Buck逆变器(DBI)是航空静止变流器(ASIs)的常用拓扑,从双Buck半桥逆变器(DBHBIs)两直流电感中分离出交流电感使得体积、重量进一步减小。在正常工作,尤其是负载短路情况下,双Buck半桥逆变器输入侧电容上的电压产生与输出同频的脉动。以交流电感分立的双Buck半桥逆变器为例,分析了在额定负载、短路、级联工作等情况下输入电容电压脉动的产生原因,给出了该脉动的定量计算方法,并由此得出了输入侧电容容值的选择依据。最后通过仿真和实验,验证了文中分析的正确性。该分析方法同样适用于其他半桥型逆变器拓扑。