SiO2非金属夹杂物对镍基粉末高温合金微观力学行为的影响

通过扫描电镜原位拉伸和原位疲劳实验,动态跟踪观察了SiO2类非金属夹杂物对FGH95合金裂纹萌生和扩展的影响规律.结果表明,在原位拉伸过程中,夹杂物处是裂纹萌生的择优位置,且沿与应力轴垂直或约45°向夹杂内部扩展.当主裂纹扩展到基体中之后,呈锯齿状向基体内扩展,但主裂纹所在平面仍与主应力轴垂直,其尖端变形带内有明显的滑移线出现.在原位疲劳过程中,主裂纹在夹杂物与基体界面处萌生,并在尖角应力集中处沿与主应力轴成45°向基体中扩展,随后沿垂直于主应力轴方向扩展至失稳断裂.夹杂物附近基体中的贫γ′相区,断口在两种加载条件下呈不同的断裂特征.     

夹杂对粉末高温合金裂纹扩展寿命的影响

采用有限元方法中的奇异单元,研究了当粉末高温合金FGH 95中存在由夹杂引起的裂纹时,夹杂对裂纹应力强度因子的影响;并在此基础上,利用Paris公式,计算了夹杂对裂纹扩展寿命的影响。研究结果表明:当夹杂处于裂纹的不同位置时,对应力强度因子的影响趋势也不同,且硬夹杂的影响趋势与软夹杂相反;存在软夹杂时,将夹杂当作初始裂纹,不考虑夹杂的影响得出的裂纹扩展寿命结果是安全的,而对于硬夹杂得出的结果偏于危险,对于FGH 95粉末高温合金,夹杂相对于基体材料其弹性模量偏小,为软夹杂,因此将夹杂当作初始裂纹计算裂纹扩展寿命时不考虑夹杂的影响,将得到偏于安全的裂纹扩展寿命计算结果。这一结论为简化粉末冶金涡轮盘的寿命分析提供了依据。      

夹杂物特征参数对拉伸载荷下超高强度钢裂纹萌生与扩展的影响

采用扫描电镜原位观测的方法,动态跟踪观察拉伸载荷作用下航空发动机轴类超高强度钢MA250中不同形状和尺寸的TiN夹杂导致裂纹萌生与扩展的微观行为,从微观角度分析拉伸载荷作用下夹杂物的几何长轴与外加载荷方向成不同角度时裂纹的萌生方式.同时讨论TiN夹杂中第一条裂纹萌生所需的应力与夹杂物面积的关系.结果表明,夹杂物面积越大,第一条裂纹萌生所需的应力越小.     

FGH96粉末涡轮盘结构模拟件疲劳小裂纹扩展试验

为了分析涡轮盘轮缘榫槽等几何不连续部位对疲劳裂纹萌生及小裂纹扩展行为的影响,基于FGH96粉末盘实际构型设计结构特征模拟件,并对其在高温条件下开展自然萌生疲劳小裂纹扩展试验,通过疲劳中断试验和表面复型技术对榫槽和螺栓孔结构模拟件在500℃下的裂纹萌生和小裂纹扩展行为进行了观测和分析。结果表明：2种结构模拟件缺口表面存在多裂纹萌生现象,随着应力水平的降低,裂纹萌生位置由表面晶界转变为近表面特定方向的晶面以及非金属夹杂物处;2种结构模拟件裂纹萌生寿命占比约为36%～73%,且随着应力水平的降低而提高,裂纹扩展至工程可检裂纹尺寸时的寿命占比约为82%～96%,应力水平对其影响相对较小;特征模拟件缺口附近高水平的塑性变形能够导致小裂纹扩展速率分段特征现象消失,并延缓裂纹扩展过程中的合并行为,延长裂纹扩展寿命。     

含孔薄板孔边疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展

 测试了 Ni基高温合金 GH41 69含孔薄板试件不同应力幅下的低周疲劳寿命,给出了孔边最大应力幅相同时,应力集中因子改变对试件疲劳寿命的影响。结合断口 SEM分析,探讨了应力集中条件下,疲劳短裂纹的萌生和扩展方式。试验结果表明,疲劳裂纹以滑移方式在孔壁与试样表面相交的棱上萌生;萌生期依赖于孔边应力幅的大小,与孔径无关。但疲劳裂纹扩展速率与孔边局部区域的应力分布有关。在孔边应力幅相同的情况下,孔边应力集中因子较大的试样裂纹扩展速率大,疲劳寿命分布带略低于孔边应力集中因子较小的试样。短裂纹阶段,疲劳裂纹以角裂纹的形式向内扩展;长裂纹阶段,疲劳裂纹以穿透裂纹的形式进行扩展。稳定扩展阶段疲劳裂纹以穿晶的韧性撕裂方式发展,但在靠近失稳扩展区域疲劳裂纹呈准解理断裂方式扩展。试验未观察到疲劳短裂纹群的连接与合并现象。     

夹杂物的类型与形态对超高强度钢塑性的影响

利用扫描电镜和能谱分析等检测手段研究了不同冶炼工艺生产的G50钢中夹杂物类型和尺寸分布.研究结果表明:抗拉强度和屈服强度主要受微观组织影响,与夹杂物的类型和形态无关.NbCN与基体间结合力相对硫化物与基体间的结合力大.在塑性断裂过程中,裂纹在夹杂物形成的空穴处扩展存在竞争机制,优先出现在与基体结合力差且形态应力集中的夹杂物处,其次是与基体结合力强同时有应力集中的形态的夹杂物.     

镍基合金GH4169疲劳小裂纹的扩展行为

基于表面复型法,采用快速固化材料RepliSet监测了镍基合金GH4169单边缺口拉伸试样疲劳小裂纹的萌生和扩展行为,利用光学显微镜对复型进行了观测。结果表明:RepliSet材料可有效复制试样表面形貌,记录疲劳小裂纹的萌生和扩展过程。镍基合金GH4169疲劳小裂纹起始于材料表面夹杂,疲劳小裂纹早期扩展阶段受微观结构影响,扩展速率波动性较大。疲劳小裂纹扩展过程中的临界裂纹长度约为250μm,当主裂纹长度小于250μm时,裂纹扩展非常缓慢;但当裂纹长度超过250μm后,疲劳小裂纹快速扩展成为长裂纹并导致试样断裂。在双对数坐标系中,疲劳小裂纹扩展速率和裂纹长度近似为线性关系。      

GH4169合金自然萌生小裂纹扩展行为的试验研究

为了研究镍基GH4169高温合金自然萌生小裂纹的扩展行为,采用单边缺口拉伸(SENT)试样进行了室温下应力比R=0.1,0.5的小裂纹扩展试验。在长裂纹近门槛值区域,观察到明显的小裂纹效应,疲劳小裂纹扩展寿命占全寿命的大部分。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱分析仪(EDS)对试样断口表面进行微观分析,结果表明,疲劳小裂纹起始于合金中的夹杂(Ti(C,N)或Nb(C,N)),并且倾向于以半圆形向试样内部扩展。试样的断裂模式存在由晶体学小平面断裂向疲劳条带断裂的转变,该断裂模式转变处对应小裂纹扩展速率曲线上裂纹加速扩展前的急速降低点。     

孔隙对热障涂层微压痕响应影响的数值模拟

微纳米压痕技术是表征陶瓷涂层系统力学性能和弹塑性响应行为的一项重要技术。通过Python二次开发在ABAQUS软件中建立含随机分布的圆形孔隙的热障涂层模型,研究孔隙对大气等离子法（APS）制备的热障涂层的微纳米压痕响应的影响,并在含随机圆形孔隙热障涂层模型的基础上,利用扩展有限元法（XFEM）模拟分析微纳米压痕试验过程中陶瓷层内的裂纹扩展,探究微裂纹和孔隙间的相互影响,以及涂层内裂纹萌生扩展的规律。模拟结果表明,孔隙的存在会在加载和卸载过程中释放一定的应力集中,从而改变涂层应力的分布特征;孔隙的存在会导致裂纹向孔隙的方向偏移扩展,并在一定程度上阻止裂纹扩展。将这些工作与微纳米压痕试验的试验数据联系起来,可以对热障涂层体系的力学性能进行有效预测。     

含Nd稀土相对高温钛合金低周疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展行为的影响

实验研究了含稀土Ｎｄ高温钛合金中稀土相颗粒与室温及６００℃低周疲劳裂纹萌生与扩展行为的关系。结果表明，疲劳裂纹在距颗粒一定距离的基体中产生，而不在预先开裂或脱粘的颗粒处萌生。裂纹扩展时绕过颗粒并使裂纹扩展路径曲折化。     

Multiscale modeling of mechanical behavior and failure mechanism of 3D angle-interlock woven aluminum composites subjected to warp/weft directional tension loading

The mechanical behavior and progressive damage mechanism of novel aluminum matrix composites reinforced with 3D angle-interlock woven carbon fibers were investigated using a multiscale modeling approach. The mechanical properties and failure of yarns were evaluated using a microscale model under different loading scenarios. On this basis, a mesoscale model was developed to analyze the tensile behavior and failure mechanism of the composites. The interfacial decohesion, matrix damage, and failure of fibers and yarns were incorporated into the microscopic and mesoscopic models. The stress–strain curves and fracture modes from simulation show good agreement with the experimental curves and fracture morphology. Local interface and matrix damage initiate first under warp directional tension. Thereafter, interfacial failure, weft yarn cracking, and matrix failure occur successively. Axial fracture of warp yarn, which displays a quasi-ductile fracture characteristic, dominates the ultimate composites failure. Under weft directional tension, interfacial failure and warp yarn rupture occur at the early and middle stages. Matrix failure and weft yarn fracture emerge simultaneously at the final stage, leading to the cata-strophic failure of composites. The weft directional strength and fracture strain are lower than the warp directional ones because of the lower weft density and the more serious brittle fracture of weft yarns.     

Modified micro-mechanics based multiscale model for progressive failure prediction of 2D twill woven composites

To consider fiber random distribution at the microscale for the multiscale model based on the micro-mechanics failure (MMF) theory, clustering method is used for the extraction of amplification factors. As the clustering method is a kind of unsupervised machine learning method, the elements with similar mechanical behavior under external loading can be included in a cluster automatically at the microscale. With this modification, the fiber random distribution model can be used for multiscale damage analysis in the framework of MMF theory. To validate the modified multiscale analysis method, progressive damage analysis of a kind of 2D twill woven composites is conducted based on different microscale models. The stress values for microscale models with fiber hexagonal and random distribution patterns are compared first. Much higher stress concentration is generated in the fiber random distribution model due to the smaller inter-fiber distance especially under longitudinal shear loading. The obtained cluster distribution results exhibit the characters of the stress distribution in the two microscale models. Thereafter, tensile and compressive responses of the 2D twill woven composite are predicted with the modified multiscale analysis method and accuracy of the method is verified through comparison with published experimental results. From the simulation results, it can be found that the matrix damage initiation from the model based on the fiber random distribution model is premature compared with that from the model based on the fiber hexagonal distribution model. Besides, under tensile loading, the damage all initiates from the fill tows and propagates to the wrap tows. However, under compressive loading, the matrix damage initiates from the wrap tows in the model based on the fiber random distribution model.     

夹杂尖端出现裂纹时应力奇异性分析

 本文应用奇异积分方程理论研究一扁平夹杂尖端出现一裂纹时的应力奇异性问题。得到了裂纹与夹杂端点及交点处的应力奇异性指数,导出了裂纹与夹杂端点处的应力强度因子及交点处的新近应力场。通过数值计算,分析讨论了裂纹与夹杂的各种几何参数及夹杂-母体材料刚度比对裂纹与夹杂相互作用的影响。     

单向复合材料在低温下的应力集中及强度

首先采用计及基体拉力的修正剪滞模型,研究了在低温情形下受纵向拉伸荷载作用的单向纤维增强复合材料由部分纤维及基体断裂所导致的应力重新分布。然后采用随机临界核理论,对单向纤维增强复合材料在低温情形下的拉伸破坏过程进行了细观统计分析,定量地研究了低温对拉伸强度的影响。计算结果表明,在低温环境下,E-玻璃纤维和碳纤维复合材料的应力集中因子有不同程度的改变,其强度极限均比常温情形下高。     

Investigation on surface roughness,residual stress and fatigue property of milling in-situ TiB2/7050Al metal matrix composites

For higher efficiency and precision manufacturing, more and more attentions are focused on the surface roughness and residual stress of machined parts to obtain a good fatigue life. At present, the in-situ TiB₂/7050Al metal matrix composites are widely researched due to its attractive properties such as low density, good wear resistance and improved strength. It is of great significance to investigate the machined surface roughness, residual stress and fatigue life for higher efficiency and precision manufacturing of this new kind material. In this study, the surface roughness including two-dimensional and three-dimensional roughness, residual stress and fatigue life of milling in-situ TiB₂/7050Al metal matrix composites were analyzed. It was found from comparative investigation that the three-dimensional surface roughness would be more appropriate to represent the machined surface profile of milling particle reinforced metal matrix composites. The cutting temperature played a great role on the residual stress. However, the effect of increasing cutting force could slow down the transformation from compressive stress to tensile stress under 270 °C. An exponential relationship between three-dimensional roughness and fatigue life was established and the main fracture mechanism was brittle fracture with observation of obvious shellfish veins, river pattern veins and wave shaped veins in fracture surface.     

复合固体推进剂细观损伤扫描电镜实验及数值模拟

对复合固体推进剂进行单向拉伸载荷条件下的原位扫描电镜观察实验,分析其受载条件下的细观损伤发生及扩展特性。基于原位电镜图片,运用数字图像处理技术提取推进剂细观形貌,建立了推进剂椭圆形颗粒填充模型,对受载条件下颗粒与基体之间的脱粘行为进行数值模拟。研究表明,数值分析结果能反映推进剂受载条件下的细观损伤发生及扩展特性。     

纤维增强陶瓷复合材料中桥接裂纹问题的等效杂质模型分析

1.引言 纤维增强陶瓷复合材料承受沿纤维方向单向拉伸载荷时,基体出现纤维桥接(bridging)裂纹现象。本文将用微观力学方法来研究这种桥接裂纹问题,改进和应用有关的杂质理论,取各向异性复合材料模型,考虑裂纹内桥接纤维离散分布建立某种等效杂质模型进行分析,通过Griffith能量准则还可推导基体开裂强度     

一种改进的Lemaitre韧性断裂准则及其在旋压成形中的应用

采用Lemaitre韧性断裂准则与有限元模拟相结合来预测材料在塑性成形过程中的开裂是广泛应用的一种方法,其中的Lemaitre准则是以损伤值与塑性应变呈线性关系为基础的,而实际一些材料的损伤值与塑性应变间却是非线性的.为此,本文将原Lemaitre准则中反映损伤值与塑性应变间的线性关系修正为非线性关系,得到了改进的Le...     

纤维增强树脂基复合材料连接结构强度与失效分析

采用拉伸试验和有限元分析方法研究纤维增强树脂基复合材料螺栓连接与胶–螺混合连接结构的失效机理。通过拉伸–剪切试验分析其载荷–位移曲线,结合有限元仿真结果及断面微观结构变化分析其结构强度和失效机理。结果表明,螺栓连接结构孔周碳纤维丝束受到螺栓挤压力变形后传递给树脂基体。因此,呈现纤维屈曲变形,树脂基体由均匀分布状被断裂的纤维短束挤压变成团簇状,形成结构不均匀而出现薄弱区域。胶–螺混合连接结构呈现拉伸断裂式破坏,断口处碳纤维丝束在拉伸–剪切作用下从环氧树脂基体中拔出并损伤断裂,丝束方向杂乱排布。附着在碳纤维丝束周围的树脂基体从均匀分布状变为团聚状,连接结构在达到极限载荷之后出现拉伸断裂,呈现净截面破坏,并且在重新分配载荷之后板材之间的胶粘剂对纤维的破坏会起延滞作用。材料强度、螺栓强度、胶层强度及螺栓宽径比等因素均会成为影响连接结构失效破坏的因素。     

In-situ observation and finite element analysis of fretting fatigue crack propagation behavior in 1045 steel

In this paper fretting fatigue crack behavior in 1045 steel is studied by in-situ observation and finite element analysis. in-situ fretting fatigue experiments are conducted to capture real-time fretting fatigue crack formation and propagation process. The fretting fatigue tests under different load conditions are carried out, then the lifetime and fracture surface are obtained. The crack propagation rates under different loading conditions are measured by in-situ observations. With in-situ observation, crack initiation location and direction are analyzed. Finite element model is used to calculate J-integral which then is applied to fitting with experimental crack growth rate, and establishing crack growth rate model. From fitted S-N curve, it turns out that smaller load ratio leads to higher lifetime. Crack initiates slightly below the point equivalent to line contact of the contact surface in different test conditions, and crack direction shows no obvious relationship with load parameters. The established crack growth rate model well agrees with the test results.