First results of plasma and neutral gas measurements from Vega-1/2 near comet Halley

Based on the ion, electron and neutral gas observations, performed by five of the six sensors comprising the PLASMAG-1 experiment on board VEGA-1 and -2, the following results are discussed: (1) the existence of the bow shock and its location at 1.1×10⁶ km for VEGA-1 inbound; (2) the existence of a cometopause and its location at 1.6×10⁵ km for VEGA-2 inbound; (3) the plasma dynamical processes occurring inside the cometosheath; (4) the phenomena taking place within the cometary plasma region including mass-spectroscopy of cometary ions at distances 1.5×10⁴ km; (5) the existence of keV electrons near closest approach to the nucleus; and (6) the radial dependence of the cometary neutral gas and the comparison with model calculations, yielding a mean ionization scale length of 2×10⁶ km and an overall production rate of 1.3×10³⁰ molecules s⁻¹ for VEGA-1 inbound. The results are also discussed in the context of the other, both remote and in-situ, observations, performed on board the VEGA- and GIOTTO-spacecraft.     

Comet Halley: Nucleus and jets (results of the VEGA mission)

The VEGA-1 and VEGA-2 spacecraft made their closest approach to Comet Halley on 6 and 9 March, respectively. In this paper those results of the onboard imaging experiment which were obtained around closest approach are discussed. The nucleus of the comet was clearly identifiable as an irregularly shaped object, with overall dimensions of (16±1)×(8±1)×(8±1) km. The nucleus rotates in the prograde sense about an axis nearly perpendicular to the orbital plane with a period of 53±2 hours. Its albedo is only $\text{0.04±}\text{0.02}\text{0.01}$ Many of the jet features observed during the second fly-by have been spatially reconstructed. Their sources form a quasi-linear structure on the surface. The dust above the surface is shown to be generally optically thin with the exception of certain specific dust jets. Brightness features on the surface are clearly seen. Correlating our data with other measurements, we conclude that the dirty snow-ball model will probably need to be revised.     

Implications of the VEGA balloon results from Venus atmospheric dynamics

The VEGA Venus Balloon Mission returned data on the themodynamic state of the atmosphere together with wind and cloud information. In this invited paper we review possible explanations for three aspects of the data: 1) the large amplitude atmospheric vertical winds encountered by the VEGA balloons; 2) the observed 6.5 K temperature difference consistently measured between the two VEGA balloons; and 3) the apparent influence of surface topography on atmospheric motions seen by the VEGA-2 balloon as it flew over the mountainous terrain known as Aphrodite.     

Applications of PVDF dust sensor systems in space

The advantages of ruggedness, no bias requirement, ease of large area sensor construction, high counting rate capability, and space reliability inherent in the Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) dust sensors which have been under development at the University of Chicago over the last decade have led to PVDF flux/mass/velocity/trajectory systems which have advantages over other systems and are well suited for a variety of dust studies in space. The thermal stability characteristics and flux/mass/velocity/trajectory determining characteristics of PVDF and Vinylidene Fluoride/Trifluoroethylene (PVDF copolymer) dust sensors are described. We summarize the objectives and designs of our earlier VEGA- comet Halley instruments, a PVDF velocity/trajectory dust instrument for launch on the Advanced Research and Global Observation Satellite (ARGOS) in January 1996, and a PVDF high flux dust instrument for launch on the CASSINI spacecraft to Saturn in October 1997.     

复杂外形网格生成技术及应用

以某型双立尾战斗机为例,给出了实际复杂型号飞行器结构网格生成的一种分块方案及实现过程,用一种矢性三次多项式插值的方法生成相邻块公共交界面的网格,用Hilgenstock方法修正源项,求解椭圆型方程生成块内空间网格,使网格线与边界面夹角、与边界面间距控制为期望的值.在所生成的双立尾战斗机分块结构网格中求解Euler方程,获得了合理的全机气动力系数、翼面压力分布和绕流图谱结果.     

High precision subsurface structural mapping of the Trompsburg complex (South Africa) from gravity and magnetic data

Trompsburg Complex, South Africa, is obscured by the Karoo sediments, and it is not observed on the surface. Knowledge of the boundaries of the subsurface geological bodies in the region is of main interest in many applications of the Earth Sciences. There are many methods developed to delineate boundaries of subsurface geological sources such as the curvature-based method and parabola-based methods. In this study, we applied an improved approach based on parabolic curve fitting to the gradient amplitudes of gravity and magnetic data for extracting geological structures of the Trompsburg Complex. The results showed ring structures with a diameter of about 50 km, that include granitic rocks in the central part of the Trompsburg Complex. The results also demonstrated the existence of boundaries of the other structures in the south-eastern region of the Complex, which were not determined in previous studies. The result provides new information for a better understanding of the structural and tectonic features of the Trompsburg Complex. The success of this study suggests that the improved technique based on parabolic curve, is helpful in outlining the edge locations of subsurface geologic structures.     

粘性流体换热问题用直角坐标网格的贴体解法

采用直角坐标网格但通过在边界附近保留不规则控制体的非结构化直角坐标网格方法求解粘性不可压流体流动和换热问题.在边界附近切割单元的求解采用常规的方法处理,而不采用插值方法处理,并在同位网格上对控制方程组进行离散.因而该算法是贴体的,并可适用于解决复杂边界流动换热问题.通过对同轴环行空间和二维倾斜空腔内的对流换热问题的计算对该数值方法在传热问题中的应用进行验证.对比结果表明,计算结果与精确解和STAR-CD的结果在一定Re数和网格数时是很接近的,可以满足一定的精度要求,说明该数值计算方法可用于传热问题.      

利用谱方法数值求解三维球坐标系下的Navier-Stokes方程

从三维球坐标系下的Navier-Stokes方程出发,采用谱配置方法建立了一个三维球坐标系下中层大气波动传播的全非线性动力学数值模式;构造了合理的纬向边界,并利用初始给定的重力波波包对该模式进行了数值检验．计算结果展示了重力波波包在大气中传播的三维图像,波包整体向上传播,波相关扰动速度随高度的增加而增长．     

铝双晶晶界滑动的实验研究

制取了具有[110]对称倾斜晶界的纯铝双晶体,获得了18种不同取向差的纯铝双晶试样。测定了晶界滑动速率与晶界取向差的关系。发现晶界滑动速率是晶界取向差(晶界结构)的敏感量;晶界滑动激活能随取向差变化而变化,并有极小值和极大值;晶界滑动速率随晶界切应力的增加呈线性上升;晶界滑动速率随温度的升高呈指数增加。     

行星际高密度结构的磁场位形

本文统计分析了第20太阳周行星际高密度结构的磁场位形。结果说明当出现高密度结构时行星际磁场相对于黄道面的倾角约增大10°。这种增大并非流相互作用或电流片倾斜和折皱所引起的,而可能是非恒稳太阳风流所具有的磁场位形。当出现高速流或扇形边界时,由于高密度结构后平行于Parker螺旋线的分量增大,磁场在黄逋面内对螺旋线的偏离角减小。      

基于解析规则的舰艇区域防空作战能力需求生成

首先,在能力需求生成中,通过对舰艇面临的威胁任务分解,构建作战能力指标体系,分析"元任务-能力指标"之间的解析规则进而得到舰艇作战所需的各项能力指标;其次,以单舰舰空导弹区域防空为背景,根据作战流程的各个阶段建立相应的数学模型,以作战需求以及敌我双方的相关因素为变量,结合关系图对杀伤区远近界、发射区远近界、预警机前出距离、高度和必需预警距离等作战能力指标进行了仿真验证;最后,分析了所需探测距离及速度对作战能力指标的影响关系,定量得到相应所需的区间数值解,为舰艇区域防空作战能力需求生成提供了依据。      

不同类型扇形边界对地磁活动的影响

本文对四种不同类型的行星际磁场的扇形边界对地磁活动的影响作了统计研究,发现当扇形边界内磁场强度增加并且取南向的这种扇形边界扫过地球时,地磁活动指数D_st增加最快,大约在11小时地磁活动指数D_st达到最大值。      

挤压油膜阻尼器失效的判据

 挤压油膜阻尼器(简称SFD)设计不当,会导致功能失效.对弹支-挤压油膜阻尼器来说,失效有2种形式:一是过不了临界,即转子系统的振幅随转速的上升而一直增大;二是出现双稳态特性.2帧失效判据图已经作出:一是双稳态区域图,只要轴承参数和质量偏心率数组不选在双稳态区域内,便不致产生双稳态特性;二是减振失效边界图,只要前述数据组不在失效边界的一侧,便不致产生过不了临界的现象.经实验证明,上述结论从正反2个方面看都是正确的.实验也进一步确认了挤压油膜阻尼器优越的减振功能.     

三维椭圆型方程网格生成中的新源项修正法

构造一种新的源项修正方法用于三维椭圆型方程网格生成，可以实现对网格与边界正交及网格与边界间距的双重直接控制．     

Sharp boundaries of solar wind plasma structures and their relationship to solar wind turbulence

Sharp (<10 min) and large (>20%) solar wind ion flux changes are common phenomena in turbulent solar wind plasma. These changes are the boundaries of small- and middle-scale solar wind plasma structures which can have a significant influence on Earth’s magnetosphere. These solar wind ion flux changes are typically accompanied by only a small change in the bulk solar wind velocity, hence, the flux changes are driven mainly by plasma density variations. We show that these events occur more frequently in high-density solar wind. A characteristic of solar wind turbulence, intermittency, is determined for time periods with and without these flux changes. The probability distribution functions (PDF) of solar wind ion flux variations for different time scales are calculated for each of these periods and compared. For large time scales, the PDFs are Gaussian for both data sets. For small time scales, the PDFs from both data set are more flat than Gaussian, but the degree of flatness is much larger for the data near the sharp flux change boundaries.     

基于力的电动静液作动器阻抗控制

阻抗控制作为一种柔顺控制方式,能够实现力与位置的协同控制,在作动系统需要与外部环境发生接触的应用中具有一定优势。在集成、高效的电动静液作动器(EHA)上实现基于力的阻抗控制具有良好的应用前景,其中核心问题是EHA力伺服控制器的设计。针对阻抗控制中外部负载特性不确定,EHA部分结构参数时变等问题,采用定量反馈理论(QFT)的方法对力伺服控制器进行设计。在对EHA数学模型及参数进行分析的基础上,通过QFT方法将被控对象的不确定范围与系统性能设计指标相结合,并以定量的方式在Nichols图上形成边界,在使标称对象的开环频率特性曲线满足各边界约束条件的同时完成力伺服控制器的设计。通过不同外部负载条件下的力伺服控制实验以及静、动态阻抗控制实验对EHA的力伺服控制器与阻抗控制系统进行了验证。实验结果表明:通过QFT方法设计得到的力伺服控制器对外部环境具有较强的鲁棒性,从而确保了EHA阻抗控制的成功实现。     

An improved land cover classification using polarization signatures for PALSAR 2 data

Land cover classification in mixed land cover scenarios is challenging with PolSAR data. Polarimetric decomposition techniques are most popular methods for PolSAR data classification in recent times. These techniques focus on identification of dominant scattering phenomena and hence result in sub-optimal classification in mixed land cover scenarios. Alternatively, polarization signatures (PSs) are good illustrations of SAR target responses as they depict a detailed physical information from target backscatter. Researchers have successfully utilized SAR PSs for land cover (LC) classification. Some reports suggested utilizing correlation between observed PSs and standard target PSs as features for LC classification. This paper presents a study on improved utilization of PSs for optimal LC classification in mixed class scenarios. First, PS based SAR features are derived using fully polarimetric SAR data. The features represent a degree of similarity between observed and standard PSs. The derived features are termed as polarization signatures correlation features or PSCFs. The novel PSCFs are analyzed, evaluated and compared with decomposition based features for the purpose of LC classification. Classification performance indicators highlight potential of PSCFs for mixed LC classification problems. Therefore, further an adaptive and optimal LC class boundary estimation approach for LC classification is proposed and developed. Observed PSs and reference LC class PS statistics are used to build empirical models between classification performance indicators and LC class boundaries. The empirical models are optimized using the evolutionary genetic algorithm to maximize classification performance. A decision tree is constructed based on the optimal class boundaries to prepare LC classification. The proposed classification approach is compared with some recent popular classifiers and comparison suggests that the proposed approach provides satisfactory results for mixed LC classification scenarios.