深远空连续推进动力与施图林格解的解析

针对太阳系远深距离的探测将是人类下一阶段深空探测活动的主要目标。这一目标的实现依赖于探测器连续推进动力技术的突破。从描述连续常值推力下太空飞行的施图林格解出发,对其中反映的深远空飞行任务有效载荷比、任务时间、飞行距离等关键参数与发动机性能之间的关系进行了深入分析。给出了在特定任务时长、特定飞行距离要求下发动机比冲、功率需要满足的条件及其对有效载荷比、最终飞行速度等指标的影响。此外,基于二体轨道动力学对太阳系行星探测的大椭圆转移轨道和转移能量进行了推导,并对连续推力的太阳帆任务方案涉及的关键技术指标做了理论性的计算。这些结论是对深空探测连续推力方案基础理论的归纳,可以为我国未来开展深远空探测活动提供重要的启发和指导。     

Large-size space laboratory for biological orbit experiments.

The study of space factors on living systems has great interest and long-term experiments during orbital flight will be important tool for increasing our knowledge. Realization of such experiments is limited by constraints of modern space stations. A new technology of large-size space laboratory for biological experiments has been developed on the basis of polymerization techniques. Using this technique there are no limits of form and size of laboratory for a space station that will permit long term experiments on Earth orbit with plants and animals in sufficient volume for creation of closed self-regulating ecological systems. The technology is based on experiments of the behavior of polymer materials in simulated free space conditions during the reaction of polymerization. The influences of space vacuum, sharp temperature changes and space plasma generated by galactic rays and Sun irradiation on chemical reaction were evaluated in their impact on liquid organic materials in laboratory conditions. The results of our study shows, that the chemical reaction is sensitive to such space factors. But we believe that the technology of polymerization could be used for the creation of space biological laboratories in Earth orbit in the near future.     

A direct approach to the study of the effect of gravity on axis formation in birds.

A system has been developed to enable the normal development of aborted very early uterine avian embryos, outside the female's uterus. The shell-less aborted egg was put into a foster shell of a sister egg, previously laid by the same female. The empty space between the shell and aborted egg was filled with artificial uterine fluid. The reconstructed eggs were incubated at 42 degrees C for 30 hours in a vertical position. The atmosphere contained a high concentration of CO2 (8-10%). At the termination of the 30 h the eggs were transferred to incubation at 37 degrees C in normal atmospheric conditions. Normal development has been recorded for a certain percentage of eggs incubated up to 12 days. In other cases abnormalities, arrested development or development of extraembryonic membranes only, without a sign of an embryonic axis, have been observed. The three important conclusions from the above experiments were: 1. It is possible to develop a closed, self-contained system, disconnected from the female's body, that would support the development of early uterine embryos. 2. The incidence of embryo-less extraembryonic membranes in such a system, is correlated with the degree of detachment of the "yolk" from the outer envelopes. 3. Such a system can be further developed into an experiment suited for microgravity conditions which will be an alternative to an experiment with live birds. The experiment will be aimed at testing the importance of gravity in changing the radially symmetrical avian blastoderm into a bilaterally symmetrical blastoderm.     

小行星形貌特征的分析与描述

小行星形貌特征的分析对深空探测器的导航、着陆点的选取具有重要意义。现有的深空星体形貌特征的分析与描述主要集中在火星、月球等类地天体上,而作为宇宙中为数众多、信息量丰富的小行星却鲜有文献对其形貌特征作详细深入的介绍。文章以Vesta、Eros、Mimas等人类已探测的小行星为例,分析了几种典型的小行星表面形貌特征,完善了凹坑、岩石等形貌特征的描述参数,并用仿真实验生成了Mimas小行星表面的Herschel凹坑模型。实验结果显示,所提出的特征描述方法具有较好的仿真度和实用性。     

Evaluating the robustness of the enantioselective stationary phases on the Rosetta mission against space vacuum vaporization

The European Space Agency’s Rosetta mission was launched in March 2004 in order to reach comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko by August 2014. The Cometary Sampling and Composition experiment (COSAC) onboard the Rosetta mission’s lander “Philae” has been designed for the cometary in situ detection and quantification of organic molecules using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The GC unit of COSAC is equipped with eight capillary columns that will each provide a specific stationary phase for molecular separation. Three of these stationary phases will be used to chromatographically resolve enantiomers, as they are composed of liquid polymers of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to which chiral valine or cyclodextrin units are attached. Throughout the ten years of Rosetta’s journey through space to reach comet 67P, these liquid stationary phases have been exposed to space vacuum, as the capillary columns within the COSAC unit were not sealed or filled with carrier gas. Long term exposures to space vacuum can cause damage to such liquid stationary phases as key monomers, volatiles, and chiral selectors can be vaporized and lost in transit. We have therefore exposed identical spare units of COSAC’s chiral stationary phases over eight years to vacuum conditions mimicking those experienced in space and we have now investigated their resolution capabilities towards different enantiomers both before and after exposure to space vacuum environments. We have observed that enantiomeric resolution capabilities of these chiral liquid enantioselective stationary phases has not been affected by exposure to space vacuum conditions. Thus we conclude that the three chiral stationary phases of the COSAC experiment onboard the Rosetta mission lander “Philae” can be considered to have maintained their resolution capacities throughout their journey prior to cometary landing in November 2014.     

一种深空粒子采样返回探测器构型设想

以太阳风粒子、深空尘埃等为目标的采样返回探测任务是空间科学与深空探测研究的热点方向之一。对“星尘号”“起源号”两个典型采样返回探测器的构型进行了分析,并梳理了其主要构型特点。结合我国月地高速再入返回飞行器的构型特点,提出了一种深空粒子采样返回探测器构型的设想：总体构型由长方形主体和流线型返回器组成,主体构型适应于承载返回器和其他装器设备,返回器构型适应于样品收集和再入返回气动外形。设计方案采用了充气式采样器进行粒子收集,具有体积小、重量轻、折叠效率高、展开可靠、工程实施简单等特点,并采用了可重复收拢展开的太阳翼,能够适应收集不同类型深空粒子的需求。     

“嫦娥4号”自主运行任务的设计与实现

从自主运行需求获取、自主运行策略设计、自主运行任务实现3个方面对"嫦娥4号"自主运行任务进行研究。通过在轨飞行验证,"嫦娥4号"自主运行任务的实现除了完善自我诊断及重构能力,还增强了对未知风险的应对能力,增加核心设备的自主管理能力,保证关键事件完成的可靠性与精准性。不仅总结了重要的工程经验而且为未来深空自主运行任务的设计实现提供了直接而有力的技术支持。     

宇航员手持式高频冲击采样装置的设计研究

获取具有原态层理信息的月壤剖面样品是我国载人登月人工采样任务的重要目标之一。对比国外地外天体采样技术,提出了一种适合宇航员手持操作的高频冲击式采样装置。采样装置采用高频冲击作用下颗粒的单向运移原理,可保证样品的原态层理信息,降低了采样功耗,提高了取芯率;取芯机构表面的各向异性摩擦形貌增强了颗粒单向运移效果,提高了采样效率;改变冲击频率进行取芯试验,得到了冲击频率与表面形貌对取芯率的影响规律,为我国载人登月人工采样装置的设计研究提供技术参考。     

控制力矩陀螺驱动空间机器人的角动量平衡控制

针对V构型控制力矩陀螺(CMGs)驱动的冗余空间机器人的CMGs角动量饱和问题,提出一种角动量平衡控制方法。该方法从平衡使用机械臂各臂杆CMGs角动量的思想出发,定义了角动量平衡指标,并使用加速度分解技术和逆动力学方法设计了角动量平衡控制器。该控制器可在保证机械臂跟踪工作空间轨迹的同时,利用机械臂的空转运动使得角动量平衡指标尽量减小,即各臂CMGs的角动量使用趋于平均,从而降低某些臂杆的CMGs先行饱和的可能性,充分利用CMGs的控制能力。基于平面三自由度冗余机械臂的数值仿真结果验证了所设计的控制器的有效性。     

中国深空测控系统建设与技术发展

我国深空测控系统是伴随着探月工程“绕”“落”“回”三步走战略的实施,从突破关键技术、初步建成系统到系统完善,逐步建立起来的,火星探测工程的实施将进一步带动深空测控系统能力的建设。站在历史的视角,从顶层设计、关键技术攻关和系统建设等方面,回顾了我国深空测控系统从无到有的发展历程,并结合未来深空测控技术的发展,对我国深空测控系统的发展前景进行了展望。     

Preparation of the Biochip experiment on the EXPOSE-R2 mission outside the International Space Station

Biochips might be suited for planetary exploration. Indeed, they present great potential for the search for biomarkers – molecules that are the sign of past or present life in space – thanks to their size (miniaturized devices) and sensitivity. Their detection principle is based on the recognition of a target molecule by affinity receptors fixed on a solid surface. Consequently, one of the main concerns when developing such a system is the behavior of the biological receptors in a space environment. In this paper, we describe the preparation of an experiment planned to be part of the EXPOSE-R2 mission, which will be conducted on the EXPOSE-R facility, outside the International Space Station (ISS), in order to study the resistance of biochip models to space constraints (especially cosmic radiation and thermal cycling). This experiment overcomes the limits of ground tests which do not reproduce exactly the space parameters. Indeed, contrary to ground experiments where constraints are applied individually and in a limited time, the biochip models on the ISS will be exposed to cumulated constraints during several months. Finally, this ISS experiment is a necessary step towards planetary exploration as it will help assessing whether a biochip can be used for future exploration missions.     

基于CoppeliaSim的空间环境腔体式气动软体臂仿真

研究了一种用于腔体式气动软体臂在空间环境抓抱动作的运动学和动力学仿真技术。利用CoppeliaSim和Python通过API接口的方式联合仿真,在CoppeliaSim中将软体臂等效成多个铰接的刚体支段,建立软体臂与被抓抱物运动学和动力学模型。在Python中建立软体臂气动系统、容腔特性、关节运动、软体臂力学特性和控制系统的模型。仿真模拟了在空间环境下,软体臂抓抱目标物的实时工作状态和与动力学交互过程。结果表明,仿真曲线与实验基本一致,验证了仿真的正确性,为软体臂等方面的设计和仿真研究提供了新的思路。     

Measurements of the earth radiation budget from satellites during the first garp global experiment

Two special measurements of the energy exchange between earth and space were made in connection with the FGGE. A global monitoring program using wide-field-of-view and scanner detectors from NASA's NIMBUS-7 satellite successfully returned measurements during the entire FGGE. This experiment system also used a black cavity detector to measure the total energy output of the sun to very high precision. A second set of high frequency time and space estimates of the radiation budget were determined from selected geostationary satellite data. Preliminary results from both radiation budget data sets and the solar “constant” measurements will be presented.     

中国探月工程

"嫦娥4号"于2019年1月3日成功实现人类航天器首次在月球背面软着陆,"玉兔2号"月球车率先在月背刻上了中国足迹。至今,国际月球探测活动共实施126次,期间出现两个探月高潮。20世纪50—70年代,美苏两个航天大国之间的竞争引起第一轮探月高潮。20世纪末至今,各航天国家意识到月球探测的战略意义,纷纷提出月球探测计划并积极实施,月球成为各国争先探测的热点,掀起第二轮探月热潮。中国自2004年首次绕月探测工程立项实施以来,共开展了"嫦娥1号""嫦娥2号""嫦娥3号""嫦娥4号"及再入返回飞行试验共5次月球探测任务,实现"五战五捷",在空间技术、空间科学与应用、国际合作等方面取得了非凡成就,积累了丰富的经验,后续将继续开展以无人月球科研站为主的月球探测活动。     

Applications and usage of the real-time Neutron Monitor Database

A high-time resolution Neutron Monitor Database (NMDB) has started to be realized in the frame of the Seventh Framework Programme of the European Commission. This database will include cosmic ray data from at least 18 neutron monitors distributed around the world and operated in real-time. The implementation of the NMDB will provide the opportunity for several research applications most of which will be realized in real-time mode. An important one will be the establishment of an Alert signal when dangerous solar cosmic ray particles are heading to the Earth, resulting into ground level enhancements effects registered by neutron monitors. Furthermore, on the basis of these events analysis, the mapping of all ground level enhancement features in near real-time mode will provide an overall picture of these phenomena and will be used as an input for the calculation of the ionization of the atmosphere. The latter will be useful together with other contributions to radiation dose calculations within the atmosphere at several altitudes and will reveal the absorbed doses during flights. Moreover, special algorithms for anisotropy and pitch angle distribution of solar cosmic rays, which have been developed over the years, will also be set online offering the advantage to give information about the conditions of the interplanetary space. All of the applications will serve the needs of the modern world which relies at space environment and will use the extensive network of neutron monitors as a multi-directional spectrographic detector. On top of which, the decreases of the cosmic ray intensity – known as Forbush decreases – will also be analyzed and a number of important parameters such as galactic cosmic ray anisotropy will be made available to the users of NMDB. A part of the NMDB project is also dedicated to the creation of a public outreach website with the scope to inform about cosmic rays and their possible effects on humans, technological systems and space-terrestrial environment. Therefore, NMDB will also stand as an informative gate on space research through neutron monitor’s data usage.     

磁通门磁强计在深空探测中的应用

磁场测量是深空探测的重要任务之一,通过磁场可以遥感行星内部、研究行星演化历史、认知太阳系天体空间环境。基于法拉第电磁感应原理的磁通门磁强计,因空间适应性强、技术成熟度高、可靠性高等特点,是深空磁场测量最为常用的载荷。简要描述了磁通门磁强计的基本测量原理,探讨了地面和在轨标定的原理和实施方法,并介绍了磁强计在空间任务中的应用方式。目前,我国已经具备了星载高精度磁通门磁强计的研制能力。在不久的将来,磁通门磁强计有望在深空探测任务中发挥重要作用。     

Advances of Microgravity Sciences

Advances of microgravity sciences in China are introduced. The research works include ground-based study and space experiments. In the recent years, the main means still are theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, ground-based experiment, and short-time microgravity experiments of drop tower. Besides, many space experiment projects are arranged. SJ-10 recoverable satellite will carry out 19 scientific experiment projects. Nine of them are for microgravity Sciences. The other ways for space microgravity experiment are with the help of Chinese Shenzhou spacecraft, Chinese Tiangong space laboratory, and Chinese space station in the near future. The Chinese space station will become main platform of Chinese microgravity sciences experiment in space.      

加拿大移动服务系统地面遥操作模式综述

针对未来我国空间站机械臂地面遥操作任务需求,分析目前国际空间站上加拿大移动服务系统（Mobile Satellite Services,MSS）地面遥操作的系统设计和安全性问题。介绍了MSS的系统构成,分析了MSS地面遥操作需求,对比分析了在轨操作和地面遥操作模式的不同,以及地面遥操作的约束条件;介绍了MSS地面遥操作过程中的任务规划、任务执行和在轨调试;总结了对我国空间站机械臂遥操作的启示,为从事空间站机械臂地面遥操作的科研人员提供一定的借鉴和参考。     

“嫦娥4号”中继星开环测速方案设计与试验验证

针对深空探测器轨道测量任务高精度测速需求,提出了一种开环测速方案。首先,采用窄带模式对深空探测器下行信号进行采集记录,利用傅里叶变换+线性调频Z变换+本地重构相关联合信号处理方法,对探测器主载波信号进行处理,自适应提取探测器主载波频率;然后,基于主载波频率获取反映探测器相对于测站速度运动关系的多普勒频率,并评估多普勒频率的随机噪声水平;最后,将基于本文的多普勒频率与深空站测速基带多普勒频率、累积载波相位测速多普勒频率进行比对,并将3种多普勒频率输入探测器联合定轨程序,进一步评估本方案获取的多普勒测速绝对精度。基于"嫦娥4号"中继星在轨实测试验数据分析表明:所获得的多普勒频率提取精度为10 m Hz,优于深空站基带测速多普勒频率与累积载波相位测速多普勒频率精度;联合定轨表明:多普勒测速绝对精度为0.2 mm/s,有效验证了深空开环测速技术,为后续深空探测器轨道联合测量系统研制奠定了技术基础。     

Durability characterization of mechanical interfaces in solar sail membrane structures

The construction of a solar sail from commercially available metallized film presents several challenges. The solar sail membrane is made by seaming together precut lengths of ultrathin metallized polymer film into the required geometry. This assembled sail membrane is then folded into a small stowage volume prior to launch. The sail membranes must have additional features for connecting to rigid structural elements (e.g., sail booms) and must be electrically grounded to the spacecraft bus to prevent charge build up. Space durability of the material and mechanical interfaces of the sail membrane assemblies will be critical for the success of any solar sail mission. In this study, interfaces of polymer/metal joints in a representative solar sail membrane assembly were tested to ensure that the adhesive interfaces and the fastening grommets could withstand the temperature range and expected loads required for mission success. Various adhesion methods, such as surface treatment, commercial adhesives, and fastening systems, were experimentally tested in order to determine the most suitable method of construction.