A Novel Approach for the Effective Thermal Conductivity of Porous Ceramics

A new approach in combination of the effective medium theory with the equivalent unit in numerical simulation was developed to study the effective thermal conductivity of porous ceramics. The finite element method was used to simulate the heat transfer process which enables to acquire accurate results through highly complicated modeling and intensive computation. An alternative approach to mesh the material into small cells was also presented. The effective medium theory accounts for the effective thermal conductivity of cells while the equivalent unit is subsequently applied in numerical simulation to analyze the effective thermal conductivity of the porous ceramics. A new expression for the effective thermal conductivity, allowing for some structure factors such as volume fraction of pores and thermal conductivity, was put forward, and the results of its application was proved to be close to those of the mathematical simula-tion.     

Transient simulation of regression rate on thrust regulation process in hybrid rocket motor

The main goal of this paper is to study the characteristics of regression rate of solid grain during thrust regulation process. For this purpose, an unsteady numerical model of regression rate is established. Gas–solid coupling is considered between the solid grain surface and combustion gas.Dynamic mesh is used to simulate the regression process of the solid fuel surface. Based on this model, numerical simulations on a H2O2/HTPB(hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene) hybrid motor have been performed in the flow control process. The simulation results show that under the step change of the oxidizer mass flow rate condition, the regression rate cannot reach a stable value instantly because the flow field requires a short time period to adjust. The regression rate increases with the linear gain of oxidizer mass flow rate, and has a higher slope than the relative inlet function of oxidizer flow rate. A shorter regulation time can cause a higher regression rate during regulation process. The results also show that transient calculation can better simulate the instantaneous regression rate in the operation process.     

Stability analysis of an aeroelastic system with friction

In this paper, harmonic balance method, exact formulation and numerical simulation method are adopted to study the effects of different friction stiffness on the stability of 1.5 degrees of freedom aeroelastic system. On this basis, the expressions of input energy and dissipated energy are deduced, and the energy method is used to reveal the mechanisms of the stable boundary and unstable boundary existing in the system and the effects of different friction stiffness on the stability of the system. Studies have shown that the stability region and the critical aerodynamic damping ratio of the system rise with the increase of the friction stiffness, while the friction stiffness has little effect on the stability boundary. In the analysis of the stability of system, the results of harmonic balance method, exact formulation and Newmark of numerical simulation method are in good agreement. Compared with exact formulation and numerical simulation method, the concept and conclusion of harmonic balance method are simple in the system stability analysis.     

A novel multi-fidelity coupled simulation method for flow systems

For the numerical simulation of flow systems with various complex components, the traditional one-dimensional (1D) network method has its comparative advantage in time consuming and the CFD method has its absolute advantage in the detailed flow capturing. The proper coupling of the advantages of different dimensional methods can strike balance well between time cost and accuracy and then significantly decrease the whole design cycle for the flow systems in modern machines. A novel multi-fidelity coupled simulation method with numerical zooming is developed for flow systems. This method focuses on the integration of one-, two-and three-dimensional codes for various components. Coupled iterative process for the different dimensional simulation cycles of sub-systems is performed until the concerned flow variables of the whole system achieve convergence. Numerical zooming is employed to update boundary data of components with different dimen-sionalities. Based on this method, a highly automatic, multi-discipline computing environment with integrated zooming is developed. The numerical results of Y-Junction and the air system of a jet engine are presented to verify the solution method. They indicate that this type of multi-fidelity simulationmethod can greatly improve the prediction capability for the flow systems.     

Variable-fidelity optimization with design space reduction

Advanced engineering systems, like aircraft, are defined by tens or even hundreds of design variables. Building an accurate surrogate model for use in such high-dimensional optimization problems is a difficult task owing to the curse of dimensionality. This paper presents a new algorithm to reduce the size of a design space to a smaller region of interest allowing a more accurate surrogate model to be generated. The framework requires a set of models of different physical or numerical fidelities. The low-fidelity (LF) model provides physics-based approximation of the high-fidelity (HF) model at a fraction of the computational cost. It is also instrumental in identifying the small region of interest in the design space that encloses the high-fidelity optimum. A surrogate model is then constructed to match the low-fidelity model to the high-fidelity model in the identified region of interest. The optimization process is managed by an update strategy to prevent convergence to false optima. The algorithm is applied on mathematical problems and a two-dimen-sional aerodynamic shape optimization problem in a variable-fidelity context. Results obtained are in excellent agreement with high-fidelity results, even with lower-fidelity flow solvers, while showing up to 39% time savings.     

Internal ballistic simulation of multi-burning-rate solid rocket motor based on parameterized feature CAD model

Internal ballistic simulation (IBS) method of multi-burning-rate solid rocket motor (SRM) was developed based on 3-D burning regression method by parameterized feature CAD model (PFCADM) and lumped parameter, in consideration of time-dependent, erosive-burning-effect from internal ballistic numerical algorithm. By driving multi-parameter CAD model based on PFCADM, the approach is capable of conducting the geometric regression simulation of various grain combinations of complex configurations with different burning rates. Through suitably simplifying the internal ballistic numerical algorithm, the problems of coupling geometric regression simulation of sub-grains of different burning rates and high computational consumption of internal ballistic calculation were solved. One tri-burning-rate grain motor, which had been firing-tested, was used as the validation case of simulation. The results show that, with the 3-D grain regression model and sufficient accurate internal ballistic algorithm, the method realizes IBS of the case in low computational-consumption prediction of its performance within the accuracy of 2% during 1h clock-time. The application of the method provides a practical approach to aid SRM design of multi-burning-rate grain.      

Isothermal study of effusion cooling flows using a large eddy simulation approach

An isothermal numerical study of effusion cooling flow is conducted using a large eddy simulation(LES) approach.Two main types of cooling are considered,namely tangential film cooling and oblique patch effusion cooling.To represent tangential film cooling,a simplified model of a plane turbulent wall jet along a flat plate in quiescent surrounding fluid is considered.In contrast to a classic turbulent boundary layer flow,the plane turbulent wall jet possesses an outer free shear flow region,an inner near wall region and an interaction region,characterised by substantial levels of turbulent shear stress transport.These shear stress characteristics hold significant implications for RANS modelling,implications that also apply to more complex tangential film cooling flows with non-zero free stream velocities.The LES technique used in the current study provides a satisfactory overall prediction of the plane turbulent wall jet flow,including the initial transition region,and the characteristic separation of the zero turbulent shear stress and zero shear strain locations.Oblique effusion patch cooling is modelled using a staggered array of 12 rows of effusion holes,drilled at 30° to the flat plate surface.The effusion holes connect two channels separated by the flat plate.Specifically,these comprise of a channel representing the combustion chamber flow and a cooling air supply channel.A difference in pressure between the two channels forces air from the cooling supply side,through the effusion holes,and into the combustion chamber side.Air from successive effusion rows coalesces to form an aerodynamic film between the combustion chamber main flow and the flat plate.In practical applications,this film is used to separate the hot combustion gases from the combustion chamber liner.The numerical model is shown to be capable of accurately predicting the injection,penetration,downstream decay,and coalescence of the effusion jets.In addition,the numerical model captures entrainment of the combustion chamber mainstream flow towards the wall by the presence of the effusion jets.Two contra-rotating vortices,with axes of rotation along the stream-wise direction,are predicted as a result of this entrainment.The presence and characteristics of these vortices are in good agreement with previous published research.      

FLOW OF A VISCOUS FLUID PAST A FLEXIBLE MEMBRANE

This paper treats the numerical calculation of a steady two-dimensional viscous flow past a flexible membrane. Both edges of the membrane are fixed in the flow and its chord is set normal to the flow. The numerical calculations of the Navier-Stokes equation based on a finite difference method and a relaxation method are carried out for several values of the membrane tension in cases when the Reynolds numbers are 5, 10 and 20. It is found that the membrane tension has a minimum value below which there is no steady shape of the membrane. Two different shapes of the membrane are possible at a given value of tension: the one is of small deformation, while the other a large deformation. There appear twin vortices in the concave region of the membrane shape if its deformation increases to a certain extent.     

Numerical simulation and transonic wind-tunnel test for elastic thin-shell structure considering fluid–structure interaction

Aerodynamic force can lead to the strong structural vibration of flying aircraft at a high speed. This harmful vibration can bring damage or failure to the electronic equipment fixed in aircraft. It is necessary to predict the structural dynamic response in the design course. This paper presents a new numerical algorithm and scheme to solve the structural dynamics responses when considering fluid–structure interaction(FSI). Numerical simulation for a free-flying structural model in transonic speed is completed. Results show that the small elastic deformation of the structure can greatly affect the FSI. The FSI vibration tests are carried out in a transonic speed windtunnel for checking numerical theory and algorithms, and the wind-tunnel test results well accord with that of the numerical simulation. This indicates that the presented numerical method can be applied to predicting the structural dynamics responses when containing the FSI.     

Study on dynamic stiffness of supporting structure and its influence on vibration of rotors

The dynamic response of the rotor depends on not only itself but also the dynamical characteristics of the structures that support it. In this paper, the coupling vibration characteristics of the rotor and supporting structure are studied using one simple rotor-supports model firstly, and then the dynamic stiffness of the typical supporting structure of an aero-engine is investigated in use of both numerical and experimental methods. While, one simulation strategy is developed to include dynamic...     

固体火箭发动机的CAD和CAM设想

提出固体火箭发动机领域计算机辅助设计和计算辅助制造的流程图，并认为结构装药设计的性能预示和热防护计算是发动机理论和结构设计的中心内容，计算机制图是设计思想的最终表达。性能预示的核心是考虑燃烧和流动相互作用的工作过程的数值模拟，热防护设计的核心是烧蚀，传热和强度计算。ＣＡＤ和ＣＡＭ系统应当随时吸收新的研究成果，高水平的核心研究成果，对固体火箭发动机性能预示的准确度和理论设计水平的提高具有重要作用。     

液体火箭发动机推力室再生冷却流动与传热计算研究

为了研究液体火箭发动机推力室再生冷却流动与传热的快速仿真方法,建立了推力室再生冷却的准二维模型,对航天飞机主发动机开展了再生冷却流动与传热计算仿真研究,对比分析了再生冷却准二维模型和三维模型的仿真计算结果。研究表明,两种计算模型均可较好地预测推力室燃气及再生冷却剂的流动和传热。三维模型计算精度高,但计算用时较长。计算得到的航天飞机主发动机的燃气侧壁面最高热流密度为162.2MW/m2,最高壁温为1159.7K,冷却剂温升为244.0K,压降为8.5MPa。准二维模型计算结果精度略有降低,但计算时间较三维模型减小了90%。四个参数与三维模型计算结果的差异分别为0.3%,4.4%,8.6%和4.5%,在可接受范围内。本文的准二维模型计算时间短,适用于液体火箭发动机再生冷却结构的方案筛选和优化设计,三维模型计算精度高,适用于设计完成后的校核计算。     

Numerical Simulation of the Flow in the Scramjet Combustion Chamber Taking into Account Nonequilibrium Chemical Reactions

A method for numerical simulation of the combustion of hydrogen in a supersonic air flow is developed. Comparison of the calculation results with the experimental data showed a satisfactory agreement. The calculation results using the nonequilibrium and equilibrium techniques differ from each other. It is shown that combustion parameters substantially depend on the geometric characteristics of the inlet device, the combustion chamber and the nozzle.     

高超声速超燃冲压发动机实时模型仿真研究

给出了一种高超声速超燃冲压发动机实时模型建立方法.发动机采用基于特性的部件级建模思想,考虑了燃烧室的容积效应,其中,在计算进气道参数时给出一种计算激波角的方法,该方法能够一次得到激波角,不需数值解法,在保证精度的同时简化了计算过程.该发动机动态模型通过数值积分来完成,避免了循环迭代,提高了模型计算速度与实时性.以某超燃冲压发动机建模为例, 通过闭环仿真实验得到在动态过程中响应时间在1s左右,超调量为0.5%.仿真结果表明:该建模方法满足提高实时性的要求,有助于对此类发动机动态过程进行控制研究.      

特征线法在脉冲爆震发动机性能计算中的应用

在x-t平面建立爆震波在爆震室内传播过程的物理模型,应用特征线算法对脉冲爆震发动机(PDE)一维非定常流进行了数值计算,在此基础上给出了脉冲爆震发动机的性能参数的计算方法。并举算例进行了计算和分析,结果表明应用特征线算法计算PDE性能是可行而且准确的。      

航空发动机滑油通风系统性能计算仿真

采用自主研发的航空发动机滑油通风系统性能分析软件,对某型发动机通风流路进行了数值仿真。数值仿真以流动换热的网络算法为基础,经过结构分析,构建了通风流路仿真元件与节点组成的网络仿真模型。在给定实验条件下,数值仿真了稳态情况下通风流路腔室节点的压力,各密封装置泄漏量的分配。最终的仿真结果与实验参考值的误差在l％以内,验证了数值仿真方案的精度。     

航空煤油HiTAC燃烧特性的数值分析

采用合理的气-雾两相流流动、混合、燃烧、传热和NOx生成数学模型,对模型燃烧室内航空煤油的高温空气燃烧（HiTAC）特性进行了CFD数值模拟。数值模拟结果表明：通过合理组织燃烧,能使航空煤油实现HiTAC燃烧特性。燃烧室内温度梯度明显降低;燃烧温度场趋于均匀;有效降低污染物NOx的排放。计算结果与相同条件下的重油HiTAC燃烧试验结果有相同规律。     

氢氧火炬点火器低压燃烧流动仿真研究

为研究低压条件下氢氧喷注间距及液滴粒径对氢氧火炬式电点火器燃烧流动的影响规律,结合DPM离散相模型,采用6组分16步氢氧反应机理,选取考虑湍流燃烧效应的涡耗散概念燃烧模型进行仿真计算,并将结果与试验结果进行比对,温度结果符合得较好,压强计算偏差在5%以内,验证了仿真模型的准确性。仿真结果表明:低压条件下,氢氧喷注间距增加时,点火器头部内壁温度升高,室压降低,燃烧长度缩短;液氢液滴直径增大时,点火器头部内壁温度升高,室压降低,燃烧长度变长;改变液氧液滴直径对点火器燃烧流动影响较小。      

双级径向旋流器燃烧性能的数值研究

设计一种双级径向旋流器,采用数值模拟的方法研究了旋流器的燃烧性能。计算结果表明：旋流器第Ⅱ级叶片安装角在40°～60°范围内,燃烧室内速度分布相差较小;燃烧室内温度分布与旋流器叶片安装角没有呈现规律性的变化关系;所研究的燃烧室结构,旋流器第Ⅱ级叶片安装角为60°的燃烧室燃烧性能更好。     

敞口式离心喷嘴内部及近喷口区域的流动特性

为了深入理解敞口式离心喷嘴雾化机制,基于界面追踪法VOF（volume of fluid）和RNG（renormalization group）湍流模型对敞口式离心喷嘴进行数值模拟,计算结果与PDPA（phase Doppler particle analyzer）及单反相机测得的喷嘴出口速度和雾化锥角一致性较高.清晰地捕获了中心空气涡结构及喷嘴内部的回流区,展现了切向孔与旋流室的交互影响,并着重分析了液膜厚度演变特性及喷嘴内外速度场发展规律.随着喷注压降的增加,破碎长度降低,打开长度及喷雾角增加.揭示了敞口式离心喷嘴独特的流动机制,为喷嘴雾化性能预测及结构优化提供依据.